Judo Kata

RevistadeArtesMarcialesAsiticas
RAMA
http://revpubli.unileon.es/ojs/index.php/artesmarciales
I.S.S.N.21740747
Volumen9(2),6996~JulioDiciembre2014
Nanatsunokata, Endnokata, and Jgenokata A pedagogical and

qualitative biomechanical evaluation of Hirano Tokios kuzushi
(unbalancing) concept as part of skill acquisition for throwing
techniquesinKdkanjd
CarlDECRE*
DepartmentofMedicineandSurgery,UniversityofRomeTorVergata(Italy)
InternationalAssociationofJudoResearchers(UnitedKingdom)
Recepcin:25/03/2014;Aceptacin:27/05/2014;Publicacininpress:14/06/2014;Publicacin:02/07/2014
Abstract
ORIGINALPAPER
HiranoTokio(19221993)wasatalentedjdchampionwhodevelopedhisownpedagogicalapproachtowardsteaching
andpracticingkuzushi(unbalancing)andtsukuri(preparation),twocriticalskillsforsuccessfullyapplyingjdthrows.In
hisapproach,Hiranoemphasizestheuseofrotationalunbalancingprecededbystrategicmovementsthatmimicwater
waves.NobiomechanicalanalysisofHiranoswavesystemhaspreviouslybeenattempted.Thepurposeofthispaperisto
provideadetailedsurveyofHiranosdidacticsystemcomparingitwithtraditionalKdkanteachings,andtoassessits
biomechanical foundations. The fluid dynamic modeling of the several kinds of waves proposed by Hirano is
mathematicallycomplicatedandheavilyreliesonBoussinesqdifferentialequations.Giventheinvolvementofnumerous
parameters in determining the hydrodynamic behavior of water (depth, period of waves, saliency, temperatures,
currents, shape of the coastal line, water density, wind) which are absent in the surroundings of a pair of two jdka
movingindoorsonatatami,Hiranossystemappearslimitedtoamerevisualizationandmetaphysicalinterpretationof
jd. The lack of empirical and experimental data available obtained in large groups of students taught according to
Hiranos approach make it so far impossible to conclude whether it facilitates kuzushi and tsukuri skill acquisition.
Ultimately Hiranos wavebased kuzushi/tsukuri does not alter the biomechanical analysis previously proposed by
Sacripanti,asitstillisallaboutgeneralactioninvariantsaimedtoclosethedistancebetweenbothopponents,tobreak
theopponentssymmetry,andtoapplyoneoftheinfiniteoptionstoachievethis.
Keywords:Hydrodynamics;JigoroKano;judo;kata;kinematics;kuzushi;martialarts
Nanatsunokata,Endnokata,yJgenokata
Unaevaluacinpedaggicaybiomecnica
cualitativadelconceptodekuzushi(desequilibrio)
deHiranoTokiocomopartedelaadquisicinde
habilidadesdeproyeccinenelKdkanjd
Resumen
Hirano Tokio (19221993) fue un talentoso campen de
jdquedesarrollsupropiaaproximacinpedaggicaala
enseanza y a la prctica delkuzushi (desequilibrio) y del
tsukuri (preparacin), dos habilidades decisivas para la
aplicacin exitosa de las proyecciones de jd. En su
enfoque, Hirano enfatiza la utilizacin de un desequilibrio
rotacional precedido de movimientos estratgicos que
imitanolas de agua. Hasta la fecha an no se ha realizado
un anlisis biomecnico del sistema de olas de Hirano. El
objetivo de este artculo es proporcionar una visin
detallada del mtodo didctico de Hirano, compararlo con
las enseanzas tradicionales del Kdkan, y evaluar sus
bases biomecnicas. El modelado de la dinmica de los
fluidosenlosdiversostiposdeolaspropuestasporHirano
es matemticamente complicado y se fundamenta en gran
medida en las ecuaciones diferenciales de Boussinesq.
Nanatsunokata,EndnokataeJgenokata
Umaavaliaopedaggicaebiomecnica
qualitativadoconceitodekuzushi
(desequilbrio)deHiranoTokiocomoparteda
aquisiodashabilidadesdeprojeono
Kdkanjd
Resumo
Hirano Tokio (19221993) foi um talentoso campeo de
jd que desenvolveu a sua prpria aproximao
pedaggica no ensinamento e na prtica do kuzushi
(desequilbrio)edotsukuri(preparao),dashabilidades
decisivaspara aaplicaodasprojeesdojd.Noseu
enfoque,Hiranoenfatizaautilizaodeumdesequilbrio
rotacional precedido de movimentos estratgicos que
imitamondas.Ataomomento,noserealizounenhuma
anlise biomecnica do sistema de ondas de Hirano. O
objetivo deste artigo de proporcionar uma viso
detalhadadomtododidticodeHirano,comparlocom
os ensinamentos tradicionais do Kdkan e avaliar as
suas bases biomecnicas. O modelo da dinmica de
fluidosnosdiversostiposdeondaspropostasporHirano
matematicamente complicado e fundamentase, em
Email: prof.cdecree@earthlink.net. Address: Professor Carl DE CRE. P.O. Box 125. B2800 MALINES (Belgium).
Fax:+448707621701.
2014UniversidaddeLen.www.unileon.es
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DeCre,C.
Debido a la implicacin de numerosos parmetros en la
determinacin del comportamiento hidrodinmico del
agua (profundidad, frecuencia de las olas, altura,
temperaturas, corrientes, forma de la lnea costera,
densidad delagua,viento),loscualesestn ausentesenel
entornodedosjdkaenmovimientobajotechosobreun
tatami, el sistema de Hirano parece estar limitado a una
mera visualizacin y a una interpretacin metafsica del
jd. La ausencia de datos empricos y experimentales
obtenidosengruposnumerososdeestudiantesentrenados
de acuerdo al mtodo de Hirano imposibilita concluir si
este facilita laadquisicin delas habilidades del kuzushi y
deltsukuri.Enltimotrminoelkuzushi/tsukurideHirano,
basado en olas, no modifica el anlisis biomecnico
propuesto por Sacripanti, ya que de lo que se sigue
tratandoesdeaccionesgeneralesinvariantesorientadasa
reducir la distancia entre ambos oponentes, romper la
simetra del oponente, y aplicar una de las infinitas
opcionesparalograrlo.
Palabras clave: Hidrodinmica; Jigoro Kano; judo; kata;

kuzushi;cinemtica;artesmarciales.
grandemedida,nasequaesdiferenciaisdeBoussinesq.
Devido implicao de numerosos parmetros na
determinaodocomportamentohidrodinmicodagua
(profundidade, frequncia das ondas, altura,
temperaturas, correntes, forma da linha costeira,
densidade de agua, vento), os quais esto ausentes em
tornodedoisjdkaemmovimentodebaixatcnicanum
tatami,osistemadeHiranopareceestarlimitadoauma
mera visualizao e a uma interpretao metafsica do
jd. A ausncia dos dados empricos e experimentais
obtidos em grupos numerosos de estudantes treinados
deacordocomomtododeHiranoimpossibilitaconcluir
seestefacilitaaaquisiodashabilidadesdokuzushiedo
tsukuri. Este termo de kuzushi/tsukuri de Hirano,
baseado nas ondas, no modifica a anlise biomecnica
propostaporSacripanti,jquenotratadeaesgerais
invariveisorientadasareduziradistnciaentreambos
os oponentes, romper com a simetria do oponente e
aplicarumadasinfinitasopesparaconseguilo.
Palavraschave: Hidrodinmica;JigoroKano;judo;kata;
kuzushi;cinemtica;artesmarciais.
1.Introduction1
Kdkan Jd is a Japanese form of pedagogy, created by Kan Jigor
(18601938). Its practical study consists of randori (free exercise) and ten
different (Kdkan) kata (predetermined and choreographed physical exercises). The main
building blocks of randori and kata are nagewaza (throwing techniques) and katamewaza
(controllingtechniques);inaddition,thereareatemiwaza(strikingtechniquestothe
bodysvitalpoints)whicharepermittedinkataonly,andkapp(resuscitationmethods)(De
Cre&Jones,2009;Kan,1931,Kdkan,1986;Mifune,1956).
Manyjdtechniquesoriginateinjjutsu,buthavebeenrefinedormodifiedforsafetyand
efficiency,thoughmorerecentlyothershavebeennewlydevelopedorimportedfromothercombat
sports, in order to potentially increase a competitors scoring chances during jd contests.
Understandingthefundamentalprinciplesofthosetechniquesisinstrumentaltofullycapturehow
mastering practical jd is underpinned by its maxims of Seiryoku saizen katsuy
(Optimaluseofenergy)(usuallyabbreviatedtoSeiryokuzeny)andJyokugoseisuru
(Nonresistanceovercomesforce)(Kan,2006).
Inadherencetothoseprinciples,theKdkansteachingapproachtypicallyexplainsthata
jd throw consists of three sequential phases2: 1. kuzushi (unbalancing), 2. tsukuri
(preparation),and 3.kake(execution). Thus,thesethree elements arethefocus oftechnical
attention by teachers and jd books (Kdkan, 1986; Kud, 1967; Mifune, Kud, & Matsumoto,
195556;Sacripanti,1987).
OneofthemostremarkableteachersofjdinWesternEuropeduringitsearlierstagesof
evolution was Hirano Tokio (19221993) (Figure 1). Hirano had arrived in Europe in
1951andafterabriefstayinGermanyandFrance,becameasignificantpropagatorofjdinthe
Netherlands and Belgium (Geels, 1979; Tegelaar, 2012a; van Gasse, 2009). Hirano argued that a
jd throw in fact has four phases, most commonly: 1. kumu (gripping), 2. tsukuri
1SeeNotessection.
