Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AGILENT Signal Integrity For Your Applications 2011
AGILENT Signal Integrity For Your Applications 2011
AGILENT Signal Integrity For Your Applications 2011
Presented by:
Pascal GRISON
Digital Design Application Engineer
Page 1
Rev 22.03.2011
Main Agenda
1.
2.
3.
Page 2
1. Connect
In a Perfect World
Probes dont load your circuit
Probes accurately reproduce signals under test with high fidelity
Page 3
System Bandwidth
Maximally Flat versus Gaussian Response
Sample rate and aliasing
Required System Bandwidth versus Measurement Accuracy
Page 4
Page 5
Connection
Bandwidth
Probe
BW
Scope
BW
Sample Rate
Page 6
4 GHz coaxial
ground socketed
connection requires
keep-out space.
Page 8
Input Impedance:
Doesnt resonate low,
never goes below RTIP
Transmitted Response:
Flat is where its at!
Page 9
Damped
Input Impedance
5 105
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6
104
Page 10
Frequency (Hz)
1 10
109
6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6
104
Frequency (Hz)
109
Damped
Transmitted Response
15
15
VOUT
VIN
0
VIN
-10
-10
25
15
VOUT
VOUT / VIN
VOUT / VIN
0
0
-5
Page 11
-15
6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 681 2 4 6
6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 6 81 2 4 681 2 4 6
104
104
Frequency (Hz)
109
Frequency (Hz)
109
Signal
Ground
BNC to SMA
Probing on the
surface
SMA Cable
with probe
No probe
CAL
CH3
Vsource
Vin
Vout
CH1
50 ohm fixture
2ns/div
50Ohms Microstrip PCB
with SMA connectors
Page 13
Damped
Vsource
Vin
Vout
2ns/div
Page 14
2ns/div
Damped
Vsource
Vin
Vout
2ns/div
Page 15
2ns/div
Damped
Vsource
Vin
Vout
500ps/div
Page 16
500ps/div
Damped
Vsource
Vin
Vout
500ps/div
Page 17
500ps/div
Page 18
Results
2 mm (fixed spacing)
6 GHz Probe
Page 19
Increased bandwidth
Browsing use model only
Reduced usability
No BW improvement for solder-in or
socketed use models
Page 20
Page 21
200 fF
+sig
25K
ZO=50
50
50 RF Connector
25K
-sig
ZO=50
50
50
Oscilloscope
ZO = 50
50
200 fF
~ 5 mm
Page 22
~ 10 cm
Probe Amplifier
Probe Cable
Page 23
Page 24
10 cm solder-in Probe
Head
1.00E+05
Zdiff
ZSE
1.00E+04
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
ZminDIFF = 230
ZminSE = 150
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
1.0E+06
ZminDIFF = 275
ZminSE = 200
1.00E+01
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
Frequency
Page 25
Zdiff
ZSE
1.00E+04
1.0E+9
1.0E+10
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
Frequency
1.0E+9
1.0E+10
10 cm solder-in Probe
Head
Transmitted Response
6
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Vin
Vout
Vo/Vi
-3dB=6.3 GHz
-8
Page 26
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Vin
Vout
Vo/Vi
-3dB=8 GHz
-8
-10
-12
1,0E+08
Attenuation (dB)
-10
1,0E+09
Frequency
-12
1,0E+10 1,0E+08
1,0E+09
Frequency
1,0E+10
Vsource
Vin
Vout
500ps/div
Page 27
500ps/div
Vsource
Vin
Vout
200ps/div
Page 28
200ps/div
Vsource
Vin
Vout
200ps/div
Page 29
Attenuation (dB)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
1,0E+08
Page 30
1,0E+09
Frequency
1,0E+10
Page 31
7 GHz Bandwidth
Input R: 25K
Input C: 0.59 pF
100 mil spacing, accepts 20-mil resistor leads
8 damping resistors
Page 32
8 GHz Bandwidth
Input R: 50K
Input C: 0.38 pF
100 mil spacing, accepts 20-mil resistor leads
8 damping resistors
8 GHz Bandwidth
Input R: 50K
Input C: 0.30 pF
8 mil nickel tip leads are robust but flexible
8 damping resistors
Page 34
Page 35
N5425A
N5451A InfiniiMax Long Wire ZIF Tip
Wider span than standard ZIF Tip to probe signal
like DDR system
Two different wire length: 7 mm (>9GHz) and 11
mm (>4.5GHz)
Page 37
DC Offset Range
Maximum Voltage
+/- 16 V
+/- 30 V
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
Rise-Time/Fall-Time Characteristics
Measurement Configuration
DSO91304A with or without 1169A and N5381/2A
DSO91204A with or without 1169A and N5381/2A
1169A and N5381/2A probe only
1168A and N5381/2A probe only
20-80%
Rise-Time
23 ps
25 ps
28 ps
34 ps
10-90%
Rise-Time
33 ps
36 ps
40 ps
48 ps
Page 43
Page 44
Page 45
Connection
Bandwidth
Probe
BW
Scope
BW
Sample Rate
Page 46
Finding Max Freq Contents of Signal (fmax) from the Rise Time
fmax = 0.5 / Tr (10%-90%)
or
fmax = 0.4 / Tr (20%-80%)
The definition of fmax will be the same as Knee Frequency described in literature
High-Speed Digital Design A handbook of Black magic by Johnson & Graham. It is
the bandwidth which contains most of the energy contents within given digital signal.
