Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OSH Manual 1
OSH Manual 1
EMPHASIES ADDED).
WHAT IS SAFETY?
Information and facts are very vital in decisionmaking. Decisions like what to be dine, who will be
trained and how things to be done require data to support
a proposition. A safety engineer must be prepared and
skilful in generating information and facts relating to an
accident through direct investigation. This will enable
him to explore new ways and means to prevent and
minimize a recurrence of an accident.
6.
7.
e.
f.
a.
b.
c.
10.
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
Engineers
shall
not
falsify
or
permit
misrepresentation of their academic or professional
qualifications or experience.
e.
f.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
g.
h.
c.
Engineers
shall
encourage
engineering
employees to attend and present papers at
professional and technical society meetings.
d.
b.
Introduction Part 2
Instructors Note:
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
OSH STANDARDS OF THE PHILIPPINES
(BASED ON THE DOLE OSH STANDARDS PRIMER)
covered by the standards. Safety in transportation
and mines are other agencies of the government.
THE
HAZARDOUS
THE
SCOOPEOF
THE
TO
UNDERGO
PURPOSE
OF
Number of workers
200 and below
11
HEALTH
AND
SAFETY
Chairman - the chairman of an establishment
committee
Manager or
representative.
his
authorized
THE
DUTIES
OF
THE
5. WHAT ARE
WORKERS?
THE
DUTIES
OF
THE
3. ANNUAL WORK
DATA REPORTS
ACCIDENT
EXPOSURE
OF
a. First Aider
Knows how to read and write
Graduate of the course First- Aid" conducted by
the Philippine National Red Cross or any
organization accredited by the PNRC.
b. Nurse
Passed the examination given by the Board of
Examinees for Nurses, and
Duly licensed to practice nursing in the
Philippines with at least 50 hours of training in
occupational nursing conducted by the
Department of Health, the Institute of Public
13
DUTIES
OF
HEALTH
a. First Aider
Give immediate and temporary treatment in case
of sudden injury or illness and refer the injured to
the physician or dentist if necessary.
Maintain medical and dental services and
facilities.
b. Nurse
Provide nursing care to the ill and injured.
Perform health examination, which are within the
scope of nursing profession, and refer the same to
the physician if more intensive examination is
needed.
Maintain health records and submit annual
medical report.
Give suggestions to improve conditions that affect
workers health.
c. Physician
Organize,
administer
and
maintain
occupational services program
Conduct studies on occupational health.
Prevent disease or injury in the workplace.
Conserve the health of the workers.
an
d. Dentist
The duties of the dentist employed in a workplace
shall be in accordance with the standards
prescribed by the Bureau of Dental Health
Services, Department of Health.
4. WHAT
ARE
THE
OBJECTIVES
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM?
OF
14
CHAPTER 2
SAFETY PROGRAM
AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
(ORGANIZING THE COMPANY FOR SAFETY)
INTRODUCTION
There must be a method that employs by the
management in order and assign responsibility for
accident prevention and to ensure performance under that
responsibility. This is known to be as Safety Program. It
is not only a document, but also a must do organized plan
for implementation which deliver results that can
contribute productivity. The program is not something
imposed; safety itself must be built into every process or
product design into every operation. It must be an
integral part of every operations and systems.
The prevention of accidents and injuries is basically
achieved through control of the working mechanism
(machine, equipment, materials and tools), working
environment (plant, facilities and work centres) and
control of peoples actions (the men at work). Only
people in the management can implement such control.
A company that has an effective safety program will
have a working environment in which operations can be
conducted economically, efficiently and safety. This will
result contribution to the total productivity output of the
organization.
At the end, it is expected that each one must be able
to develop and implement safety program.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SAFETY PROGRAM
An analysis of safety program in plants with outstanding
safety records shows that invariably the programs are
built around the eight basic elements. These elements or
principles of accident prevention are the same in any
industry and in any organization, large or small. Thus,
although there is a wide variations in the methods used in
individual organizations, each incorporates most if not all
of the eight basic elements as shown below:
1. MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP & PRINCIPLE
(Declaration of policy, safety philosophy, mission and
vision- assumption of responsibility)
2. ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY & ROLES
(Top operating officials- safety directors- supervisorsemployees; task and roles)
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY PRACTICES,
PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS
(Safety codes- standard safety procedures- dos and
donts- housekeeping program- violation guidelines)
4. MAINTENANCE
OF
SAFE
WORKING
CONDITION
AND
ENVIRONMENT
(Inspections- engineering revisions and designspurchasing- supervisors)
5. DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY EDUCATION
TRAINING AND PROMOTION
(For management staff- for supervisors- for workerssafety activities- reward system)
6. AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, RECORDS
AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM
(Accident analysis- reports on injuries- measurement
of results- files and recording procedures)
7. MEDICAL AND FIRST AID SERVICES
(Placement examinations- treatment of injuries- first
aid services- periodic health examinations)
8. ACCEPTANCE
OF
PERSONAL
RESPONSIBILITY BY EMPLOYEES
(Training- maintenance of interest- safety enthusiasm)
DECLARATION OF CORPORATE POLICY
Any enterprise that attempt to stop accidents without a
definite guiding policy- one which is planned,
publicized, and promoted will find itself continuously
fighting fires. Management, if it wants acceptable
safety performance, must first write a safety policy. It
POLICY STATEMENT
The leadership of the MIRACLE ENTERPRISE
Inc. is committed to provide safe and healthful
environment in the workplace. It is therefore a matter of
strict policy that each one is enjoined to observe and
adhere to this policy while a member of this organization.