2DeCreandEdmonds(2012)havepreviouslyarguedthatthisisinfactincorrect,andthatsevendifferentphasescanbe
recognized: 1. Debana (the opportunity and optimal moment to succeed), 2. Tsukuri (preparation), 3. Kumu
(gripping), 4. Kuzushi (unbalancing), 5. Kake (execution), 6. Nageru (throwing), and 7. Zanshin
(the follow through, literally, the continuation of the spirit). The order of phases #1 through #3 may change
dependingonthespecificcircumstance.
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Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsit.,9(2),6996~2014
Nanatsunokata,Endnokata,andJgenokataApedagogicalandqualitativebiomechanicalevaluation
(preparation),3.kake(execution),and4.nageru(throwing),and#1and#2shouldbe
reversedthustsukuriprecedingkumu(Chen&Chen,2002).
Later, Hirano also developed three formal choreographic series (kata) to illustrate his
conceptual approach of kuzushi to jd throws (Tegelaar, 2012a). Most notable in his philosophy
andpedagogywastheincorporationofdifferenttypesofselfdefinedwaves,andhowthosenatural
occurringphenomenacouldformthebasisofonesdynamicjdgameandstrategy.
Figure1.HiranoTokio(1922
1993),atthetimeKdkan6thdan(later
8thdan),duringavisittotheauthorsjd
club,theRoyalJd&JjutsuAcademy
BushidKwaiMechelen(Belgium)inthe
early1950s(probably1952or1953).
As explained, Hirano Tokio was a

phenomenally gifted champion and fighter, with all
the accompanying attributes (physique, physiology,
strategic insight, psychological determination) (Chen
&Chen,2002;Tegelaar,2012a).Hismastershipofthe
localWesternlanguagesofthecountrieshetaughtin
was, however, only minimal (Tegelaar, 2012a). For
thosereasons,transferringsuchacomprehensiveand
different model of jd to the point that his pupils
would acquire the full extent of its resulting
possibilitiespresentedamostchallengingtask.When
considerable communication problems exist in jd,
whether it is because of tangible language issues or
because students due to their cultural background
lackadeeperunderstandingofthephenomenological
basis that underpins ones didactic strategies,
students tend to focus on what they think they see
and try to copy it. Often though, in jd what can be
seenisonlytheproverbialtipoftheiceberg,hence
why the contribution to ones development of
technicalinsightbycopyingtheapparentmechanical
movementswillhavelimitedsuccess(Kan,2011).
It is the purpose of this paper to clarify
Hiranos conceptual view of kuzushi and to compare
KansandHiranospedagogicalapproachtolearning
and applying kuzushi in jd throws from both a
historicandqualitativebiomechanicalperspective.
2.WhowasHiranoTokio?
HiranoTokiowasbornon6August1922inSumotoonAwajishima(Awaji
Island),anislandoffthecoastoftheseaportcityofKbeinHygoPrefecture(Hirano,
1972a,1985a).Hetookupjdatage12,andinNovember1936justthreemonthsafterhis14th
birthday he obtained his black belt 1st dan. In 1937 he entered the Heian Chgakk3
(Heian Junior MiddleSchool) in Kyto (Hirano, 1972a, 1985a). While there, he became an uchi
deshi (inliving apprentice) of Fukushima Seizabur (18901950) (Figure 2),
whowaslater(in1948)promotedto9thdan,andwhowasafamousbujutsu4andjdteacherat
theDaiNipponButokukai(GreatJapanMartialVirtuesAssociation)andaprofessor
attheBudsenmongakk(MartialArtsVocationalSchool) orBusen(Hirano,1972a,
1985a;Shishida,1994).In1936Fukushimahadbuiltanadditional80tatamidj(atraininghall
thesizeof80Japanesemats,eachmathavingasurfaceofapproximately2m),theGihkai
where he taught some of his best students. During the same time Hirano also studied jd under
3 Since April, 2008 renamed Rykoku Daigaku Fuzoku Heian Chgakk (Rykoku University
HeianJuniorHighSchool).
4FukushimaSeizabursenseiwasalsoqualifiedinkoryjjutsu(traditionaljjutsu),specificallyinKyshinry
jjutsu.
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DeCre,C.
Morishita Isamu 5 (19011985) (Figure 2), who was the principal of the Busen from June
1935toMarch1942,andwhoalsowasonthejdteachingfacultyatthesameinstitutionandat
theButokukai;Morishitatoowaslater(in1962)promotedto9thdan.WhilestillatKyto,Hirano
later also became an uchideshi to Ushijima Tatsukuma (19041985) (Figure 2), famous
forhiscompetitiveachievementsandwhotoowasaBusenjdteacherandfuture(1984)9thdan
holder6.
Figure2.HiranoTokios(19221993)threelegendaryKytojdinstructorsattheHeian
Chgakk(HeianJuniorMiddleSchool),theDaiNipponButokukai(GreatJapan
MartialVirtuesAssociation),andtheBudsenmongakk(MartialArtsVocationalSchool)or
Busen,fromlefttoright:FukushimaSeizabur(18901950),MorishitaIsamu(1901
1985),andUshijimaTatsukuma(19041985),allthreelateratdifferentpointsintimepromotedto
9thdan.ImageofMorishitaIsamureproducedfromHirano(1972a,p.68),withpermission.
In 1941 Hirano graduated from Heian Chgakk and entered Takushoku University
in Tky (Hirano, 1985a). By then he had already developed his trademark taiotoshi
(body drop) throwing technique (Hirano n.d.[b], 1985a). Ushijima, one of Hiranos former
Kyto teachers and himself a formidably jd competitor, had been requested to become jd
instructoroftheImperialGuardinTky.Whileacceptingthisjobhedecidedtocombineitwith
instructorshipsatanumberofuniversitiesinTkyamongstwhichalsoTakushokuUniversity.In
this way Hirano who was studying there was able to continue his jd training with Ushijima. In
October1941attheageof19,Hirano,bythenasuperbjdtechnicianholdingtherankof4thdan,
enteredthehalfyearlykhakushiai(redandwhitejdocontests)attheKdkan
inTky,whereinlessthanhalfanhourtimehedefeatedalineupof15yodan(4thdan)holders,
each with a different technique. After this unprecedented and hitherto unseen batsugun
(extraordinary performance)7, Hirano received instant promotion to the jd rank of godan (5th
5 The correct pronunciation of Morishitasenseis first name is not 100% certain. The kanji in is usually
pronounced either Isamu or Y. However, rare uncommon other pronunciations exist too. In this case, we believe the
pronunciationlikelytobeIsamu.
6UshijimaTatsukumatoohadabackgroundinKyshinryjjutsu,similarlytoFukushimaSeizabur.Hewas
a double prewar All Japan Championships winner, runnerup of the first (1929) Shwa Tenran Shiai
(Contest Before the Shwa Emperor), and probably most famous as the main jd teacher of the legendary Kimura
Masahiko(19171993).
7 The achievement was unprecedented and never repeated for such a high rank, however, there do exist jdka who
defeated even more opponents but at a lower rank. Kaminaga Akio (19361993), at that time 18 years old,
duringthe1954khakushiaidefeated19opponentsandreceivedbatsuguninstantpromotionfrom1stto3rddan.During
thespringkhakushiaiofthenextyearhedefeated12consecutiveopponentsthusagainreceivingbatsugunpromotion
from3rdto4thdan.Kaminaga,contrarytoHirano,wasaheavyweightjdka.InthehistoryofKdkankhakushiaithree
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dan)(Chen&Chen,2002;Hirano,1972a,1985a).Furthermore,Hiranowonmultiplejdtitlesin
his native Japan, including the Daigaku Ksen Kojinsen (All Japan Collegiate Jd
Championships) (1941 and 1942) as well as the 1948 third Zen Koku Kokumin Taiiku Taikai Zen
Nihon(AllJapanNationalAthleteJdChampionships)(Hirano,1985a).
In 1946 he became chiefjdinstructor of the Imperial Guard (Kg Keisatsu Jd Shihan
), and the next year he also was promoted to the rank of rokudan (6th dan)
(Hirano,1985a).
A heavily disputed loss against sawa Yoshimi8 (born in 1927) during the the
finaloftheTkyChampionships,allegedlyduetothelackofimpartialityofrefereeMifuneKyz
(18831965),10thdanoftheKdkan,infuriatedHiranowho,inconsequence,decidedto
leaveJapan.HewentontoplayamassiveroleinthepromulgationofjdinEurope(especially,in
Belgium,France,Germany,andtheNetherlands).In1948HiranoarrivedinEuropeviaAntwerpin
BelgiumandsettledinGermany,wherehebecameajdinstructorattherecently(1947)founded
Deutsche Sporthochschule Kln (German Sport University Cologne). His wife and daughter joined
him in Germany in February 1952. In February 1953, he became the technical director of the
Belgische Amateur Judo Associatie (BELAJA) in Flanders, and after its merger with the Walloon
Association Fdrale Belge de Judo et Ju Jitsu (AFBJJ) into the Belgian Judo Federation (BJB) on 18
October 1959, he would share the same position with Abe Ichir, at the time also 6th dan and
technicaldirectoroftheAFBJJ.In1964,HiranowaspromotedbytheKdkanto7thdan,andatthe
end of June 1966 he left Europe with his family to return to Japan. In 1967 he became jd
instructor at Takushoku University, a position he held until 1982 (Hirano, 1985a). Hirano Tokio,
then8thdan,passedawayon26July1993duetocirrhosisandcanceroftheliver.
3.ThehistoryofkuzushiinKdkanjd
KanshihancreatedKdkanjdin1882althoughitwouldtakemanyfurtherdecadesto
consolidatehisjdintoarefinedsystemofphysicalandmentaleducationandselfdefense(Kan,
1932;Kdkan,1986;Maruyama,1939;Oimatsu,1976).Kandidnotcreatehisjdfromscratch.
Rather, he largely compiled material from other existing Japanese martial arts schools molding it
intosomethingthatwasmorethanjustapracticalartforselfdefense.Thetwomainschoolswhere
he obtained his ideas were Kitry and Tenjin Shinyry both schools of
traditional Japanese jjutsu (the art of giving way), and created in the early 17th and 19th
century, respectively (De Cre, 2014; De Cre & Jones, 2009; Kan, 2006; Kan, 1932; Kdkan,
1986;Maruyama,1939;Oimatsu,1976).