So, is the required BW of the scope equal to fmax? Actually not so simple.
See next page for more details.
Page 47
8GHz Scope
12GHz Scope
It is the edge rate that determines required BW, not 3rd and 5th harmonics.
Page 48
Gain
1.0
Brickwall
0.8
0.7
Gaussian
0.4
500M Hz
1.0GHz
Gaussian
Gradual signal attenuation inside and outside of the
bandwidth.
Typically seen on the scopes 1GHz and below
2.0GHz
3.0GHz
4.0GHz
Page 49
Frequency
Brickwall
Scope BW
1.0 fmax
1.3 fmax
1.9 fmax
4 x BW
1.0 fmax
1.2 fmax
1.4 fmax
2.5 x BW
For more info, see application note 5988-8008EN
A simple calculation matrix to determine the required scope bandwidth and the sampling rate
to characterize a given signal accurately.
Notice, due to the different amount of out of bandwidth signal frequency contents that each
filter response captures (i.e. becomes the source of aliasing), in order to characterize the
signal with desired accuracy, a scope with a Gaussian filter response requires more
bandwidth and more sampling rate than a scope with a Brickwall filter response.
Page 50
Knowing the filter response of your selected scope is very critical when accurately
characterizing your signal. Lets look at typical examples next.
Page 51
USB2.0
Signal
Rate
Fundamental
Freq
Rise Time
Base (at GBA)
CEM/Probing Point
Brickwall
S.Rate
Gaussian
S.Rate
480Mbps
240MHz
500ps (10-90%)
1.5GHz
3.6GSa/s
2.0GHz
8GSa/s
DDR2
Up to 800MT/s
400MHz
288ps (10-90%)
2.4GHz
5.8GSa/s
3.3GHz
13.2GSa/s
DDR3
Up to 1.6GT/s
800MHz
120ps (10-90%)
5.8GHz
13.9GSa/s
7.9GHz
31/5GSa/s
Serial ATA I
1.5Gbps
750MHz
100ps
5.6GHz
13.5GSa/s
7.9GHz
30.5GSa/s
Serial ATA II
3Gbps
1.5GHz
67ps
8.4GHz
20.2GSa/s
11.3GHz
45.2GSa/s
SAS150
1.5Gbps
750MHz
67ps
8.4GHz
20.2GSa/s
11.3GHz
45.2GSa/s
SAS300
3Gbps
1.5GHz
67ps
8.4GHz
20.2GSa/s
11.3GHz
45.2GSa/s
6Gbps
3GHz
47.7ps
11.7GHz
28.1GSa/s
15.9GHz
63.6GSa/s
2.5Gbps
1.25GHz
50ps
100ps
5.6GHz
13.4GSa/s
7.9GHz
31.6GSa/s
5Gbps
2.5GHz
45ps
TBD
12.5GHz
30GSa/s
17GHz
68GSa/s
ExpressCard
2.5Gbps
1.25GHz
50ps
100ps
5.6GHz
13.4GSa/s
7.9GHz
31.6GSa/s
Fibre Channel 4G
4.25Gbps
2.125GHz
75ps
7.5GHz
18GSa/s
10.1GHz
40.4GSa/S
Fibre Channel 8G
8.5Gbps
4.25GHz
60ps
9.3GHz
22GSa/s
12.7GHz
50.8GSa/s
3.125Gbps
1.5625MHz
60ps
9.3GHz
22GSa/s
12.7GHz
50.8GSa/s
HDMI 1.3
3.4Gbps
1.7GHz
75ps
7.5GHz
18GSa/s
10.1GHz
40.4GSa/S
DVI
1.65Gbps
825MHz
75ps
7.5GHz
18GSa/s
10.1GHz
40.4GSa/S
DisplayPort
2.7Gbps
1.35GHz
75ps
7.5GHz
18GSa/s
10.1GHz
40.4GSa/S
FBD I
4.8Gbps
2.4GHz
35ps
45ps
12.5GHz
30GSa/s
17GHz
68GSa/s
FBD II
9.6Gbps
4.8GHz
25ps??
