1 - Molecular Flux PDF

8/7/2014
Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
Marks distribution
Sessional I :
Sessional II :
Final Examination :
Assignment and class test :
Engineering correlation test :
Attendance :
(>95 : 5, >90 : 4, >85 : 3,
Transport Phenomena
15
15
50
10
5
5
>80 : 2,
>75 :1
Transport Phenomena
Unit I (4 hrs)
Unit II(8 hrs)
Similarity between heat, momentum and mass

transport and mass transport Molecular and
Convective Transport, Definition of Transport
Properties, Viscosity, Thermal Conductivity,
Diffusivity, Newtons Law of Viscosity, Fouriers
Law of Heat Conduction, Ficks First Law of
Diffusion, Dimensionless Numbers in Molecular
Transport, Convective transport and total flux.
Inter-phase Transport and Transport Coefficients,

Physical Interpretation of Friction Factor, Heat
Transfer Coefficient,
Coefficient Mass Transfer Coefficient,
Coefficient
Dimensionless Numbers in inter-phase Transport.
Various Transport Analogies, The Reynolds
Analogy, The Chilton-Colburn Analogy
Evaluation of transfer coefficient: Engineering
Correlations
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Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
Unit III(6 hrs)
Unit IV (6 hrs)
Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity

Distributions in Laminar Flow. Shell Momentum
Balances and Boundary condition. Different cases
for discussing shell moment balance approach like,
Flow of a Falling Film, Flow Through a Circular
Tube, Flow through an Annulus, Flow of Two
Adjacent Immiscible Fluids.
Shell Energy Balances and Temperature Distributions

in Solids and Laminar Flow. Shell Energy Balances;
g
Boundaryy Conditions. Different cases for discussing
shell energy balance approach like, Heat Conduction
with an Electrical Heat Source, Heat Conduction
with a Nuclear Heat Source, Heat Conduction with a
Viscous Heat Source, Heat Conduction with a
Chemical Heat Source, Heat Conduction through
Composite Walls, Heat Conduction in a Cooling Fin
Transport Phenomena
Unit V (6 hrs)
Shell mass balance for Concentration Distributions in
Solids and Laminar Flow. Shell Mass Balances;
Boundary Conditions, Diffusion through a Stagnant
Gas Film, Diffusion with a Heterogeneous Chemical
Reaction, Diffusion with a Homogeneous Chemical
Reaction, Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film (Gas
Absorption), Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film
(Solid Dissolution), Diffusion and Chemical Reaction
inside a Porous Catalyst, Diffusion in a ThreeComponent Gas System
Transport Phenomena
Unit VI (6 hrs)
The Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems
The Equation of Continuity, The Equation of Motion,
The Equation of Mechanical Energy, The Equation of
Angular Momentum, The Equations of Change in
Terms of the
h Substantial
b
i l Derivative,
i i
Use of the
h
Equations of Change to Solve Flow, Steady Flow in a
Long Circular pipe, Falling Film with Variable
Viscosity, Operation of a Couette Viscometer, Shape
of the Surface of a Rotating Liquid, Flow near a
Slowly Rotating Sphere, Dimensional Analysis of the
Equations of Change
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Transport Phenomena
Text book :
Transport Phenomena
Bird R.Byron, Stewart, Warren; Lightfoot E.N
J h Wil
John
Wiley & Sons
S
Revised 2nd Edition,
Transport Phenomena
Momentum, Heat & Mass Transfer
Bennet C.O. and J.E. Myres, McGraw Hills., 3rd Edition
Transport Phenomena A Unified Approach, volume 1
Brodkey Robert S.& Hershey Herry C., McGraw Hill Book Co.,
Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles
Geankoplis C.J, Prentics Hall India Ltd., 4th edition, 2003
Modeling in Transport Phenomena, A Conceptual approach
Ismail Tosun., Elesvier Science and Technology books
Transport Phenomena in Liquid Extraction
Laddha G.S.; Degaleesan T.E, Tata McGraw Hill Book Co.
Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer
Rohsenow W.M. & Choi H.Y. , Prentice Hall Inc.
Transport Phenomena
Stuart J.L., John Wiley, New York., 1982 edition
Introduction to Transport Phenomena
Thomson W.J., Pearson Education Inc.
Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
Flux
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Transport Phenomena
Flux
flux =
Quantity
Time. Area
Transport Phenomena
Flux
Transport Phenomena
Flux
flux =
Quantity
Time. Area
Molecular Flux
flux =
Quantity
Time. Area
Transport Phenomena
Flux
flux =
Quantity
Time. Area
Molecular Flux
Convective Flux
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Transport Phenomena
Flux
flux =
Quantity
Time. Area
Transport Phenomena
Flux
flux =
Quantity
Time. Area
Molecular Flux
Molecular Flux
The fluxes arising from potential gradients or driving forces

are called molecular fluxes
The fluxes arising from potential gradients or driving forces

are called molecular fluxes
Convective Flux
Convective Flux
The fluxes arising from bulk fluid motion or bulk flow are
called convective fluxes
Molecular Transport
Fouriers law of heat conduction
Molecular Transport