Thesetwoschoolswereverydifferent,withTenjinShinyrybeingKansmaininspiration
for atemi (strikes aimed at the bodys vital points) and katamewaza (controlling
techniques),whereasKitrydeliveredmostofKansinspirationforthrowsandforhisconcept
ofJyokugoseisuru(Nonresistanceovercomesforce),althoughthelattercan
be traced even further towards the roots of historic sum wrestling (De Cre, 2014; Kan,
2006).Morespecifically,KanalsoobtainedhisconceptofkuzushiorbreakingbalancefromKit
ry jjutsu, where it is dealt with in the traditional makimono (scroll) Hontainomaki
(ScrollofProperBodyPosition)andChinomaki(ScrolloftheEarth)(Figure3).
WhilepracticingKitryjjutsutheyoungKanrealized,around1885,duringmidaredori9
training with his master Iikubo Knen 10 the important role of breaking ones
peoplehavedefeatedevenmoreopponentsinalineupthanKaminaga.uchiKenichiand+100kgheavyweightjdka
nokoArata,in1958and2003,respectively,defeated24opponentswithoutasinglebreakinbetweencontests.
TheabsoluterecordisheldbyYoshinoKentar(kanjinotknown),whoduringthe1934khakushiaidefeatedalineupof
27consecutiveopponentshencelikeKaminagareceivingbatsugunpromotionfrom1stto3rddan,andalsofollowingup
thisachievementbydefeatinganother11opponentstheyearafterandreceivingbatsugunpromotionfrom3rdto4thdan.
8sawaYoshimicurrently,sinceJanuary2006,isarareKdkan10thdanholder.
9
Midaredori was Kitry jjutsus equivalent of what we know today in jd as randori. Kitry kata were often
practicedinmidaredoriform,thuswiththeopponentseriouslyresistingtoriandavoidingthelatterestablishingcontrol
overhim(DeCre,2014).
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DeCre,C.
opponentsbalancetoeffectbetterthrowingtechniquesandensureamoreefficaciousexecutionof
these techniques. This is particularly so between two fighters with similar physique and force. In
suchcasesbreakingthebalanceofonesadversaryiscrucialtoobtainresults(Sacripanti,2012b,p.
6).
Figure3.AHontainomaki(ScrollofProperBodyPosition)scrollissuedbyKanJigorshihanin
hisfunctionasholderofmenkyokaiden(HolderoftheLicenseofFullTransmission)ofKitry
TakenakahabranchtoHoshinaShir(formernameofSaigShir)inthe6thmonth
ofthe18thyearofMeiji(June1885)(FromthelibraryofLanceGatling,Tky,reproducedbykind
permission,allrightsreservedFebruary2009).
Thus, even in classical Japanese jjutsu one is taught how to use to ones advantage the
condition in which the body of an opponent has lost equilibrium, the socalled kuzurenojtai
(state of imbalance). During dynamic combat situations, this balance is sometimes
spontaneouslylostbyonesopponent,whileatothertimesonewillpositivelycausethedestruction
of the opponent's balance hence putting him into a particularly vulnerable posture (Kan, 2006;
Sacripanti,2012b,p.6).
When between 1903 and 1915 the very first jd books in Japanese appeared, such as
JdbyUchidaRyhei(1903)andJdTaii(Asynopsisofjd)byArima
Sumitomo (1904), the concept of kuzushi was already very developed in Kdkan jd
andhenceexplainedtothereader.ThesameistrueforthefirstjdbooksinWesternlanguages
such as Arima Sumitomos 1906 book in English Jd. Japanese physical culture. Being a further
expositionofjujitsuandsimilararts(Arima,1906),andSasakiKichisabursbookin
Hungarian Djudo. A Japn dzsiudzsicu tkletesitett mdszere (The Japanese jjutsu skills
method) (Sasaki, 1907), or Yokoyama Sakujir and shima Eisukes 1908
bookJdkyhan(Learningtextofjd)inJapanese(Yokoyama&shima,1915)and
its1911FrenchtranslationbyYvesLePrieur(Yokoyamaandshima,1911).
4.KanJigorsconceptofkuzushiinKdkanjd
The first known record of Kan Jigor discussing kuzushi was in his famous May 1889
lecture11 for the Dai Nippon Kyikukai in Hitotsubashi Kanda (De Cre,
2014;Kan,2006).ThereinKanmentionedthathehadexperiencedkuzushithroughtheKitry
school, while also realizing that the Kitry kata from a theoretical point of view were far more
difficultthantheoftenmoredirectlypracticalkataofTenjinShinyry,jdsotherparentschool
(Kan, 1932, 2006; Maruyama, 1939; Oimatsu, 1976). The concept was then more formally
introduced into Kdkan jd in writing in the June 1927 issue of the Kdkan magazine Sakk
.Insubsequentyears,itwasthenextensivelydealtwithonaregularbasisintheKdkansold
10Later,inKdkanwritingsIikuboKnensenseistartedbeingreferredtoasIikuboTsunetoshi,
forasofyetstillunknownreasons.IikubohimselfwasadeshiofTakenakaTetsunosukeandtaughtat
theKbusho,whichwastheTokugawaclansbudtrainingplaceaswellasattheEishjitempleinTky,
whereKanhadstartedhisKdkanschoolofjd(DeCre,2014).
11TheexactdatewasMay11th,1889(Kan,2006,KansenseiDenkiHensankai,1984).
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periodicals such as Yknokatsud (The Efficiency of Movement) and Jd, be it

explicitly or less explicitly. Similarly, it took up a central place in Kans many lectures about
KdkanjdinJapanorabroad,andalsoinKansJdkyhonjkan(Atextbook
ofjd),publishedin1931andthefirstandonlyfulltextbookwhichKaneverwroteaboutjd,
(Kan,1931;KansenseiDenkiHensankai,1984).
ifanopponentpushes,youmustpullinthesamedirection;ifhepulls,youpushhimin
thesamedirection.ThisquoterepresentstheKdkanconceptofyawaraorj(Kan,1931,1932;
Kansensei Denki Hensankai, 1984; Kdkan, 1986). Applying these forces becomes much more
energetically efficient if you also result in unbalancing your opponent. In that case, the minimal
forceappliedbyyouwillamplifythatimbalance,sothateasyapplicationofaleverwouldenable
you to control your opponent and succeed in throwing him with ease. For Kan this essentially
representstheproperuseofforceaconceptwhichhethoroughlyresearchedandusedasabase
forconstructingKdkanjdsgnokata,likelytheoldestchoreographedjdexercise(DeCre
&Jones,2009).
Tsukuriinitsclassicalformexistsintwoforms:aitenotsukuri(preparingofthe
opponent) and jibunnotsukuri (preparing oneself)12. This preparing of the opponent
consists of destroying the opponents balance before performing a technique and thus intends to
puthiminaposturethatfacilitatestheapplicationofatechnique.Simultaneously,theoneacting
(tori) must be in a posture and position in which it is easy to apply a technique. This is the
preparingofoneself(Kud,1967;Sacripanti,2012b,p.7).
Inteachingthebasicskillsofkuzushi,Kanadoptedadidacticmodelwhichpreexistedin
Tenjin Shinyry jjutsu and that was called Roppnokuzushi Six directions of
unbalancing,butwhichhehimselflaterexpandedandrenamedasHappnokuzushior
Eightdirectionsofunbalancing(Figure4)(Kdkan,1986;Mifune,Kud,&Matsumto,195556).
What really is meant, are straight horizontal directions parallel to the tatami. Linguistically in
Japanese, the term happ in this context also often means all directions, thus in the sense of
coveringeverythingovera360radius,thusnotliterallyjusteight.
Figure4.Schematicrepresentationof
HappnokuzushiorEight
directionsofunbalancing;afterSacripanti,
2012,p.8,withpermission.
However, in reality, kuzushi clearly

entails much more than just horizontal
directions. There is also a vertical component.
This also illustrates the difficulty in skills
transfer of kuzushi when teaching jd to
students. For example, leftfront kuzushi is
recommended for a simpleentry fundamental
performance of basic koshiwaza (hip
techniques)suchasthethrowharaigoshi
(sweepinghip)andseveraltewaza(hand
techniques), such as the throw taiotoshi
(bodydrop).Yet,despitethesamedirection,the
kuzushiforboththrowsisverydifferent.Infact,
ifconsideringjustasinglethrow,saytaiotoshi,
while varying the hairikata (ways of
entering),forexample,tsurikomi(liftand
pull entry) vs. mawarikomi (spinning
entry), already then the kuzushi is quite
different(Hirano,n.d.[b]).
Thehappnokuzushimodelpostulatesonlytwodimensionsinsteadofthree,anddoesnot
account for all those very important differences. Consequently, someone mastering happno
12
In the West, most jdka are not familiar with these separate forms of tsukuri. This can create some confusion
particularly when some authors place the tsukuriphase following the kuzushiphase, whereas others prefer putting
kuzushi prior to tsukuri. When using the full terminology this confusion is prevented since typically preparing the
opponentprecedeskuzushi,butpreparingoneselfmayindeedwellcomeafterthekuzushiphase.
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DeCre,C.
kuzushi will still experience significant problems in their skill acquisition to apply kuzushi to any
throw in a dynamic or realistic situation. Unfortunately, the Kdkan jd syllabus does not have
other models to teach this kuzushi except for perhaps one example, the rinokata, such as
especially Koshikinokata13. Unfortunately, Koshikinokata is so complicated that the exercise is
taughtonlyatthemostadvancedlevel,alevelwhichthemajorityofpeopleinjdwillneverreach
(Figure5).Eventhen,thesheerdifficultyofthisexerciseformanyadvancedjdkapreventsany
comprehensionbeyondameremechanisticperception,sothat,sadlyandforthatreason,itdoesin
mostcasesnotsignificantlycontributetotheirunderstandingofkuzushi.