45ps
12.5GHz
30GSa/s
DSA90000A
17GHz
68GSa/s
XAUI
Page 52
3% Accuracy
5% Accuracy
10% Accuracy
100 ps
75 ps
60 ps
50 ps
40 ps
30 ps
5.6 GHz
7.5 GHz
9.3 GHz
11.2 GHz
14.0 GHz
18.7 GHz
4.8 GHz
6.4 GHz
8.0 GHz
9.6 GHz
12.0 GHz
16.0 GHz
4.0 GHz
5.3 GHz
6.7 GHz
8.0 GHz
10.0 GHz
13.3 GHz
DSO90404A 4GHz is capable of measuring a 100ps rise time with 10% accuracy
DSO90604A 6GHz is capable of measuring a 100 ps rise time with 3% accuracy.
DSO90804A 8GHz is capable of measuring a 75 ps rise time with 3% accuracy.
DSO91204A 12GHz is capable of measuring a 40 ps rise time with 5 % accuracy.
This level of performance can be vital for characterizing and compliance testing of high
speed signals.
Page 53
Connection
Bandwidth
Probe
BW
Noisefloor
Scope
Sample Rate
BW
ADC Linearity
Noisefloor THD,SNR,SFDR
Page 54
Page 55
Page 56
New Technologies
Invented for Infiniium
DSO/DSA90000A
Leveraged Technology
From DSO80000B
Probe
Attenuator
A/D
Pre-amp
Infiniium Data
Accelerator
Memory
PCIe to CPU
Edge
Trigger
Timebase
Logic
Trigger
Analog
Trigger
Page 57
Frame
Key Observations
Page 58
Trigger Output
Single Ended
Path
SMA
Input
Page 59
Trigger Output
SiGe 13 GHz
Bipolar Preamp
7cm
Page 60
DSO90604A
DSO90604A
Agilents highly integrated
monolithic 20GS/s ADCs
ensure low levels of distortion.
SFDR:-43dBc
SFDR:-37dBc
Page 61
Analog-to-Digital Converter:
Agilent Labs CMOS ADC design.
20 GSa/s, 11W monolithic ADC with 80
slices at 250 MSa/s.
SiGe buffer IC with built-in 2x2 cross bar
switch for interleave.
Probe Amplifier:
Microwave thick-film designed in
Agilents ADS
SiGe amplifier with SMP
connectors
Page 62
Probe Bandwidth with low noise floor & high common mode rejection
InfiniiMax offers the highest performance available for measuring differential and
single-ended signals. Documentation includes the characterized performance of
each of the probe heads.
Scope Bandwidth
DSO90000A offers 2.5GHz upgradeable to 13 GHz bandwidth.
Agilent Technologies
Bandwidth
DSO/DSA92004A
20 GHz
80/40 GSA/s
20M/50M
2 Gpts
1.53 mV
150 fs rms
DSO/DSA92504A
25 GHz
80/40 GSA/s
20M/50M
2 Gpts
1.77 mV
150 fs rms
DSO/DSA92804A
28 GHz
80/40 GSA/s
20M/50M
2 Gpts
1.89 mV
150 fs rms
DSO/DSA93204A
32 GHz
80/40 GSA/s
20M/50M
2 Gpts
2.08 mV
150 fs rms
Schedule
1. Scope Architecture
2. Hardware Performance
3. Frequency Interleaving
4. DSP Boosting
5. Measurement Comparisons
6. Conclusion
Scope Architecture
Attenuator
Pre-Amplifier
Trigger
Chip
This
Sampler
ADC
Memory
Controller
Memory
Oscilloscope
Bandwidth Spec
DSP Boosting
16 GHz
20 GHz
Frequency Interleave
16 GHz
30 GHz
32 GHz
32 GHz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Agilents
proprietary multi-chip
modules
OR
Requires
Sampler
Pre-Amplifier
200
IBM 8HP
207
200
110
230
190
Infineon B7HF200
IBM 7HP
ST BiCMOS9MW
IHP SG25H1
ADC
Down converter
Diplexer
Attenuator
Preamplifier
ADC
ADC
Preamplifier
ADC
ADC
High frequency components that are greater than the pre-amplifier bandwidth
Down -
2
Diplexer
1Attenuator
converter
ADC
Preamplifier
3
Preamplifier
ADC
ADC
ADC
Sampler
Pre-Amplifier
Sampler
Gain
ADC
ADC
2.