All company personnel are directly responsible for
employees safety and property protection. Safety and
Loss Prevention Program are as much a measure of
efficient operations as reaching production and sales
goals, quality standards or cost reduction.
The Safety and Health Department is responsible
for assisting management in the development and
implementation of safety programs, safely education and
training for all employees.
CARL S. MOOTH
President
Figure 2.1
15
a.
b.
c.
d.
Instructors Note:
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1. Safety Rules, Regulation and Penalties. Upon
employment, the new employment, the new
employee shall be issued a copy of the companys
general safety rules, regulation and practices. The
supervisor should explain the contents to the new
worker and impress upon him to consult his
supervisor whenever he is in doubt about any of its
provision or about any practice cot covered by the
guide.
2. Pre- Deployment Orientation. All personnel
including visitors will be briefed/ oriented by the
safety engineer as to the existing safety requirements
and current safety status before they are deployed or
allowed to engage in any activity. Among the items
to be stressed are:
a. anticipated nature of work
b. Works associated potential hazards and their
essential precautionary measures.
c. PPEs Personal Protective Equipment, its use
and maintenance
d. Plant existing policy concerning safety and
health
3. First Aid Facilities and Services. A first aid clinic
and an ambulance will be provided to treat injuries
and to transport patient to the nearest hospital for
treatment. A qualified first aiders and a nurse will
man the clinic.
4. Fire Prevention and Protection. Firefighting
equipment will be installed at strategic locations. All
personnel will be oriented/ familiarized on the use of
fire extinguishers. Weekly inspection of fire
protection equipment shall be conducted and any
deficiency shall be corrected immediately. Fire
protection include but not limited to the following:
18
a. Proper
handling,
storage,
disposal
of
combustible materials, liquids and wastes.
b. Work operations which can create fire hazards
c. Access to firefighting equipment
d. Type, size, number and location of fire
extinguishers and other firefighting equipment
e. Inspection and maintenance records on
extinguishers and other firefighting equipment
f. Type, number, location of trash containers
g. General housekeeping
5. Clean- up and Sanitation (the 5s culture). All
work areas shall be kept in a neat, clean and safe
condition. Waste materials shall be removed from
work areas on a continuing basis and transported to
the designated area. Upon completion of any
segment of work, materials not to be used at or near
the same location during stages of work shall be
removed. Adequate trash bins and waste disposal
means will be provided on site.
6. Safety Publicity. In order to promote and maintain
safety consciousness among employees, safety signs,
bulletin board, posters, accident statistics, etc. shall
be conspicuously posted within the plant.
7. Safety Committee. In accordance with the
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards, a safety committee shall be organized in
the company to promote safety education and
awaken safety consciousness among all employees.
(Rule 1040 OSHS, Phil.) The safety committee shall be
composed of the representatives from the
management and the workers. Normally it shall be
manned as follows:
Chairman CEO or authorized representative
Members Department Heads
President and Secretary of the union
(if organized)
Secretary the safety engineer
Instructors Note:
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____________________________________
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MAINTAINING ENTHUSIASM AND INTEREST
INS SAFETY
The company, in its effort to maximize utilization of
manpower resources feels that somehow, it is indebted to
its employees for maintaining accident free operations. In
this respect, it is but fitting the proper that due
recognition is accorded to its employees and units who in
the course of its operation exhibited an unparalleled
support to the realization of the companys safety goals
and objectives. For this reason, the management may
award the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
19
EXERCISE NO. 2
Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Sec.: _______________
Schedule & Room: _________________________________ Date Performed: ___________
Rating
TEST YOURSELF: Answer the following questions. Use extra paper if needed.