Figure5.KanJigorshihan(tori)withYamashitaYoshitsugu (18651935),7thdan(later10th
dan)(uke),performingKodaore(Fallinavoid),theseventhtechniqueofKoshikinokataat
theoccasionoftheopeningoftheJundkaninKbe,HygPrefecture,onApril30thof
1916.
5.BiomechanicalappreciationofKanJigorskuzushisystem
Anumberofauthorshavelookedintothebiomechanicalpropertiesofkuzushi(Ikai,1958;
Imamura, Hreljac, Escamila, & Edwards, 2006; Imamura, Iteya, & Ishii, 2007; Okada, 2008;
Sacripanti 2010a, 2010b, 2012a; Sannohe, 1986; Tezuka, 1983; Trilles, Blais, & Cadire, 2010) in
jd.EspeciallytheworkofSacripantiinthisareahasbeenextensive.AccordingtoSacripanti,from
aphysicsviewpoint,itisnotedthat
Kan used kuzushi to synthesize the transfer of action in biomechanical elements, i.e. the
barycentricthrowingoftheopponentsbodyoutsideboththeoptimaltrapezoidsurfaceandthe
supporting base. The action of kuzushi takes advantage of a human bodys erect position, a
physicspositionofunstableequilibrium,byintroducingeverythingthatpermitsthrowingthat
body after an unbalance, namely, through an appropriate barrier (e.g., taiotoshi (body
13 Koshikinokata , before 1901 by Kan referred to as Kitrynokata , was taken over virtually
integrallybyKanfromhisTakenakahabranchofKitry,ashehadlearntitfromhisKitryteacherIikubo
Tsunetoshisensei.TheexerciseisoriginallycontainedinKitrysJinnomaki(Thescrollof
Man)wherethefirstseriesoftechniquesisgroupedunderthenameOmotekata(thefundamental,visibleforms)
andthesecond,dependingonthelineage,aseitherUrakata(theapplied,hiddenforms)orMudan(thenon
stepwiseapplication).ThewholekataisinKitryusuallyreferredtoasKitrykumiuchinokata.
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drop), hizaguruma (knee wheel)) or through merely causing a hyperextension of the

body in a space (e.g., ukiotoshi (floating drop), sumiotoshi (corner drop)). ()
(Sacripanti,2012b,p.7)
ThequestionaboutthedirectionofforcesandtheirproperusepromptedKantoconsider
thedevelopmentofdynamicactionswithapurelystraightandtwodimensionalsymmetry.Evenif
weonlyconsidertwodimensionallinearsymmetry,andbecauseofitscomplexityexcludespecific
threedimensionalissues,thenthe numberofunbalancedirectionsisinfinite,moreprecisely,an
infinity of the power of continuum (Sacripanti, 2012b, p. 8). The Happnokuzushi directional
principle is therefore only satisfactory on the condition that each of the eight fundamental and
straight directions proposed by Kan is considered as representative vector of a group or more
exactlyofaclassofdirections(Sacripanti,2010a,2012b).WemustthereforeapproachHappno
kuzushiasadidacticexampledepictingwhatisessentiallyaninnumerablenumberofhorizontal
straightdirectionsofunbalancenowdividedintoeightclasses.
OneofthemajorflawsinKansdescriptionofkuzushiisthatitisbasedonanerroneous
physicsassumptioninthesensethatthehumanbodyisconsideredtobearigidobject(Yokoyama
&shima,1915,1911),whichitisnot.Inreality,thehumanbodyisflexibleandissegmentedwith
variousarticulations,hencetheconsiderableconceptualgapbetweenthetheoreticalexplicationof
thehappnokuzushihorizontaltwodimensionaldirectionsconcept,andhowitcanbepractically
appliedinshiaiorinthenovicejdkasskillacquisition(Sacripanti,2010a,2012a,2012b).
Inreality,thebodyscenterofmass(COM)changesitspositionbothinsideandoutsidethe
body,thusalteringthesubjectsstabilityeventhoughitmaynotbetotallyunbalancingtheirbody
(Sacripanti,2012b,p.12).Sacripantipointsoutthat
In jd, we are used to consider balance while being in a neutral standing situation, that is, a
positionofunstableequilibrium,assumingthattheCOMoftheathleteisstillmoreorlessunder
the navel from a perspective of the bodys wellknown three planes of symmetry (frontal,
sagittalandtransverse).Iftheopponentsbodyisrigid,youcaneasilyapplyKansunbalancing
concept;if,however,theopponentsupperbodypartturnsorbendstotheside,youcannot.In
thiscase,theCOMshiftsandchangesposition,and,consequently,boththebodysstabilityand
mobilityarealtered.()(Sacripanti,2012b,p.12).
An expert jdka is able, through the proper application of debana (opportunity) to use
thesesituationstogainanadvantage.However,nothingwithintheKdkandidacticalsystemother
than practice, practice, practice provides clear guidelines or tools to help the novice jdka
acquiretheseessentialskills.Inreality,whatitreallyreducestoisthebreakingofsymmetryof
theopponentsbalance(Sacripanti,2012b,p.13).
By bending or turning ones body one can break the symmetry of the opponents body
position. In doing so, one reduces the opponents mobility by shifting its COM either inside or
outside of his body hence increasing his instability. Many modern jdka often with limited
technical skills try to achieve this through grip fighting and blunt pulling and pushing, whereas
wellknown exemplary technicians such as Mifune Kyz (18831965), Okano Isao
(born in 1944) or Hirano Tokio (19221993) achieve this through an optimal
approachofrecoilingaction/reactionorhazumi(Clause,2003;Hirano,1966;1972a;Mifune,
2005;Okanon.d.;Okano&Sat,1973).AsSacripantipointsoutthough,neitherthenovicenorthe
expertjdkausuallyhasanyconsciousknowledge abouttherole ofthebreakingof symmetry
concept, or the biomechanical objective of kuzushi (Sacripanti, 2012a, 2012b, p. 13). When
someonessymmetryisbroken,hisbodysstabilityisdiminishedhencelimitinghisabilitytoshift
andcompensatethusmakingiteasierfortheopponenttoapplyasuccessfulthrow.
Fromabiomechanicalview,successfulkuzushiinvolves,oratleastiscloselyintertwined
with a twofold process, namely the debana14 (the opportunity and optimal moment to
14Sacripantiuseshazumitorefertoperfecttiming,however,hazumidoesnotreallysignifyperfecttiming,butthe
useofrecoilingofthebodytopromptlyandexplosivelyactwhenthatopportunitypresentsitself;theopportunityitself
thoughiscalleddebana.
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DeCre,C.
succeed),andafinalcontactorbodycollisionorclashcalledbutsukari15.Thesetwosteps
immediately precede the kake or execution of the throwing phase and the nageru or actual
throwing phase16. Proper and effective use of such situation is often called handnokuzushi
(Litt.:reactive/recoilingunbalancing)(DeCre,2014;Sacripanti,2010a,2012b).
Thesublimityofjdtechniquesliesnotintheactionofperformingtechniques,butrather
intheskillwithwhichtheanticipatingwork,i.e.thepreparatoryphaseiscompleted(Sacripanti,
2012b,p.78).
Tsukuri (preparation) is really aimed at bringing an opponent in an ideal position to be
thrown with minimal energy. Even though the possibilities of tsukuri solutions may be infinitive,
theyallshareasacommongoalshorteningthedistancebetweenthetwojdka.Sacripantipointed
out that from a biomechanical point of view the number of actions that simultaneously aim to
maximallyreducedistancewhileexpendingminimalenergy, islimitedtothreeclassesorAction
invariants(Sacripanti,2010a,b,2012a,b).AccordingtoSacripanti,eachoftheseclassesisdefined
by what is known in classical Newtonian physics as the Principium of Jacobi Minimum (or Least)
Action,andcanbereducedtotheHamiltonLagrangeEquationandtotheHamiltonActionPrinciple:
S (q, t ) = L(q, q& , t ) dt
In this equation, S is the action of a physical system (i.e. the chosen throw), L is the
Lagrangian(thesystemsenergy)component,andqisthegeneralizedLagrangecoordinate,while
the dot denotes the time derivative, and t is time. When considering the external energy of the
system(gravitationalfield)onemayconcludethat:
S (q, t ) = W (q ) Et = L(q, q& )

t2
t1
t1
S (q, t ) = L(q.q& )dt =
d L
qdt = 0
dt q&
L d L
=0
q dt q&
whereWisthepotentialenergywithintheexternalfield,Eisthekineticenergy,andtis
time.
Foranonconservativesystemwemustwrite:
L d L
+Q =0
q dt q&
withQbeingtheheatemitted.
A conservative field is where the line integral depends solely on the end points of a
trajectory, whereas a nonconservative field is when the line integral depends both on the end
pointsandonthetrajectorybetweenthem.Thenetworkthatiscarriedoutbyaconservativefield
on an object that follows a closed loop is zero. This is an alternative way of expressing that a
conservativefieldstoresenergywithoutloss,i.e.,ifanobjectgivesupacertainamountofenergyto
a conservative field in traveling from point A to point B, then the field returns this energy to the
objectwithoutlosswhenittravelsbacktopointA.However,ifanobjectgivesupenergytoanon
conservativefieldwhenmovingfromAtoB,thenthefieldreturnsonlypartofthisenergytothe
objectwhentravelingbacktoA.Gravitationalfields,butalsostaticelectricandmagneticfieldsare
15Sacripantiusesthetermikioitorefertothisbodycollision.However,bodycollisioninjdisactuallybutsukari
whereasikioisimplypointsoutthatanactionisdonevigorouslyandforcefully.
16WeareadheringheretothesevenphasesofajdthrowasproposedbyDeCreandEdmonds(2012),inresponseto
what these authors considered the incompleteness of the three stages suggested by the Kdkan: debana (the
opportunityandoptimalmomenttosucceed),tsukuri(preparation),kumu(gripping),kake(execution),
nageru(throwing),andzanshin(thefollowthrough,litt.thecontinuationofthespirit).