3.
4.
Hardware
density increase
performance
has:
due to boosting
Conclusion
Agilents 90000 X-Series oscilloscope is the only oscilloscope with
>16 GHz pre-amplifier bandwidth and as a result has the lowest
noise floor, highest effective bits, and flattest frequency response
Frequency interleaving achieves the highest frequency gain, with the
least pre-amplifier bandwidth, but trade-off is signal is downconverted and interleaved twice
DSP boosting achieves higher bandwidth with little additional
hardware, but tradeoff is increased noise
Page
85
Probe
heads
Probe
adapters
InfiniiMax III
ZIF (zero
insertion force)
probe head
28 GHz
InfiniiMax III
ZIF probe tips
Sampling scope
Adapter
Browser
30 GHz
Hi impedance probe
adapter
4 models
16 GHz - 30 GHz
Bandwidth
upgradeable
2.92mm /3.5mm/SMA
Probe adapter
28 GHz
Solder-in
Probe head
16 GHz
Performance verification
& Deskew fixture
InfiniMax
Page
86
Agilent
Confidential
Page
87
Affordable
16 GHz 20 GHz: US$5,000
20 GHz 25 GHz: US$8,000
25 GHz 30 GHz: US$5,000
Page
88
2.92mm /3.5mm/SMA
Probe adapter
Page
89
28 GHz
Hybrid of solder-in
and browsing model
200 tips (for high
sensitivity, lower
noise)
450 tips (for wider
dynamic range)
28 GHz
for 2.92 mm, 3.5 mm
or SMA connection
Optional 10 flex
cable available
Browser
Solder-in
Probe head
30 GHz
z-axis compliance
variable spacing
adjusted with a thumb
wheel
Integrated LED
lighting at the tip
16 GHz
economical, semipermanent connection
Precision BNC 50
adapter
Page
90
Hi impedance probe
adapter
Performance verification
& Deskew fixture
Required to
calibrate and verify
the performance of
the InfiniiMax III
probe
Key Applications
PCI Express gen 3, 8 Gbps
10 Gigabit Ethernet
SATA/SAS 12 Gbps
GDDR5 7-8 Gbps 4 probes per scope
Intel QPI (QuickPath Interconnect) 9.6
Gbps/12.8 Gbps
Intel front-side bus / Intel Thunderbolt
High speed optical apps with 2.92 mm probe head
Probe Compatibility
Compatible with Agilents Infiniium 90000-X
scopes and DCA-J only
InfiniiMax III probe amps are not compatible with
InfiniiMax I or II heads.
InfiniiMax III probe heads are not compatible with
InfiniiMax I or II probe amps.
Page
91
InfiniiMax II
(1168A-69A)
Bandwidth
10 GHz 13 GHz
16 GHz 30 GHz
60 psec
40 psec
16 psec
Key technology
used
DC input
resistance
50 k (diff)
50 k (diff)
100 k (diff)
DC attenuation
10:1
3.45:1
Input dynamic
range
5 Vp-p
3.3 Vp-p
1.6 Vp-p
Probe interface
AutoProbe I
(precision BNC)
AutoProbe I
(precision BNC)
AutoProbe II (NMD
3.5mm)
Key accessories
E2675A, N2677A,
N2678A, E2695A,
N5425A/26A/51A
N5382A, N5381A,
N5380A,
N5425A/26A/51A
N5445A, N5439A,
N5444A, N5441A
Price range
(amp only)
$3k - $6k
$7.8k - $9.7k
$14.4k - $29k
Page
92
InfiniiMax III
(N2800A-03A)
LeCroy WaveLink
D13/16/20/2505
Bandwidth
16 GHz, 20 GHz
13 GHz, 16 GHz, 20
GHz, 25 GHz
27 psec
17.5 psec
16 psec
DC input
resistance
100 k (diff)
1 k (diff)
100 k (diff)
Input dynamic
range
Offset range
+2.5 to -1.5V
+2.5 to -2.5V
+16 V to -16 V
Tri mode
Yes
No
No
Performance
verification by
user
No
No (sent to LeCroy)
Price range
(amp only)
Page
93
2. Convenient probe
connectivity
4. Investment
protection of my
expensive probe
Page
94
Problems Solved
Solution Feature/Spec
Page
95
Description
16 GHz Probe amplifier
20 GHz Probe amplifier
25 GHz Probe amplifier
30 GHz Probe amplifier
Browser head
ZIF probe head
2.92mm/3.5mm/SMA head
Solder-in head
Precision BNC 50 adapter
High impedance probe adapter
Sampling scope adapter
Performance verification and deskew fixture
Browser replacement tips, set of 4
2.92 mm head flex cable
200 ZIF tip, set of 5
450 ZIF tip, set of 5
Application Solutions:
Integrated Deep Analysis
Page 96
Debug
Signal
Integrity
Debug
Compliance
Analysis
Compliance
Analysis
Page 97
Page 98
Page 99
The way to search and walk through your deep memory capture
Setting Up MLT to search for pulse < 410ps for 2.5Gbps signal (UI = 400ps)