1. Discuss the purpose and objectives of Safety Program.
2. What are the different elements and parts of a safety program?
3. Who are the members of the Safety Committee? Discuss briefly the role of each member.
4. What are the responsibilities of management and workers in the implementation of safety program?
5. What should be the focus of safety program?
6. How important Education and Training in the program?
Objectives:
After the activity, you should be able to:
1. Identify the importance of Management Safety Program.
2. Develop an effective Safety Principles that will guide the company, and
3. Prepare a safety program content and outline
Resource Materials: Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) of the Philippines, Safety Manual
20
CHAPTER 3
THEORIES OF ACCIDENT, HAZARD AND INJURIES
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Before we can establish an effective program of
action to institute safety in the plant, we must initially
take the basic knowledge on the fundamentals of hazards
recognition and identification; principles of accident
prevention; and controls in the extent of injuries, losses
and damages/
A hazard must first be discovered and recognized
before it can be controlled. Monitoring is an effective
means of acquiring hazard information and monitoring
can be defines as a set of observation and data collection
methods used to detect and measure deviations from
plans and procedures in current operations. Through
monitoring, it can be ascertained that controls are
functioning as intended; that workplace modifications
have not altered conditions so that controls no longer
function effectively; and that new problems have not
crept into the workplace since the most recent controls
were introduced.
Monitoring can involve four functions: 1) hazard
identification; 2) analysis of factors; 3) inspection; and
4) accident investigation. All four factors mean that
monitoring is performed before the operation begins,
during the life cycle of the operation and after the system
has broken down. (Safety Management Training, Safety House Inc.)
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Danger states the degree of exposure to a hazard. By
appropriate precaution, the danger or degree of
exposure to a given hazard is minimized.
21
1
W/ PROPERTY
DAMAGE
A W/ INJURY
B NO INJURY
A1 TYPE
B1 TYPE
with injury
and with
property
damage
With
property
damage and
no injury
A2 TYPE
2
NO
PROPERTY
DAMAGE
With injury
and no
property
damage
B2 TYPE
No property
damage and
no injury
22
Limitation of exposure
Use of personal protective equipment
OF
HAZARDOUS
Posture
Force
Velocity/ acceleration
Repetition
Duration
Recovery time
Heavy dynamic exertion
Segmental vibration
Environmental Characteristics
(Primarily interaction between the worker and the work
environment)
Heat stress
Cold stress
Whole body vibration
Lighting
Noise
Posture
Posture is the position of the body while performing
work activities. Awkward posture is associated with an
increased risk of injury. It is generally considered that the
more a joint deviates from the neutral (natural) position,
the greater the risk of injury. Posture issues can be
created by work methods (bending and twisting to pick
up a box; bending the wrist to assemble a part) or
workplace dimensions (extend reach to obtain a part
from a bin at a high location; kneeling in the storage bay
of an airplane because of confines space while handling
luggage)
Specific postures have been associated with injury.
For example:
Wrist
Shoulder
Low back
Force
Task forces can be viewed as the effect of an exertion
on internal body tissues (e.g. compression on a spinal
disc from lifting, tension within a muscle/ tendon unit
from a pinch grasp), or the physical characteristics
associated with an object(s) external to the body (e.g.
weight of a box, pressure required to activate a tool,
pressure necessary to snap two pieces together).
Generally, the greater the force, the greater the degree of
risk is.
Static Exertion
Although defined in a variety of ways, static exertion
generally means the performance of a task from one
27
28
Lighting
With industrialization, the trend regarding the lighting
has been to provide higher lighting level. This is proven
hazardous within certain work settings such as in offices
in which problems in glaze and eye symptoms have been
associated with levels above 1000 lumens. Work that
requires high visual acuity and contrast sensitivity needs
high levels of illumination. Fine and delicate work
should be illuminated 1000 to 10000 lumens. (See
lighting standards provided in other references)
Noise
Noise is unwanted sound. In the industrial setting it
may be continuous or intermittent and present in various
ways (bang of a rifle, clatter of a pneumatic wrench,
whirl of an electric motor). Exposure to noise can lead to
temporary and permanent deafness, tinnitus, paracusis, or
speech misperception. The louder the noise and the
greater its duration, the greater the risk to hearing. Also,
noise well below thresholds that cause hearing loss may
interfere with the ability of some people to concentrate.
Other Workplace Risks
The risk factors addressed by industrial ergonomics
are a partial list of hazards present in the work settings.
Others include:
Job stress
Job invariability
Cognitive demands
Work organizations
Workload
Work hours (shift work, overtime)
Displays and control panels
Slips and falls
Fire
Electrical exposures
Chemical exposures
Radiological exposures
Ionizing radiations
Radiofrequency/ microwave radiation
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
e. Slippery
f. Sharp edged
g. Poorly designed
h. Decayed, aged, worn, frayed, cracked, etc.