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probablythemosttypicalexamplesofaconservativefield.Anexampleofanonconservativefield
wouldberepresentedbyanobjectmovingoveraroughhorizontalsurface,suchasajdkamoving
over a tatami. In that case, frictional force would continuously drain energy from the object as it
movesoverthesurface,energywhichthenisdissipatedasheat.
ConsideringHamilton'sPrinciple17,thetrueevolutionofS(q,t)isanevolutionforwhichthe
action is stationary (a minimum, a maximum, or a saddle point). However, since jd is all about
maximalefficiency,oneinfactstrivesforaminimum,i.e.thesocalledPrincipleofMinimumAction
(Sacripanti, 2010a, 2012a). The Action Invariants, mentioned in the previous paragraph, in jd
refertotheminimalpathintimethatthebodyneedstoshiftinordertoachievethebestkuzushi
andtsukuripositionforeveryjdthrow.Generally,thisappliestoaconservativefield;if,however,
weconsideranonconservativefield(seeabove),thenonealsoneedstoincludeafactorQ,i.e.the
heatemitted,althoughthequicksuccessionofjdtechniquesduringrandoriorshiaiissuchthat
temperature variations within the couple formed by both jdka are negligible and adiabatic
(Sacripanti, 2010c,2012b).Thesuccessionofthrowsinrandoriorshiairepresentapplicationsof
theprincipleofminimumaction,whichhasleadtothembeingreferredtoasActionInvariants,and
whicharebothsummarizedasfollows:
The principle of minimal action is represented by the athletes (= the jdkas) energy
consumption,whilethebestoutcomeisrepresentedbytheappliedjdtechnique.
The principle of minimal action is represented by the athletes (= the jdkas) movement
trajectory in order to achieve optimal positioning for carrying out the throw, while the best
outcomeisdeterminedbytheappliedjdtechnique.
6.HiranoTokiosconceptofkuzushiinjd
Inpracticalterms,manyjdkaseriouslystrugglewithtechnicallymasteringanumberof
throwsbecauseofthedifficultyinlearningcorrectkuzushi,whichisahighlycoordinativeprocess
requiringsubstantialneurologicalandmotorskills.HiranoTokiofullyrecognizedtheseproblems
and applied an entirely new and original approach. Firstly, toKans essentially twodimensional
model of directions of kuzushi contained in the happnokuzushi, he added a third dimension,
namely a vertical one. He also identified seven different ways of using the arms to realize a fully
threedimensionalmodelofkuzushi:andincludedthoseinadidacticsetofformswhichhecalled
Jgenokata (Forms of up and downward movement) (Hirano, 1972a). The seven
verticalformsofkuzushicontainedthereinare:
1. Katatesabaki(Singlehandedpreparation)
2. Rytesabaki(Doublehandedpreparation)
3. Taikotataki(Drumbeating)
4. Tobiagari(Jumpingup)(seeFigure6)
5. Ayumiashi(Normalwalking)
6. Hizamage(Kneebending)
7. Sutemi(Sacrificing)
Thesekuzushimovementsaretypicallyprecededbyanexplosivepulldownwardsfollowed
by a suriashi sliding step that leads to a tsurikomilike upwards pulling. These strong
pulsessenttotheopponentwillelicitaresponsewhichtorilearnstoanticipate,andwhichhethen
optimallyfollowsupwithone(ormultiple)oftheabove7kuzushioptions.
17 Hamilton's principle is William Rowan Hamilton's (18051865) formulation of the principle of stationary action. It
statesthatthedynamicsofaphysicalsystemisdeterminedbyavariationalproblemforafunctionalbasedonasingle
function,theLagrangian,whichcontainsallphysicalinformationconcerningthesystemandtheforcesactingonit.The
variationalproblemisequivalenttoandallowsforthederivationofthedifferentialequationsofmotionofthephysical
system.
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DeCre,C.
Furthermore,Hiranofeltthatcontrarytowhatthemajorityofjdkadoestoday,gripping
should not be a predetermined starting point, but should be a logical consequence (following
Kansmaxims)aftertsukuri(Chen&Chen,2001;Hirano,1972a,1985;vanGassen.d.),withthat
tsukurisimplyrepresentingthatwhattheopponentisdoing,eitheroutofhisowninitiativeorin
response to waves sent out by tori in a pulsatile fashion. One can argue whether Hirano truly
distinguishesaseparatekuzushiphaseornot,sincetheopponentasaresultofhisownmovements
will always have a relative imbalance somewhere, which the ensuing choice of gripping then will
simply reinforce. Importantly, Hiranos tsukuri always contains a solid action/reaction response
that involves considerable hazumi (rebound, recoil, spring, reaction). To do so, Hirano also
makesampleuseofamyriadofhairikatadependingonthesituationalcircumstances(Hirano
n.d.[a,b]),andwhichincludes,amongstothers:
Tsurikomi(liftandpullentry)
Mawarikomi(spinningentry)
Tobikomi(jumpingentry)
Hand(reactiveentry)
Oikomi(chasingentry)
Hikidashi(pullingopenentry)
Figure6.HiranoTokiodemonstratinghisfamousTobiagari(Jumpingup)entryincombinationwith
hisimmenselysuccessfultaiotoshi(bodydrop);FromHirano(n.d.[b]),withpermission.
Oneapproachthatincreasesorfacilitatestheeffectofkuzushiistoapplyitinarotational
trajectory,sinceasubjectenduresgreaterdifficultyinrecoveringfromsidewaysorrotationalloss
ofbalancethanfromastraightforwardorbackwardimbalance(Sacripanti,2010c,2012a,b).The
conceptoftaisabakiisintegraltoKdkanjdandconsideredimportantasclearlyshownin
the historic footage in which Kan Jigor demonstrates his tokuiwaza (specialty): hidari
ukigoshi (left floating hip throw) (Figure 7), although its biomechanical relationship to
kuzushiisnotcommonlyexplainedwithintheKdkansyllabus.Notethat,particularly,inDaitry
aikijjutsuandaikidthesecircularpathwaysandtaisabakiareconstantly
emphasized.
In rotational kuzushi, the kuzushi actions form straightline tangents on an otherwise
circularpathormovement(Figure8).
Rotational unbalancing almost invariably is integrated with a more dynamic form of jd,
hence it is no surprise that Hirano Tokio proposed a didactic form of rotational flows, unlike
Kdkan where the didactic approach of rotational kuzushi is really limited to a reassurance that
taisabakiisimportantandthatmastershipinitwillcomewithpractice.Instead,Hiranoproposed
Endnokata (Forms of circular motion) (Tegelaar, 2012a). He distinguished 6 such
forms:
1. Daien(Largecircle)
2. Katatedaien(Singlehandedlargecircle)
3. Ryteshoen(Doublehandedsmallcircle)
4. Nanameen(Diagonalcircle)
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5. Itosabaki(Surpriseturn)
6. Kaitenen18(Rotatingcircle)
Figure7.KanJigordemonstratinghistokuiwaza
(specialty):hidariukigoshi(leftfloating
hipthrow)onYamashitaYoshitsugu(1865
1935),oneofhismostloyalandseniorstudents.
Figure8.Schematicrepresentationofrotational
kuzushi(unbalancing);afterSacripanti2012b,p.
9,withpermission.
Figure9.HiranoTokioshowingaKonpasuen(compasscircle)entrytoapplykosotogari
(minorouterreapthrow).FromTegelaar,(2012a),withpermission.
Jgenokata and Endnokata are forms neither intended nor suited for ceremonial
demonstrationscompletewithreih(formalbowingetiquette).Theyarepracticalformsthat
serveasthegrammarofpuretechnicalskill,exactlyaskata(forms)wereintendedtobe.
These methods for rotational unbalancing can be applied to several throwing techniques
(Figure 10), although they are particularly suited to some. Hirano devised such methods mostly
based on his own tokuiwaza (preferred technique), which included sotogari
(major outside reap), sotootoshi (major outer drop), ipponseoinage (one
point backcarry throw), uchigari (major inner reap), taiotoshi (body drop), and
uchimata(innerthigh).Forexample,thelargecirclemethodisparticularlysuitedforuchi
mata, whereas the singledhanded large circle is particularly suited for ipponseoinage; on the
otherhand,thediagonalcircleworksparticularlywellwithsotootoshi.
One of the major difficulties in jd is choosing the right moment of opportunity (debana
) to initiate a certain throw, and thus also to initiate the appropriate kuzushi. However, one
shouldnotjustwaitpassivelyuntilthismomentoccursspontaneously.Ajdkahaswaystocreate
or provoke such opportunities, or increase the frequency at which they occur, for example, by
increasingthetempoofthefight.Hirano,however,goesonestepfurtherbyattemptingtovisualize
anumberoftsukuri/kuzushistrategiesthatcouldeffectivelybeappliedtoeachthrow,andthatthus
precedethesevenverticalorthesixrotationalkuzushiformswhichwediscussedintheprevious
18AlsothetermKonpasuen(compasscircle)appearstohavebeenusedbyHiranotorefertothesixthtypeof
circularentry(Figure9).
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DeCre,C.
paragraphs. Hirano postulated that in addition to those forms of kuzushi there existed seven
differenttypesofwaterwavesnamiorhand(reactions)thatprovidedthebasisonwhich
he modeled seven different tsukurikuzushi entities (Hirano, 1972b; Tegelaar, 2012a, 2012b).
These would exist separately from the chosen entry of the throw, with the waves producing the
debanaorrightmomentofopportunity.
Figure10.HiranoTokiosenseiduringavisittotheauthorsoriginaljdclub,theJdandJjutsuClub
ArsenaalMechelenin1955,demonstratinghismastershipofrotationalkuzushi,hereperformedon4
adversaries.Hiranowasknownonoccasionstoshowthesameapplicationonnolessthan10adversariesat
thesametime.