1. Set limit conditions.
3. When Stop On Failure is on,
the scope stops immediately when
limit condition is met.
2. Immediately states are shown.
Accumulated results are shown if
in a continuous triggering mode.
Search/Navigation Tool
Page 100
Page 101
Page 102
Page 103
Page 104
Page 106
Page 107
Draw a must pass and a must not pass zone on the screen
Waveform must
not pass through
Zone 1
Page 108
InfiniiScan Non-Monotonic:
Agilent Benefits
InfiniiScan Measurement:
Agilent Benefits
Page 112
Real-time eye
using clock
recovery
Eye mask
unfold on
failures
8b/10b decode,
search, &
triggering
Page 113
Rx
Matlab
Powered
Matlab Function
Define your own custom Matlab Signal Processing Function within Scope
Page 114
VNA sparameter file is most accurate but TDR response is easiest to obtain
2. To de-embed channel,
select CDeconvolve
UDF function
3. To add channel effects
select CConvolve
Matlab
Powered
Page 115
De-embedding
Loss Compensation or Gain Function
Compensate for Probing and Fixture Loss
Add Margin to Transmitter
Characterization
PHY
Channel
Connector
Tx
Connector
Matlab
Powered
Rx
PHY
Matlab Function
Agilent Restricted
Page
116
Page 116
TP1
TP2
TP3
Tx
PHY
Channel
Connector
Pin
Connector
Connector
Rx
PHY
Tx
Signal
Virtual Probe
TP1
TP3
Matlab Function
Matlab
Powered
TP2
Page
117
Page 117
Rx
Equalization
Agilent Restricted
March 21, 2011
Agilent will help you get the necessary understanding of the Jitter Sources
Page 118
Page 119
DSO80000B Infiniium
Real Time Oscilloscopes
86100C DCA-J
Sampling Oscilloscope
E4887A TMDS Signal Generator
and Cable Emulator
N5399A HDMI
Compliance Test SW
E5071C Vector
Network Analyzer
N1080A TPA fixtures
N5998A HDMI
Protocol Analyzer
Page 120
Protocol
Solution
Computer Motherboards,
ICs, Graphic Cards
Cables, PC Boards,
Connectors
PC Monitors
ICs, System
Integration
DSO90000A Infiniium
Real Time Oscilloscopes
86100C DCA-J
Sampling Oscilloscope
JBERT
N54xxA DisplayPort
Compliance Test SW
E5071C Vector
Network Analyzer
Page 121
N5990A Software
Under Investigation
Protocol
Analyzer/Generator
Page 122
Page 123
Page 124
Page 125
Something New:
Merging Agilent scope
technology with Agilent Vector
Signal Analysis
The Infiniium Oscilloscope provides a 13 GHz front end digitizer!
Agilent Proprietary FFT software provides wideband spectrum analysis!
Wideband analysis up to 13 GHz far exceeds traditional spectrum analyzer
bandwidths (~100 MHz)!
Page 126
Volts vs time
Phase vs time
Constellation diagram
Frequency vs time
Volts vs time
Agilent N7619A
Signal Studio for
Multiband OFDM
UWB
Agilent N6030A
Arbitrary Waveform
Generator
Base Band
Modulation
Page 128
Tx
DUT
Agilent E8267D
PSG Series
Vector Signal Generator
Agilent Infiniium
DSO 91304A
Oscilloscope
Signal Generation
Agilent 89601A
VSA Software
Spectrum Testing
Agilent N9020A
Spectrum Analyzer
Page 129