Hazardous arrangement, procedures, etc.
a. Misaligning
b. Overloading
c. Unsafe processes
d. Inadequate aisles, space, exits, etc.
e. Unsafely stored or piled tools
f. Unsafe planning and/ or layout of traffic or
processes operation
Improper illumination
a. Insufficient light
b. Glare
c. Unsuitable location or arrangement of lights
producing excessive shadows and contrast
Improper ventilation
a. Insufficient air charge
b. Unsuitable capacity, location, or arrangement of
systems
c. Impure air source
Unsafe dress or apparel
a. Lack of or inadequate eye protection
b. Lack of or inadequate hand protection
c. Lack of or inadequate body protection
d. Lack of or inadequate respiratory protection
e. High heels, loose hair (women)
f. Loose clothing, jewelry
Lack of or inadequate warning systems
a. Warning system inoperative
b. Warning device is obstructed or inaudible
c. Warning labels are not standard visually
deficient
d. Warning and gauges are not calibrated
Hand tools
Electrical equipment
Machines
Prime mover
Hoisting equipment
Boiler and pressure vessels
Vehicles
30
15. Amputation
16. Hernia
RATIONALIZING INJURY
Incisions
Burns or scalds
Abrasions
Puncture
Occupational disease
Contusion
Asphyxia
Strain or sprains
Lacerations
Fractures
Dislocations
Foreign body in eye
Infection
Poisoning
33
EXERCISE NO. 3
Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Sec.: _______________
Schedule & Room: _________________________________ Date Performed: ___________
Rating
TEST YOURSELF: Answer the following questions. Use extra paper if needed.
1. Discuss the economic, legal and moral aspect of accidents prevention.
2. Hazards represent potential for causing injuries or damages. How can it be recognized?
3. What are some human factors relating to accident?
4. Explain the hierarchy of causes of accidents.
5. In what way accident prevention contribute to the economic growth of the country? Explain further
your answer.
Objectives:
After the activity, you should be able to:
1. Identify accident and injury according to different classification.
2. Perform accident investigation, analysis and reporting, and
3. Conduct hazard evaluation and treatment
Procedure and Task:
1. Prepare and develop an accident investigation report form for company use. According to facts and data
needed as prescribe by the law.
2. Get a news item from leading newspapers, at least 5 accidents having different areas such as Industrial,
Transport, Manufacturing, Residential, Agricultural, Service, Etc. (Clippings)
3. Using the information in your clippings, perform a dummy report using an accident report form and
supplement the data in order to present a well-accepted report.
4. Develop some alternative solutions and recommendation on the following cases.
Resource Materials: Newspapers, OSHS forms, recommended forms from different Safety Books, existing
accident report forms by different companies.
34
CHAPTER 4
BASIC CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES
OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION
INTRODUCTION
Accident prevention is not just a simple task to
undertake. It is a very serious concern of every
organization because it is directly affecting the overall
productivity. Though we produce and meet the volume
requirements of the production with a high level of
quality, we might get a lower productivity rate at the end
if we will rationalize the production output vis- a- vis the
accidents occurrence, interruptions and damages to the
property that arise out of a manufacturing operations.
In this sense, it is important to aid ourselves by
understanding basic concepts and strategies employed by
most practitioners in the field of safety and health
management. Most researchers formulate the following
concepts and even advance companies are applying it in
their organizations. In these concepts, we can particularly
identify that preventing accidents and controlling losses
can consider a wide range of spectrum factors. It
encompasses the different departments and functions
within the organization and usually focusses on man,
machine, materials, methods and design of work systems.
It is carefully advised that the students and
professionals in the field of safety must first have a clear
understanding on these concepts before taking a
particular application of the other doable task. This is in
order to save time, effort and valuable resources while
producing a great impact within the organization.
FUNDAMENTAL
PREVENTION
CONCEPT
OF
ACCIDENT
35
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There are four processes involved in a Pro- Active
safety management approach. The following are as
follows:
1. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION
This is the initial part of every active approach. There
must be a system built in the program of safety that
identifies and detect in ahead of time before a potential
accident occurs.
a. Identify Specific and General Hazards
Identification of potential exposure is the
foundation of all preventive efforts. Many
organizations relegate hazard identification to
experts assigned a special support staff called
SAFETY and overlooked many problems
obvious to the line workers. While some
technical expertise, based on the nature of
probable exposures is invaluable to the
identification of specific risks, identification of
exposures in the work process is EVERYONES
job.
b. Hazard Identification must be a Collective
Effort
Inside the plant, we can establish effective
hazard identification by the collective experience
of all individuals involved in the workplace.
c. Apply Multiple Incident Recognition Tools
- Task Exposure Analysis (TEA Method)
- Self- Inspection (personal by the worker)
- Accident Investigations (investigation team)
The TEA Method as used by other training centres
like Safety House, Inc. and OSH Centre will be
discussed on the later part of this chapter. The method is
very effective in hazard identification, Job Safety
Analysis (JSA) and other research undertaking.
2. ASSESSMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS
A systematic way of assessment and measurement
of the gathered facts must be put in place as part of proactiveness. The following means are considerable steps
in applying this part.