Hiranocollectedthedifferentkindsofwaterwavesornamiwhichhepostulatedinakata
hedevisedandthathelaternamedHandnokata(Formsofreactions)(Hirano,1972b,
pp.220221).ThetypesofwavesincludedinthisHandnokataarenamedasfollows:
1. nami(largeorsurgingwave)
2. Yokoshibukior(sidewayssplash)
3. Uchiage(upshootingwave)orJuwa19kudaki(squashingwave)
4. Oinami(overtakingwave)/Uchigaeshi20(branding)
5. Tatsumaki(waterspout)
6. Naminohana(foamingwave)/Sakamaki21(clapotis22wave)
7. Uzumaki(whirlpool)
19ASwisssource(Soave&Goetz,2007)suggeststhatthenameofthethirdtechniquewouldbeJuwakudakiorJwa
kudakiwithastranslationprovidedGroerFelsen.ItisunclearexactlywhichJapanesewordismeant,astheredoes
not exist a commonly used Japanese word with that pronunciation. Likely the name is a misunderstanding with the
German translation Groer Felsen coming from the English Big rock, but with the word rock here indicating a
rockingorshakingmovementratherthatrockinthesenseofalargestone.AwordforrockinginJapaneseisyura,and
maybewhatisintendedheremightbeyurakudaki(violenttremortillthepointofbreakingorsquashingwave).
20ASwisssource(Soave&Goetz,2007)suggeststhatthenameofthefourthtechniquewouldbeUchigaeshiwith
astranslationprovidedbranding.
21ASwisssource(Soave&Goetz,2007)suggeststhatthenameofthesixthtechniquewouldbeSakamakiwith
astranslationprovidedSturmwelle(Stormwaveorclapotiswave).
22ThetermclapotisisderivedfromtheFrenchclapotiswhichreferstoasoundmadebythesea,calledclapoterand
clapotement,whichisdefinedbymostFrenchdictionariesasaparticularsoundproducedbyaslightlyagitatedsea.
In hydrodynamics the term clapotis has come to mean a nonbreaking standing wave pattern, often caused by the
reflectionofasuccessionoftravelingsurfacewavesfromanearverticalshorelinelikeabreakwater,seawallorsteepcliff.
Inmoremainstreamliteraturethetermoftensimplyimpliesalargestandingwave(Figure11).
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Figure11.Aclapotisorlargestandingwave,i.e. a
nonbreakingstandingwavepattern,oftencaused
bythereflectionofasuccessionoftravelingsurface
wavesfromanearverticalshorelinelikea
breakwater,seawallorsteepcliff.
Hirano would demonstrate these in

ceremonial kata form, showing how very
large movements from one side of the mat
would develop all the way to the other side
andresultinthebestchoiceofkuzushianda
particularly efficient throwing technique
(Hirano, 1966, 1985b, 1986; Tegelaar,
2012a, 2012b). The demonstration is
reminiscent of Itsutsunokata (The
Five Forms), a formal series of five
techniqueswhichKanJigorimportedfrom
Tenjin Shinyry jjutsus
Kuden gohon (The Five Oral
Transmissions)asawaytopayhisrespectto
histeachersandoneoftheparentschoolsof
Kdkan jd, as well as to edify jds
unwritten most advanced teachings (De
Cre,2014).
Figure12.HiranoTokiosenseidemonstratinghis
nami[wave]conceptasformingthebasisof
kuzushi/tsukuriasappliedinhisHandnokata
[FormsofReactions].
Suchlargeandcontinuedmovements
are perhaps more of a metaphysical nature
having in that way a strict energyefficiency
(Figure 12). However, their application
certainly can produce valuable results, as
illustrated by Hiranos extremely dynamic
andefficientjd.Thebestwayperhapsisto
compare it with a sonar system. The jdka
sendsoutapulse,awave,anddependingon
whathappenstothatpulseorwave(doesit
stop? is it returned? does it diminish? is it
absorbed?andifso,afterwhattimeinterval
andwithhowmuchpower?),hewillchoose
an efficient response optimizing rotational
kuzushi.Whentheseprinciplesareappliedin
a throw or randori they are much more
subtle to the extent that one will often not
actuallyobservethesewavesinthedynamic
armmovementsofthepersoncreatingthem.
One starts a wave (in reality often a series of subtle pushing or pulling action) and your
opponentwilldosomethinginresponsewiththat:resist,givein,ignoreit,whatever.Thewaythe
opponentdoesthisresisting,givingin,orignoringitwilldependonhisphysique,hisjdlevel,
theextenttowhichhefeelsthreatened,etc.Thushemayblockinanexaggeratedway,orhemaybe
veryskilledandevadeit.Allthesearewaystodealwithwaves,justlikewavesoftheocean(atleast
inthewayHiranophilosophicallyperceivedthis,irrespectiveifhydrodynamicallythisiscorrect).
Forexample,theycanbreakonrocksinthesea,theycandissipate,theycanreturnanddragyou
withthem,andtheycanevenrotateinthecaseofawhirlpoolorwaterspout.
In this way Hirano devised that he could transmit several types of waves and that the
opponentcoulddealwiththosewavesinasetnumberofways.Dependingonhowtheopponent
responded, the logical answer would be a particular kuzushi and throw. The waves that one
initiated, would not be merely pushing actions, but could be an entire throw with which one
attacked because there too the opponent would react in a limited number of ways, such as for
example: he is thrown, he blocks, he evades, he attempts to counter it, foreward, backward, left,
right,etc(Kan,2011).
As such, Hiranos ideas are original, pedagogically very different from Kans and also
interesting. However, oneofthe aspectsthatHiranodidnot really addresswasthat...hehimself
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DeCre,C.
alsopossessedincrediblestamina,speed,andwasextremelytalentedinjd.Thisthenraisesthe
questionhoweffectiveandrealistictheapproachisfromadidacticpointofviewintermsofskill
transfer when it has to be applied by ordinary or average jdka and not worldclass athletes
blessedwithextraordinaryskillsorcapabilities?DuringrandoriHiranodidnottendtomakethose
largepreparatorymovementsyouseeinhiskata.Insuchsituations,thosemovementsreallycould
be so short that he could apply them while not making any movements greater than a few
centimeters, before he had gained all the information he needed to follow up with a devastating
ipponscoringthrow.
7.BiomechanicalappreciationofHiranoTokioskuzushisystem
Recallthat,accordingtoSacripanti(2010),KansfundamentalmaximofKdkanjd,i.e.,
hisprincipleofSeiryokusaizenkatsuy(Optimaluseofenergy)inthebiomechanics
ofjdcanbeclarifiedbytheJacobiformoftheleastaction,whichifexpressedmathematicallyis:
E + W ( ) d = 0
withEbeingthekineticenergyandWbeingthepotentialenergy.
WehaveindicatedpreviouslythatthereexistthreetypesofGeneralActionInvariants,which
coverthewholeplethoraofactionsofthebodymeanttoreducethedistancebetweenbothjdka
and to optimize ones own body position relative to that of the opponent in order to succeed in
performing a chosen throw (2010). Sacripanti proposed that these General Action Invariants
includedinthekuzushitsukuriphaseare:
1. Reducingthedistancebetweenbothopponentsusingnorotation.
2. Reducingthedistancebetweenbothopponentsusingacomplete(0to180)clockwise
orcounterclockwiserotation.
3. Reducing the distance between both opponents using a half (0 to 90)
clockwise/counterclockwiserotation.
In the above list which reflects on the trajectory completed by the entity formed by both
jdka,thefirstclassofGeneralActionInvariantsconsistsofanearlystraightline,whichpreferably
would be sideways (frontal plane) for simple reasons of efficiency, namely that the human body
appearslessskilledtoresistorrecoverfromasidewaysunbalancingattack(Sacripanti,2012b).
When considering the other classes of General Action Invariants, i.e. those that include
eitherhalforcompleterotations,Sacripantiproposed23thatthemovementproducedbythejdka
shows similarities to the rolling of a body according to an inertial ellipsoid (without slipping)
trajectory on a specific plane. The jdkas body is cylindrical and symmetrical, and the inertial
ellipsoid becomes an ellipsoid of revolution. The curve created by the point of contact on the
inertial ellipsoid is then a circle around the athletes axis of symmetry, and the curve on the
transversalplaneformedbythetatamialsorepresentsacircle(Sacripanti,2010a,b,c,2012a,b).
Unfortunatelythisdescriptionisonlyaccurateiftheentityformedbybothathletesmovesfreelyas
one, i.e. has no opposing interaction. In reality, jdka complete complex threedimensional
trajectories that include frictions which exist between both jdka and between them and the
tatami, and there are also pushpull actions between both jdka, thus making an accurate
calculationoftheirforcetimeevolutioninspaceextremelydifficult(Sacripanti,2010a,2012b).
However,atleasttheentityformedbybothjdkaisisolatedfromexternalforces.Afterall,
the external gravity force is stopped by the tatami, and the entity formed by both jdka is
subjectedtotherandompush/pullforcesthatoccurinternallywithinthesystemconsistingofboth
jdka,andtothefrictionbetweentheirfeetandthetatami.Whentherandompushpullforcesare
subtracted, then this system follows a Langevintype Equation, as previously demonstrated by
Sacripanti(2010,2012):
23ThissuggestionwasbasedonthePoinsotgeometricaldescriptionofafreeforcesmotionofabody(Sacripanti,2010,
2012).