Ficks first law of diffusion
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Molecular Transport
Newtons law of viscosity

t p0

Ficks first law of diffusion
t p0
t p0
t0
t0
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t p0
t p0
t0
t0
t p0
t p0
t0
t0
Differential form of equation
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t p0
t0
t0
t0
t0
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t0
Units of viscosity
poise(P) and centipoise (cP)
SI System
SI System
CGS System
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SI System
SI System
CGS System
CGS System
A Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 10 cP is placed between

two large parallel plates. The distance between the plates is 4
mm. The lower plate is pulled in the positive x-direction with a
force of 0.5 N, while the upper plate is pulled in the negative xdirection with a force of 2 N. Each plate has an area of 2.5 m2. If
the velocity of the lower plate is 0.1 m/s, calculate:
a) The steady-state momentum flux,
b) The velocity of the upper plate.
10
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Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

t p0
t p0
t p0
t0
t0
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t p0
t p0
t0
t0
t p0
t p0
k is thermal conductivity
t0
t0
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t p0
t p0
Differential form of the equation
t0
t0
t p0
t p0
t0
t0
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One side of a copper slab receives a net heat input at a rate of

5000 W due to radiation. The other face is held at a temperature of
35C. If steady-state conditions prevail, calculate the surface
temperature of the side receiving radiant energy. The surface area
of each face is 0.05 m2, and the slab thickness is 4 cm.
For copper: k = 398 W/mK



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Ficks First Law of Diffusion

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DAB is Diffusivity of A in B
Molar
flux
Transport Concentration
property gradient
16
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Different form of equation
Molar
flux
Molar
flux
property gradient
Molar
flux
property gradient
property gradient
Molar
flux
property gradient
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Pressure and Temperature dependency of diffusivity



Air at atmospheric pressure and 95C flows at 20 m/s over a flat plate
of naphthalene 80 cm long in the direction of flow and 60 cm wide.
Experimental measurements report the molar concentration of
naphthalene in the air, CA, as a function of distance x from the plate
as given below. Determine the molar flux of naphthalene from the
plate surface under steady conditions. Diffusivity of naphthalene at
300 K is given as 0.62 X 10-5 m2/s
T & P are in SI units
Diffusivity in
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Order of Magnitude (m2/s)

10-5 (atmospheric condition)
10-9
10-10-10-14
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300 K is given as 0.62 X 10-5 m2/s
300 K is given as 0.62 X 10-5 m2/s

300 K is given as 0.62 X 10-5 m2/s
= 2.02 X 10-6 mol/m2.s
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Momentum Transport Velocity
property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
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property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
Energy Transport Temperature

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
Ficks Law of Diffusion

property gradient
flux
Molar Transport Concentration
property gradient
flux
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Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
= property X driving force
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
Molar
flux

property gradient
flux
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
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Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
Molar
flux
Energy
flux
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Energy
flux
Molar
flux
Energy per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux

property gradient
flux

property gradient
flux
Energy per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Energy
flux
Molar
flux
Energy per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
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Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume

property gradient
flux
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume

property gradient
flux
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Molar
flux
Molar
flux
Gradient of
Transport
Molecular
flux
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume

property gradient
flux
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
Mole per unit

volume

property gradient
flux
Molar
flux
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume
24
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Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
: Mass diffusivity
Molar
flux
Momentum
flux
Mole per unit

volume
: Mass diffusivity
Molar
flux
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume
Mole per unit

volume
Momentum per
unit volume
: thermal diffusivity
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
: Mass diffusivity
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume
: Mass diffusivity
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume
25
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: momentum diffusivity
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
: momentum diffusivity
Momentum
flux
Momentum per
unit volume
Energy
flux
Energy per unit

volume
: Mass diffusivity
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume
: Mass diffusivity
Molar
flux
Mole per unit

volume
26
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Dimensionless Number
27
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28
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Order of magnitude
1
Order of magnitude
10
Order of magnitude
29
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1
10
10
103
103
102
Order of magnitude
Convective flux
Order of magnitude
Convective flux
30
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Convective flux
Convective flux
Convective flux
Convective flux
for multi-component system
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Convective flux
Convective flux
Total Flux
Total Flux
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Total Flux
Total Flux
Total Flux
(A)
Flux
33
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Total Flux
Total Flux
(A)
Total Flux
(A)
Total Flux
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
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Total Flux
Total Flux
(A)
(A)
(B)
(B)
Put B in A
Total Flux
Put B in A
Total Flux
(A)
(A)
(B)
(B)
Put B in A
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Total Flux
Total Flux
Total Flux
Total Flux
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Q. Show that the force per unit area can be interpreted as the
momentum flux.
Q. A Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 50 cP is placed between two