36
operations/
OF
PRO-
ACTIVE
STRUCTURE
APPROACH
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THIS
Set policy
Provide finance
Empower managers
Technical Management
-
37
Operating Management
Internet policy
Distribute resources
Lead
Direct
Apply capital
Utilize human resource
Lead
Empower
Support Management
-
Apply policy
Manage support group
Operating Employees
-
Operate equipment
Implement processes
Utilize materials
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
38
A TEA involves:
eliminating
or
New Jobs
Whenever a new job is introduced in the area, a
thorough TEA should be performed before any
employee is assigned.
39
CHAPTER 5
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, ANALYSIS,
REPORTING AND STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION
If in case accident still happens despite of a careful
management concern, investigation is a must do task. In
this way, the program of safety and health can be
improved by the findings of the investigation. We
investigate accident not just to meet the requirements of
insurance agencies for compensation but first and
foremost we want to find out why the accident occurs
and try to prevent it from happening again.
The term accident is used to cover occurrence, their
causes, which may led to harm to people, property
damage or both. According to Safety House, Inc. training
manual, a successful accident prevention program
requires a minimum of four fundamental activities:
1. A study of all working areas to detect and eliminate
or control physical or environmental hazards, which
contribute to accidents.
2. A study of all operating methods and practices.
3. Education, instruction, training and discipline to
minimize human factors, which contribute to accidents.
4. For cause analyses, a thorough investigation of at
least every accident which resulted in a disabling injury
should be done to determine contributing circumstances.
Accidents that do not result in personal injury (so called
near- miss accidents) are warnings. They should also
be investigated and should not be ignored.
For purpose of accident prevention, investigation
must be fact- finding; otherwise, they may do more harm
than good. This is not to say that responsibility may be
fixed when personal failures has caused injury, or that
such persons should be excused from the consequences
of their actions. This means that investigation itself
should be concerned only with facts.
CONCEPTS AND TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
AND ANALYSIS
The accident investigation and analysis discussed
here focuses primary on unsafe acts and unsafe
conditions and is the most often used techniques. Other
similar techniques involve investigation with the
framework of defects in man, machine, materials,
methods and management (the 5Ms), or education,
enforcement and engineering design (the 3Es).
Other techniques come under the system approach to
safety. Systems safety stresses and enlarged viewpoint
that takes into account the interrelationship between
Amputation
Punctured wound
Hernia
Respiratory collapse
Dermatitis
Ganglion
Abrasion
Drowning
Others
Upper extremities
Shoulder
Arms (upper)
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Fingers and thumb
Others
Body
Back
Chest
Abdomen
Groin
Others
Lower extremities
Hips
Thigh
Legs
Knees
Ankle
Feet
Toes
Others
3. Source of Injury. Sometimes, an injury results from
forcible contacts with two or more objects, occurring
either simultaneously or in rapid sequence, and it is
impossible to determine which object directly
produced the injury. In such cases, the source of
injury should be determined as follows:
41
Ladders
Tin plates
Boilers, compressors
Electrical appliances
Can and end conveyors
V- Belts, chains, cables
Chemicals
Elevators
7.
Agency of Accident Part. If the agency of
accident had a specific hazardous part that contributed to
the occurrence of the accident, the part should be named.
If, for example, a person attempted to climb a ladder that
had a defective rung and fell because the rung broke
when he put his weight on, the agency of accident part
would be the defective rung.
8.
Unsafe Act. The unsafe action which directly
caused or permitted the occurrence of the accident should
be designated. The selected unsafe act may be something
a person did which should not have been done,
something he should have done differently, or his failure
to do something which he should have done.
Since the unsafe act classification represents the personal
causes of accident, the data in this category may be
labelled as accident causes.
Operating equipment without authority
Failure to use personal protective equipment
Failure to warn or secure
Working on dangerous or moving equipment
Taking unsafe positions
Making safety devices inoperable
Using unsafe equipment
Improper loading
Horseplay
Others
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
1. Secure the accident site
2. Collect facts
a. Collect physical evidences
b. Take photographs
c. Make sketches and drawings
42
Death
Permanent total disability
Permanent partial disability
Temporary total disability
Medical treatment injury
43
HEALTH
47
EXERCISE NO. 4
Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Sec.: _______________
Schedule & Room: _________________________________ Date Performed: ___________
Rating
TEST YOURSELF: Answer the following questions. Use extra paper if needed.
Discuss the purpose and objectives of Safety Program.
1. How important data in solving and preventing accident?
2. What are possible graphical presentations of accident data and statistics? How can it help Safety
Professionals in managing accidents?
3. Explain the purpose of Accident Frequency Rate (FR) and Accidents Severity Rate (SR).
4. Which one has to be given greater importance, the Frequency Rate or Severity Rate? Why?
5. If you want to lower down FR and SR, what are the measures you need to do? Where will you
concentrate and why?