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F = + m (1) j (t t j ) = F f + Fy
whereFisthetotalforceactingonthesystem,isthefrictioncoefficientactingagainst
thedirectionofthetotalforce,visthesystemsvelocity,isKroneckersdeltawhichisafunction
oftwointegersthatinsomepointofspaceis1ifthevariablesareequaland0otherwise;tandtj
aretwogenerictimeintegersoftheKroneckerdelta.Ifso,thenthetotalforceiscomposedbytwo
termswithFfrepresentingthefrictionforcevandFybeingthestochasticforcecontribution(or
term) that is the sum of all the push/pull contributions which in the end and over a long time
interval average zero because the push/pull contributions do not have any specific preferred
directionandarerandom.
j
Trilles,Blais,andCadire(2010)ontheotherhandproposedtheNewtonianmathematical
form,inwhichonlytoris(theoneattacking)actionsandmovementsareconsidered:
F T / U + PT + R ground / T =
or
F T /U =
F T /U =
d
( M T V GT )
dt
d
( M T V GT ) PT R ground / T
dt
d 15
( mi V Gi T ) PT R ground / T
dt i =1
In this way attention is devoted to the possible variations in function of time of the
movements producedbythevarious segmentalarticulationsingeneratingtheforceortheactual
action (FT/U) of tori on uke, on the weight (PT) and the ground reaction force Rground/T. The
coordination required between the various body segments24 accordingly can be evaluated taking
intoaccountthevectorialsumoftheirindividualmovement(Sacripanti,2010a,2012b).
While the possible choices of tsukuri/kuzushi actions are infinite, Hiranosensei proposed
someunusualandapparentlyquiteefficientwaysoftsukuri/kuzushimanyofwhichmadeoptimal
use of rotational dynamics. Some of these tsukuri may have very particular biomechanical
properties.Forexample,HiranosinfamousTobiagari(jumpingupentry)(seeFigure5)from
aphysicspointofviewisdifferentfromconventionalentrybecauseiteliminatesthefrictionthatis
otherwiseproducedbythesolesofbothfeetturningonthetatami.However,themethodrequires
theadditionalenergyofhavingtojumpupandtemporarilymoveagainsttheEarthsgravity(9.81
m/satsea level),aswellasairresistance andovercoming acertainpulling force appliedbythe
opponentsgrip;elasticenergystorageinthemusclemaypositivelycontributetotheheightofthe
jump,butstillanunknownamountofworkwillbeputintotheactionofjumpingupwards:
W = F ds
However,theamountofworkcreatedbyhavingtojumpupcouldwelloutweighthatwhat
isgainedbycancelingoutthefrictionbetweenthefeetandthetatamiduringnormalmovement.If
indeed greater, then strictly speaking it would not longer be an application of Kans best
applicationofenergyprinciple.
Trilles, Blais, & Cadire (2010) have studied the contribution of the different segments of
thebodytorotationanddifferenttypesofentryincludingtobikomi(jumpingentry).Between
6570%oftherotationreliesonthelowerlimbs,withtrunkandheadrepresentingabout22%,and
the remaining approximately 10% being represented by the upper limbs. During tobikomi entry
24
Trilles, Blais, and Cadire (2010) postulate the existence of fifteen different segments which the jdka uses in
generating his movements, namely: head, hands, forearms, upperarms, trunk, pelvis, thighs, lower legs, and feet.
According to these authors the articulations involved in connecting these segments can essentially be reduced to
fourteen: between head and trunk (1), between upperarms and shoulders (2), between upperarms and forearms (2),
betweenforearmsandhands(2),betweentrunkandpelvis(1),betweenpelvisandthighs(2),thighsandlowerlegs(2),
betweenlowerlegsandfeet(2).
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DeCre,C.
this is somewhat different, with a higher contribution of the trunk and head than in many other
types of entry. At the point after tori has reached his highest point and is descending, the upper
limbs contribute to almost 60% of the rotation and the trunk and head to 40% with the
contributionofthelegshavingfallenbacktonearzeropercentagecontribution.Timeofentrywith
tobikomiisgenerallyabout1020%longerthanwhenforexampleusinghikidashi25(pull
outentry),likelybecauseofthelongerdistance(onehastoaddanupwardsdistanceinadditionto
a lateral displacement) covered during tobikomi. Trilles, Blais, & Cadire found for hikidashi a
tsukuriphasewhichlastedapproximately0.70s,andanoverlappingkuzushiphaseof1.40s,anda
kakephaseofapproximately0.30s,totalingabout1.70s,whereasfortobikomientriesthesame
authorsfoundatsukuriphaseof0.64sandanoverlappingkuzushiphase26of1.40s,butalonger
kakephaseofapproximately0.50stotalingabout1.90s(Trilles,Blais,&Cadire,2010).
Inaddition,theseauthorsnotethatincaseoftobikomiduringthedescendingphasetoriis
particularlywellsuitedtorapidlyandforcefullybringinghiscenterofmassbelowthatofuke,and
mayaddthemomentumcausedbyhisownmasstobringtheopponentoutofbalance.Therefore,
thelongertimedoesnotimplyitwouldbelesssuccessful.
Figure13.ArtistsimpressionofSanbonme,thethirdtechniquefromItsutsunokata(The
FiveForms),whichaccordingtocurrentKdkanclaimswouldrepresentthenaturalphenomenonofa
whirlpoolandhowitcanbeappliedtojdtechniques.Notethatthereisactuallynohistoricfoundationto
thisclaim,notinKdkan,andnotinitsparentschoolTenjinShinyryjjutsusfrom
whichthekatawasimported(DeCre,2012,2014)(ArtworkcreatedbyJandeWringer,Amsterdam,
reproducedbykindpermissionoftheauthor,allrightsreserved2011).
25Ahikidashipulloutentryimpliesthatyoustepawayfromyouropponentwhilepullinghimtowardsyouto
closethedistanceinpreparationofenteringathrow,insteadofmovingtowardshim.
26Wenotethatthedivisionintokuzushiandtsukuri(andotherphases)isapedagogicalapproach,asexplainedinDeCre
and Edmonds (2012). However, according to some authors, in terms of muscle activation and contraction those two
phasescannotbeseparated.Forexample,alreadyin1978,Matsumotoetal,foundthatinallthenagewaza(throwing
techniques),themovementsofthetsukuriandthekakehavealreadybegunatthetimewhentheelectricaldischargeof
thegastrocnemiusmuscleswasobservedattheinceptionofthekuzushi,indicatingthattheseriesconsistingofkuzushi,
tsukuri,andkakestartssimultaneously.(Matsumoto,etal.,1978,p.38).However,thesolidityofthisconclusionwasnot
clear since the study contained only a single pair of jdka. In such cases it becomes difficult to conclude whether the
observationshouldbeattributedtojditselfortothespecificjdstyleofthatathlete.Nevertheless,findingsbyTrilles,
Blais & Cadire (2010) seem to point in the same direction as these authors too appear to use the term overlapping
kuzushiphase.Fromabiomechanicalpointofviewthewholemotionpatternconsistsofmeasurabletimestepsthatare
notstrictlyconnectedwithakuzushi,tsukuriorkakephase,astheyclearlyoverlapeachother.
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Very characteristic and unusual in Hiranos didactic and practical approach of

tsukuri/kuzushiishisheavyrelianceonpostulatedwaterwaves.Withtheexceptionofthefourth
techniqueofKdkanjdsItsutsunokatathereisvirtuallynoprecedentforthisinjd.
Itsutsunokata (Figure 13) is, however, one of Kdkans two most advanced kata, and
generally very poorly understood due to its reliance on metaphysical, naturalistic, and Taoist
principles. While this kata is a rinokata (Theoretical Forms), meaning that it is one of
mainly theoretical importance, Hiranos system as subsequently conceived in his Handnokata
alsoknownunderthenamesNanatsunokata,NaminokataorHirano
nokata27(Kan,2011)isfarmoreappliedandpracticallyoriented.
No prior scientific study of Hiranos postulated waves has, however, been attempted, and
such study is timely to: further define the nature and meaning of those waves as part of
tsukuri/kuzushi, establish whether these different categories of waves truly exist and differ, and
whetherhydrodynamicmodelingdeservesaplaceinunderstandingandimprovingjdtechnique,
especiallytsukuri/kuzushi.
8.Physicsandfluiddynamicprinciplesofstandardwind(surgingwave,clapotis,branding)
andnonwind(whirlpool,waterspout,tsunami)propagatedwaterwaves
Most generally in physics waves are defined as a disturbance or oscillation that travels
throughspacetime,accompaniedbyatransferofenergyfromonepointtoanother,oftenwithno
permanentdisplacementoftheparticlesofthemedium,meaningthatthisoccurswithlittleorno
associated mass transport. When waves are of a mechanical nature, they propagate through a
mediumwithdeformationofthatmedium.Inthecaseofwavesthatoccurintheseaortheocean
the waves can be either wind or nonwindgenerated, and represent perturbations where the
medium they propagate through is water. Windgenerated waves are generated by the wind
passingoverthesurfaceoftheseaortheocean(Janssen,2004;Philips,1957,1977;Young,1999).
ThemajorityofwavespostulatedbyHiranoinhisHandnokataarestandardorwindpropagated
waterwaves;suchisthecaseforthenami(largeorsurgingwave),theyokoshibuki
or (sideways splash), the uchiage (upshooting wave), the oinami (overtaking
wave)oruchigaeshi(branding),andthenaminohana(foamingwave)orsakamaki
(clapotiswave).Toexaminetowhatextentthedidacticvalueofthesepostulatedwavesin
jdisareflectionofhowtheyexistinrealliferatherthanbeingofamerelymetaphoricnature,we
needtodevotesomeattentiontothehydrostaticfoundationsandphysicsbehindtheoriginofthese
windpropagatedwaves.
Manyofthewavesweseeonapondornondeeppartsoftheoceanaresocalledshallow
water waves. When waves travel into areas of shallow water, they begin to be affected by the
bottomofthesea.Thefreeorbitalmotionofthewaterisdisrupted,andwaterparticlesinorbital
motion no longer return to their original position. As the water becomes shallower, the swell
becomeshigherandsteeper,ultimatelyassumingthefamiliarsharpcrestedwaveshape.Afterthe
wavebreaks,itbecomesawaveoftranslationthatisintensifiedbytheerodedbottomoftheseaor
ocean(Dean&Dalrymple,1991;Holthuijsen,2007;Jansen,2004;Lamb,1994;Munk,1950;Philips,
1977;Young,1999).
