4 Groups(1)

P. 4.1. Let (G, ·) be a groupoid in which the following properties hold:

1) (a · b) · c = a · (b · c), (∀)a, b, c ∈ G;
2) (∃)u ∈ G : u · a = a · u = a, (∀)a ∈ G;
3) (∀)a ∈ G(∃)a0 ∈ G : a · a0 = u ∨ a0 · a = u.
Show that (G, ·) is a group.
P. 4.2. Let (S, ·) be a finite semigroup in which the left simplification property

(∀)a ∈ S, x, y ∈ S : a · x = a · y =⇒ x = y ,

and the right simplification property

(∀)a ∈ S, x, y ∈ S : x · a = y · a =⇒ x = y

hold. Show that (S, ·) is a group.

P. 4.3. Let (G, ·) be a groupoid in which the following properties hold:

1) a · (b · c) = (b · a) · c, (∀)a, b, c ∈ G;
2) (∃)u ∈ G : u · a = a, (∀)a ∈ G;
3) (∀)a ∈ G(∃)a0 ∈ G : a0 · a = u.
Show that (G, ·) is an abelian group.

P. 4.4. Let G be a set in which a binary (a, b) 7−→ a · b and unary operation a 7−→ a0 are defined, such that
for any a, b, c, d, e ∈ G the following implication holds

(a · b) · c = (a · d) · e =⇒ b = d · (e · c0 ) .

Show that (G, ·) is a group.

P. 4.5. Verify whether the grupoids with the following Cayley tables are groups:
∗ a b c
∗ a b
a a b c
a a b
b b c a
b b a
c c a b

∗ 1 2 3 4
∗ x y z
1 3 1 4 2
x x y z
2 1 2 3 4
y z x y
3 4 3 2 1
z y z x
4 2 4 1 3
P. 4.6. Complete the following Cayley table of a group:
· a b c d e f
a b
b c a e
c
d f a
e
f
P. 4.7. Determine the Cayley tables of the following groups:
(Z2 , +), (Z3 , +), (Z4 , +), (S3 , ·), ha, b| a2 = b2 = (ab)2 = 1i.
P. 4.8. Let (G, ·) be a group and a, b ∈ G such that a · b = b · a. Show that am · bn = bn · am , (∀)m, n ∈ Z.
P. 4.9. Let (G, ·) be a group such that x2 = 1, (∀)x ∈ G. Show that the group (G, ·) is abelian.

1
P. 4.10. Let (G, ·) be a group such that (x · y)2 = x2 · y 2 , (∀)x, y ∈ G. Show that the group (G, ·) is abelian.
P. 4.11. Let (G, ·) be a group such that (x · y)−1 = x−1 · y −1 , (∀)x, y ∈ G. Show that the group (G, ·) is
abelian.
P. 4.12. Let (G, ·) be a group such that there is k ∈ Z such that (x · y)i = xi · y i , (∀)x, y ∈ G, (∀)i ∈
{k − 1.k, k + 1}. Show that the group (G, ·) is abelian.
P. 4.13. Let (G, ·) be a finite group and A, B ⊆ G such that |A| + |B| > |G|. Show that A · B = G.
P. 4.14. Let T := {z ∈ C| |z| = 1}. Show that T ≤ (C∗ , ·).
P. 4.15. Let n ∈ N∗ and Un := {z ∈ C| z n = 1}. Show that Un ≤ T.
∞
S
P. 4.16. Let p be a prime and Up∞ := Upk . Show that Up∞ ≤ T.
k=0
n o
m ∗
∈ Z, k ∈ N , respectively Qp0 := m

P. 4.17. Let p be a prime and Qp := pk
|m n | m ∈ Z, n ∈ N , (n, p) = 1 .
Show that Qp , Qp0 ≤ (Q, +) and Qp ∩ Qp0 = Z.
P. 4.18. Let (G, ·) be a finite group with |G| ≡ 0(mod 2). Show that there is an element x ∈ G with |x| = 2.
P. 4.19. Let (G, ·) be a group and x, y ∈ G arbitrary elements. Show that |x · y| = |y · x|.
P. 4.20. Let (G, ·) be a group and x ∈ G an element of finite order |x| = n ∈ N∗ . Show that
n
|xm | = , (∀)m ∈ Z .
(m, n)
P. 4.21. Let (G, ·) be a group, and x, y ∈ G elements of finite orders |x| = m, |y| = n, such that x · y = y · x
and (m, n) = 1. Show that |x · y| = m · n.
P. 4.22. Let (G, ·) be a group, and x ∈ G an element of finite order |x| = m · n, where m, n ∈ N∗ are relativ
prime, (m, n) = 1. Show that there are elements y, z ∈ G with |y| = m, |z| = n, such that x = y · z = z · y.
P. 4.23. Let (G, ·) be an abelian finite group with |G| = n. Show that g n = 1, (∀)g ∈ G.
P. 4.24. Prove Fermat’s little theorem:
If p ∈ N∗ is a prime, and a ∈ Z is not divisible by p, then ap−1 ≡ 1(mod p).
P. 4.25. Prove Euler’s theorem:
If n ∈ N∗ , and a ∈ Z is coprime with n, then aϕ(n) ≡ 1(mod n).
P. 4.26. Show that in any finite abelian group, the product of all elements is equal to the product of all
elements of order 2.
P. 4.27. Prove Wilson’s theorem:
If p is a prime, then (p − 1)! ≡ −1(mod p).
P. 4.28. Let (G, ·) be a group and A ⊆ G. Show that the normalizer of the subset A in G
NG (A) := {g ∈ G| gA = Ag}
is a subgroup of G.
P. 4.29. Let (G, ·) be a group and A ⊆ G. Show that the centralizer of the subset A in G
CG (A) := {g ∈ G| ga = ag, (∀)a ∈ A}
is a subgroup of G, with CG (A) ⊆ NG (A).
P. 4.30. Show that for any grup G, its centre
Z(G) := {g ∈ G| gx = xg, (∀)x ∈ G}
is a subgroup of G.