Objectives:
After the activity, you should be able to:
1. Gather accident data and statistically organized and treated them
2. Present data in an organize form as well as graphical form, and
3. Analyze and interpret accident statistics
Procedure and Task:
1. Acquire accident data, whether it is organizational data or national data.
2. Analyze the data, develop and innovate graphical presentation of the data, which will be attractive and
easy to understand so that ordinary workers can relate to the data. (At least 5 figure)
3. Prepare acetate for one of the graphical figure for presentation and discussion in the class.
Resource Materials: DOLE Bureau of Working Condition, WAIS Annual Report, Occupational Safety and
Health Center (OSHC) of the Philippines, National Statistics Office (NSO), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP),
National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
48
CHAPTER 6
SAFETY INSPECTIONS AND PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION
As presented in the introduction that one duty of a
safety professional is conduct inspection in a regular
basis, therefore it is necessary to be educated on this task.
Most of the time, safety engineer will conduct an
inspection before considering or implementing a plan of
actions. Inspection is defined as the monitoring function
conducted to locate existing and potential hazards having
the capacity to cause accidents in the workplace. It is
also intended to actually observe the safety program in
place with the work system.
When should a safety inspection be conducted?
Without giving too much thought, some supervisors
would answer, The third Friday of each month. A
much better reply would be, I conduct safety inspection
every time I go through my department. When a safety
inspection has become part of a supervisors everyday
routine, safety responsibilities is integrated in his job
together with his other duties. One aspect of a supervisor
job should not be more important than the other. Safety
inspection should be part of every phase of production
and a regular element of the standard operating
procedure. This type of inspection is called continuous
and it requires that supervisors and their employees
constantly be on the lookout for hazards on the job. This
is sometimes called informal because it does not confirm
to a set schedule, plan or checklist.
2.
Intermittent Inspections are those made at
irregular intervals and they are performed unannounced.
Occasionally, an accident in another department that
involves equipment similar to the machinery used in
another department would lead to an intermittent
(special) inspection of that equipment. An unscheduled
inspection is done to find and correct unsafe conditions
before an accident occurs.
It usually involves:
INSPECTION PHILOSOPHY
FORMAL INSPECTION
In addition to continuous inspection, a formal or
scheduled inspection should be made once a month.
These formal inspections can be the foundation for a
strong loss control program. This process is what most
people term as real safety and health inspection. It is
deliberate, through and systematic by design. There are
three types of scheduled inspections:
50
2.
What to Inspect. Particular attention should be
paid to parts likely to become a serious hazard to health
and safety. Many different types of inspection checklists
are available for use. Lists vary in length from hundreds
of items to only a few. There are some of the items that
need to be inspected:
a. Environmental factors (illumination, dusts, gases,
sprays, vapours, fumes, noise)
b. Hazardous supplies and materials (explosives,
flammable, acids, caustics, toxic materials, or byproducts)
c. Production related equipment (mills, shapers,
pressers, borers, lathes)
d. Power sources equipment (steam and gas engines,
electric motors)
e. Electrical equipment (switches, fuses, breakers,
outlets, cables, extension cords, grounding, etc.)
f. Hand tools (wrenches, screw drivers, hammers,
power tools)
g. Personal protective equipment (hard hats, safety
glasses, safety shoes, respirators)
h. Personal services and first aid facilities (drinking
fountains, wash basins, soap dispensers, safety
showers, eyewash fountains, first aid supplies,
stretchers)
i. Fire protection and extinguishing equipment (alarms,
water tanks, sprinklers, standpipes, extinguishers,
hydrants, hoses)
j. Walkways and roadways (ramps, docks, sidewalks,
walkways, aisles, vehicle ways)
k. Elevators, electric stairways and man lifts (controls,
wire ropes, safety devices)
l. Working surfaces (ladders, scaffolds, catwalks,
platforms, sling chains)
m. Materials handling equipment (cranes, dollies,
conveyors, hoists, forklifts, chains, ropes, slings)
n. Transportation equipment (automobiles, railroad
cars, trucks, front- end loaders, helicopters, etc.)
o. Warning and signalling devices (sirens, crossing and
blinker lights, warning signs)
p. Containers (scrap bins, disposal receptacles,
carbouys, barrels, drums, gas cylinders, etc.)
q. Storage facilities and areas both indoor and outdoor
(bins, racks, loaders, cabinets, shelves, etc.)
r. Structural openings (window, doors, sumps, shafts,
pit floor opening)
s. Building and structures (floors, roofs, walls, fencing)
t. Grounds (parking lots, roadways and sidewalks)
u. Loading and shipping platforms
v. Outside structures (small, isolated buildings)
w. Miscellaneous (any item that do not fit in the
preceding categories)
Some items such as
housekeeping procedures, fire
floors, stairways,
hazards, electrical
53
EXERCISE NO. 5
Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Sec.: _______________
Schedule & Room: _________________________________ Date Performed: ___________
Rating
TEST YOURSELF: Answer the following questions. Use extra paper if needed.