large parallel plates separated by a distance of 8 mm. Each plate has an
area of 2 m2. The upper plate moves in the positive x-direction with a
velocity of 0.4 m/s while the lower plate is kept stationary.
a) Calculate the steady force applied to the upper plate.
b) The fluid in part (a) is replaced with another Newtonian fluid of
viscosity 5 cP. If the steady force applied to the upper plate is the same
as that of part (a), calculate the velocity of the upper plate.
Q. A Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 50 cP is placed between two

large parallel plates separated by a distance of 8 mm. Each plate has an
area of 2 m2. The upper plate moves in the positive x-direction with a
velocity of 0.4 m/s while the lower plate is kept stationary.
a) Calculate the steady force applied to the upper plate.
b) The fluid in part (a) is replaced with another Newtonian fluid of
viscosity 5 cP. If the steady force applied to the upper plate is the same
as that of part (a), calculate the velocity of the upper plate.
Q. Three parallel flat plates are separated by two fluids as shown in

the figure below. What should be the value of Y2 so as to keep the
plate in the middle stationary?
Answer:
a) 5 N
b) 4 m/s
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Q. Three parallel flat plates are separated by two fluids as shown in

the figure below. What should be the value of Y2 so as to keep the
plate in the middle stationary?
Q. The steady rate of heat loss through a plane slab, which has a
surface area of 3 m2 and is 7 cm thick, is 72 W. Determine the
thermal conductivity of the slab if the temperature distribution in the
slab is given as
where T is temperature
p
in C and x is the distance measured from one
side of the slab in cm.
Q. The steady rate of heat loss through a plane slab, which has a
surface area of 3 m2 and is 7 cm thick, is 72 W. Determine the
thermal conductivity of the slab if the temperature distribution in the
slab is given as
Q. The inner and outer surface temperatures of a 20 cm thick brick

wall are 30 C and 5 C, respectively. The surface area of the wall is
25 m2. Determine the steady rate of heat loss through the wall if the
thermal conductivity is 0.72 W/mK.
where T is temperature
p
in C and x is the distance measured from one
side of the slab in cm.
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Q. The inner and outer surface temperatures of a 20 cm thick brick

wall are 30 C and 5 C, respectively. The surface area of the wall is
25 m2. Determine the steady rate of heat loss through the wall if the
thermal conductivity is 0.72 W/mK.
Q. Energy is generated uniformly in a 6 cm thick wall. The steadystate temperature distribution is
where T is temperature in C and z is the distance measured from one

side of the wall in meters. Determine the rate of heat generation per
unit
it volume
l
if the
th thermal
th
l conductivity
d ti it off the
th wall
ll is
i 15 W/mK.
W/ K
Q. Energy is generated uniformly in a 6 cm thick wall. The steadystate temperature distribution is
where T is temperature in C and z is the distance measured from one

side of the wall in meters. Determine the rate of heat generation per
unit
it volume
l
if the
th thermal
th
l conductivity
d ti it off the
th wall
ll is
i 15 W/mK.
W/ K
Q. The steady-state temperature distribution within a plane wall 1 m

thick with a thermal conductivity of 8 W/mK is measured as a
function of position as follows:
z (m)
T (C)
30 45.8 59.2 70.2 78.8 85
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
88.8 90.2 89.2 85.8 80
where z is the distance measured from one side of the wall. Determine
the uniform rate of energy generation per unit volume within the wall.
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Q. The steady-state temperature distribution within a plane wall 1 m

thick with a thermal conductivity of 8 W/mK is measured as a
function of position as follows:
z (m)
T (C)
30 45.8 59.2 70.2 78.8 85
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
88.8 90.2 89.2 85.8 80
where z is the distance measured from one side of the wall. Determine
the uniform rate of energy generation per unit volume within the wall.
40

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8/7/2014

Unit II(8 hrs)

Similarity between heat, momentum and mass

Inter-phase Transport and Transport Coefficients,

Unit III(6 hrs)

Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity

Shell Energy Balances and Temperature Distributions

The fluxes arising from potential gradients or driving forces

The fluxes arising from potential gradients or driving forces

Fouriers law of heat conduction

Fouriers law of heat conduction

Newtons law of viscosity

Fouriers law of heat conduction

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Differential form of equation

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Differential form of equation

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Differential form of equation

Differential form of equation

Differential form of equation

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Differential form of equation

poise(P) and centipoise (cP)

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity

A Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 10 cP is placed between

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Differential form of the equation

Differential form of the equation

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Differential form of the equation

Differential form of the equation

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

One side of a copper slab receives a net heat input at a rate of

One side of a copper slab receives a net heat input at a rate of

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

One side of a copper slab receives a net heat input at a rate of

One side of a copper slab receives a net heat input at a rate of

Ficks First Law of Diffusion