1. Discuss the purpose and objectives of Safety Inspection.
2. When to conduct plant inspection?
3. Who are responsible to lead and qualified to conduct a safety inspection?
4. Discuss the standard procedure and Dos and Donts of Plabt Safety Inspection.
5. How should we evaluate plant safety inspection result?
Safety Inspection
Objectives:
After the activity, you should be able to:
1. Prepare safety inspection forms and procedures.
2. Conduct plant safety inspection according to standard procedure, and
3. Analyze, evaluate and interpret safety inspection result.
Procedure and Task:
1. Make a group compose of 3-4 members, assign group leader.
2. Prepare a Plant Safety Inspection Program containing the 5Ws and 1H elements.
3. Select one area from the prepared program that you can be able to perform within the Engineering and
Architecture building.
4. Perform Safety Inspection according to the designed program of inspection.
Resource Materials: Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) of the Philippines, Inspection materials
according to references, Safety Manual
54
CHAPTER 7
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
AND ITS APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION
In the last chapter, one result of inspection is
identification and detection of hazard. When a hazard is
identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to
eliminate it so that employees are not harmed.
Elimination thus becomes the first thrust of control. The
first approach is to determine whether the hazard can be
engineered out of the operation. Another way of reducing
or controlling the hazard is to isolate the process.
After elimination, the second approach is to control
the hazard by administrative control. For example, a
milling operation might be done at only certain times of
the day, after the shift ends. This reduces the flying chip
hazard to other employees. However, if this cannot be
done since employees will always be around, the use of
personal protective equipment is necessary.
Too often PPE usage is considered as the last thing
to do. It should not be. PPE can provide that added
protection to the employee even when the hazard is being
controlled by other means. In some situations, the only
available protection will be the use of PPE and often in
emergencies, PPE will be required for the safety of the
workers and should be considered one important aspect
of the safety program.
APPROACHES IN CONTROLLING HAZARDS
People who must work in hazardous areas should
use PPE, which can protect a person from head to toe. To
develop an effective program, the supervisor should:
1. Be familiar with required standards and requirements
of the government regulations;
2. Be able to identify hazards;
3. Be familiar with the safety equipment on the market
to protect specific hazards;
4. Know the company procedures for maintaining the
equipment;
5. Develop an effective method for convincing
employees to dress safety and to wear the proper
protective equipment.
6. Review all material safety data sheets (MSDS) that
require personal protective equipment for protection
against hazardous chemicals and materials; and
the cradle and the outer shell of the helmet should not be
less than 1- of an inch. Never attempt to repair the
shell of a helmet once it has been broken or punctured.
Do not let people holes on their safety helmets to
improve ventilation or let them cut notches in the brims.
Such practices destroy the ability of the helmet to protect
the wearer.
2.
Auxiliary Features and Functions. Liners for
safety head gear are available for cold weather use. If this
is in use, do not let the workers remove the safety helmet
suspension. This practice completely destroys the
protection given by the helmet and has led to tragic
result. A chin strap is useful when the wearer is exposed
to strong wing or on oil rig derricks or working above on
scaffolding platforms. Brackets to support welding
masks or miners cap lamps are available on some safety
helmets. Other mounting accessory for hearing
protection and eye and face protection is available.
PROTECTIVE HEADWEAR
FACE PROTECTION
1.
Helmets. Welding helmets protect the eyes and
face against the splashes of molten metal and radiation
produced by arc welding. Helmets should have the
proper filter glass to keep ultraviolet and visible rays
from harming the eyes.
Most type of helmets have a replaceable, heattreated glass or plastic covering to protect the filter lens
against pitting and scratching. Some helmets have a liftfront glass holder that permits the welder to inspect the
work without lifting or removing the helmet. Welders
helpers should have proper welding goggles or helmets
to wear while assisting in a welding operation or while
chipping flux away after a bead has been run over a joint.
The danger of foreign bodies becoming lodged in the
eyes is great for workers performing this operation
without protection.
56
2.
Shields and Goggles. A hand shield can be used
where the protection of the helmet is not needed, such as
for inspection of work, tack welding and other operations
were requiring little or no welding by the user. Frame
and lens construction are similar to that of the helmet.
Welding goggles are available with filter glass shades up
to No. 8. If darker shades are required, then complete
protection is needed because of the danger of skin burns.
3.
Hoods. Acid proof hoods that cover the head, face
and neck are used by persons exposed to the risk of
severe splashes from corrosive chemicals. This type of
hood has a glass or plastic window that is securely joined
to the hood to prevent acid from seeping through. Hoods
are made of rubber, neoprene, and plastic film or
impregnated fabrics and are available for resistance to
different chemicals. Hoods with air supply should be
worn for work around toxic fumes or dusts. These hoods
provide a supply of clean, breathing- quality air which
excludes toxic materials and maintains worker comfort.
To support the air hose, the worker should wear a
harness or belt.
PROTECTION FOR THE EYES
Industrial operations expose the eyes to a variety of
hazards such as flying objects, splashes of corrosive
liquids or molten metals, dusts and harmful radiations.
Eye injuries not only disable a person but they often
disfigure the face. Flying objects such as metal or stone
chips, nails or abrasive grits cause most injuries. Other
causes of eye injuries are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory can be regarded as emergency
equipment or equipment for occasional use. Of course, if
contaminants are present, they should be removed at the
source or the process should be isolated. Since leaks and
breakdowns do not occur and since some operations
expose a person only briefly and infrequently, respiratory
equipment should be available. Workers must be
instructed and trained in its proper use and limitations.
1.
Types of Equipment. Respiratory equipment
includes air purifying devices (mechanical filter
respirators, chemical cartridge respirators, combination
mechanical filters and chemical cartridges respirators and
masks with canisters, air supplied devices (airline
respirators) and self- contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA).
a. Air Purifying Devices. Air purifying devices
remove contaminants from air as it is being breathed.
They can be used only in environment containing
insufficient oxygen to sustain life. Air purifying
devices are only effective in limited concentration
ranges for which they are designed and must never
be used where contaminant levels exceed the
respirator accepted protection factor.
b. Mechanical Filter Respirator. These respirators
must protect the workers against exposure to
nuisance dusts and pneumoconiosis- producing
dusts, mists and fumes. Examples of nuisance dusts
are aluminum, cellulose, cement, flour, gypsum and
limestone. Pneumoconiosis comes from the three
Greek words that mean lung, dust and abnormal
condition. The generally accepted meaning of the
word is merely dusty lung. A mechanical filter
respirator is of no value if use as protection against
chemical vapors, injurious gases or oxygen
deficiency. To use it under these conditions is a
serious mistake.
c. Chemical Cartridge Respirators. These respirators
can be a half mask face piece or a full mask face
piece connected to one or more containers (cartridge)
or sorbent, typically activated charcoal or soda lime
(a mixture of calcium hydroxide with sodium
potassium hydroxide) for absorption of low
concentration of certain vapours or gases. The life of
the cartridge can be relatively short. For protection
against mercury vapours, the nominal container life
is 8 hours. After use, the cartridge must be discarded.
These respirators must not be used in atmosphere
immediately dangerous to life or health, such as
those deficient in oxygen.
Compression
Pounds
Impact Foot
Pounds
Clearance
Inches
75
2,500
75
16/32
50
1,750
50
16/32
30
1,000
30
16/32
Table 7.1
Safety shoes are selected in the basis of hazards
involved and are properly fitted. These safety shoes
classified according to hazards are:
1. Metal- free shoes, boots and other footwear are
available for use where there are specific electrical
hazards or fire explosion hazards.
2. Congress or gaiter- type shoes are used to protect
people from splashes of molten metal or from
welding sparks. This type can be removed quickly to
avoid serious burns. These shoes have no laces or
eyelets to catch molten metal.
3. Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal are built
into shoes worn in areas where there are hazards
from protruding nails and when the likelihood of
contact with energized electrical equipment is
remote, as in the construction industry.
f.
59
LIMITATIONS OF PPE
Personal protective equipment or clothing are not
substitute for effective engineering controls, safe
working conditions or sound work practices, but can play
an essential part in the protection of the workers.
However, it has some limitations, the following are:
a. PPE does not reduce or eliminate hazards.
b. If the protective equipment is defective, or
becomes ineffective when being worn, the
wearer may become exposed to hazards without
being necessarily aware of it.
c. PPE provides protection for the wearer only, the
potential exposure of unprotected people in the
area must be considered.
d. The use of PPE may introduce additional hazards
to the wearer. The equipment may interfere with
one or more of the senses.
e. PPE may transfer the hazard to another location.
Toxic chemicals may be absorbed on shoes and
clothing and transferred to offices, eating areas
or at home.
f. PPE particularly respiratory protection may not
be suitable for continuous use.
g. PPE may not always be worn properly.
It is very important for us to carefully consider
the following limitations. This is for us to provide the
right approaches in the application of PPE. We must not
put all our security or rest our assurance on PPE alone.
Instructors Note:
__________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
60
EXERCISE NO. 2
Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Sec.: _______________
Schedule & Room: _________________________________ Date Performed: ___________
Rating
TEST YOURSELF: Answer the following questions. Use extra paper if needed.
1. Discuss the purpose and objectives of PPE.
2. How important Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to the workers at the same time to management?
3. What are the different principles in applying PPE in the workers?
4. Enumerate and discuss different ways how can we implement PPE effectively.
5. How can we manage complaints and refusal in wearing PPE?
Resource Materials: Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) of the Philippines, Safety Manual,
Field Observation
61
CHAPTER 8
MACHINERY SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT GUARDING
INTRODUCTION
FOR
MAN/
MACHINE
Rotating
Cutting or shearing mechanisms
In- running nip points
Screw or worn mechanisms
Forming or bending mechanisms
Impact mechanisms