27UsingthetermHiranonokatatorefertoHiranosHandnokataisamisnomer.Nevertheless,thiserroriscommitted
frequently. Hiranonokata implies the (one) kata made by Hirano, which is confusing and misleading even though
grammatically in Japanese, the term also means the (various) kata made by Hirano (thus plural). The average non
Japanesespeakingjdkadoesnotrealizethis,andneitheristhetermreallymeantinthatwaysincemostpeopledonot
know that there exist multiple kata conceived by Hirano Tokio. The second term in use, and much more common is
Nanatsunokata, thus Forms of Seven or Seven Forms. There are, however, problems with this term too. Like
Itsutsunokata (Forms of Five or Five Forms), Nanatsunokata is a temporary name that merely refers to the
numberoftechniquesitcontains.MifuneKyz,forexample,usestheprobablenameofNanatsunokataforItsutsu
nokataanticipatingitsexpansionfromfivetosevenoreventenforms(Mifune,1956).Forthatreason,historicallyand
from a scholarly viewpoint using that name for Hirano's Handnokata, is undesirable; an even stronger argument
evidently is that there is no credible evidence that Hirano ever formally assigned that name to this kata; rather he
formallynameditHandnokata(Hirano,1972b).
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DeCre,C.
Bothairpressuredifferencesbetweentheupwindandtheleesideofawavecrest,aswellas
the friction on the water surface by the wind, cause the water to go into the shear stress hence
triggering the growth of the waves (Dean & Dalrymple, 1991; Holthuijsen, 2007; Jansen, 2004;
Lamb,1994;Miles,1957;Munk,1950;Philips,1977;Young,1999).Theheightofawaterwaveis
determined by wind speed, the duration of time the wind has been blowing, the fetch, i.e. the
distanceoverwhichthewindexcitesthewaves,andbythedepthandtopographyoftheseafloor
(whichcaneitheramplifyandfocusordispersethewavesenergy).Generally,thelargerthewave,
themorepowerfulitis,however,amplitudeisnottheonlycriterionthatmatters.Wavepoweris
also determined by wave speed, wave length, and water density. The oscillatory motion of the
wavesisthehighestatthesurfaceanddiminishesexponentiallywithdepth,withtheexceptionthat
for socalled clapotis or standing waves, if they occur near a reflecting coast, the wave energy
will also continue and be present as pressure oscillations at great depth, even leading to the
productionofsmallor microseismicevents(Dean&Dalrymple,1991;Holthuijsen,2007;Jansen,
2004;Lamb,1994;Munk,1950;Philips,1977;Reynolds,1877;Young,1999).
Theseconsiderationssuggestthatthefactorsandmechanicsinvolvedinthegenerationof
windpropagatedwaterwavesareofatotallydifferentnaturethanthemechanicsusedbyhumans
practicingjdandwhoaremimickingtheexternalappearanceofthesewavesinanenvironment
that does not involve any water or other or forces of nature. In other words, as far as wind
propagatedwaterwavesareconcernedtheseappeartobeusedorreferredtobyHiranomerelyin
ametaphoricalsense.
It is also possible to create a variety of artificial waves in water including circular waves,
planewaves,reflection,refraction,diffractionandinterferencewaves,andeveninertialwaves,by
putting objects of different shapes at different depths. However, this cannot be what Hirano
intendedinhisvision.
InhistotalofsevendifferentwaterwavesHiranoalsoincludedanumberofnonstandardor
nonwindpropagated water waves. For example, the fifth type of water wave which Hirano
defined is the tatsumaki (waterspout). In reality a waterspout is not a water wave. A
waterspoutisafunnelshapedortubularcolumnofrelativelyweakrotatingcloudfilledairorwind
usuallyextendingfromtheundersideofatoweringcumulusorcumulonimbusclouddowntothe
surface of an ocean or lake. The rotation occurs at low levels in the atmosphere, so the resulting
vortexdoesnotextendveryfarupintothecloud,andthephenomenonislargelyconfinedtothe
regionbelowcloudbase(Dean& Dalrymple,1991;Lamb,1994).Whilemostwaterspoutsclosely
resembleweaktornadoes,itisdebatedwhethertheyactuallyaretornadoesornot.Theyarereally
ananomalyofnature,attributabletothedeviationinthemechanismoftheirformation.Theyform
when cold air moves over warm water, and they churn at speeds up to 350 km/h, but quickly
dissipatewhenrainbeginstofallfromtheirhostcloud.Theatmosphericconditionsareobviously
suchthattheyareimpossibletobecreatedbyanindividualhumanbeingonatatami...
The last wave which Hirano defined is the uzumaki (whirlpool). A whirlpool is a
swirling body of water that is not directly caused by wind but by the meeting of opposing water
currents,althoughthecurrentsthemselves,ifoccurringatthesurface,aremainlywinddrivenand
influencedbytheCorioliseffect,althoughverticalandoceanbottomcurrentsarecausedmainlyby
densitydifferencesasaresultofdifferencesintemperatureandsalinity(Dean&Dalrymple,1991;
Holthuijsen,2007;Lamb,1994).Forexample,cold,saltywaterscomingfromthepolessinktothe
ocean bottom and move to opposite poles where they will again surface, although vertical
upwelling currents can also because by winds blowing from the coastline. Whirlpools may occur
bothinshallowordeepwater(Figure14).
Whirlpoolsreallyrepresenttheinertiaofwater.Whentryingtomovealargebodyofwater,
the water molecules start moving in a tangent because of their inertia, with the activated force
beingcentrifugalforce.However,thedeeperonegoes,themoregravityactsonthewater,andthis
gravityexertsapressureproportionaltohowmuchwaterisaboveit;thusthedeeperonegoesthe
higherthepressure.Thispressureispushingagainsttheoutwardpressurecreatedbytherotation
of the water, and forces the water back to the center, but proportional to the depth. Thus, the
deeperthewaterthemorepressureandgravitythatwillbepresent.
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Therefore,atdepth,thewaterwillpushobjectscaughtinthewhirlpooltothemiddleofit,
while at the surface such objects will initially be pushed outwards (Dean and Dalrymple, 1991;
Holthuijsen,2007;Lamb,1994).
Figure14.Awhirlpooloccurringinshallowriver
water.
A whirlpool technically is a free

vortexorlinevortexinwhichthetangential
velocityvvariesinverselywiththedistancer
from the center of rotation so that the
angular momentum rv is uniform
everywherethroughouttheflow;thevortical
motion(vorticity)iszeroeverywhereexcept
atthecenterline,andthevelocityatwhicha
one circulation r=0 is completed has an
identical value everywhere, though the time
tocompletethatrotationwillbelongerwhen
further away from the center (Bradt, 2001).
In other words, the fluid near the center of
the vortex completes one revolution in a
shorter time than the fluid far from the
center.
The speed of the fluid also decreases as the distance from the center increases. A leaf
floatinginafreevortexwillmaintainanorientationthatremainsconstant,eventhoughitismoving
aroundthecenterofthevortex.Ifthereisafreesurfacepresentthenitwillsharplydip(asr2)as
thecenterlineisapproached(Bradt,2001).
Thetangentialvelocityofawhirlpoolvortexisgivenby:
v =
2r
Intheabovemathematicalexpressionisthecirculationandristheradialdistancefrom
thecenterofthevortex.
It is also possible to integrate the nonconservative force exerted by a whirlpool on an
object such as a boat. If the radial component is negligible, and the azimuthal force a function of
radius,thusaforcewithonlyanazimuthalcomponentF,itcanbeexpressedas(Bradt,2001):
)
)
F = F u = + k r 1u
Intheaboveequationisaunitvectorintheazimuthaldirection,kisaconstant,andthe
'+'indicatesthattheforceisinthepositiveazimuthaldirection.
If one integrates the quantity Fds around a circular path C2 at a constant radius r0 (See
Figure15),then:
W =
C2
F ds =
F r0 d =
+ k r0 r0 d = k r0 r0
1
d = +2 k
Theoutcomewillnotbezeroasworkisdonebythenonconservativeforcethatcarriesthe
objectarounditscirculartrajectoryinthedirectionoftheforcevector.Becauseofthis,theworkW,
asperformedbytheforce,willbepositive(Bradt,2001).
We assume that the object moves in a positive counterclockwise direction, which is also
whatweassumedfortheforcecomponentFandforthedirectionofincreasingangle.Therefore
thecounterclockwisedirectionoftheangulardisplacementinthiscasewillalsobepositive,which
isalsoreflectedbythelimitsontheintegral.Theselimitsimplythattheobjectmovesfrom=0to
=2;if,ontheotherhandthepositivedirectionhadbeendefinedasclockwise,theintegration
limitsforcounterclockwisedisplacementswouldhavebeen,forexample,0to2or2to0(Bradt,
2001).
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DeCre,C.
ForanyazimuthalforceF,independentof,theintegrationcanberewrittenas:
W =
C2
F ds = F r0
d = F 2 r0
Figure15.Schematicdrawingofavector
fieldshowingaforcewithonlyanazimuthal
componentF,andindicatingthenon
conservativeforceexertedbyawhirlpoolon
aboat(fromBradt,2001,p.11).
( Fr = 0)
Thus, the integral becomes quite simple if

the Force F is azimuthal and axially symmetric. In
thiswayitpresentsinatransparentwaythework
performed by the force that moves the object
around the circle, which simply is the constant
azimuthal force multiplied by the distance around
thecircle(Bradt,2001).
The same concerns would apply to for
tsunami which obviously also create waves,
although to be fair, it is not one of the waves
conceptualizedinHiranosjd.However,tsunami
are neither wind nor objectpropagated
transverse waves.Instead,atsunamiisapressure
wave with a longitudinal mode, which travels at
very high velocities or approximately 700 km/hr.
Althoughittravelsasapressurewaveintheopen
ocean, the wave is reflected partially upwards
whenitreachesacontinentalshelf.
This has the effect of converting it into a transverse wave as water moving along is now
pushedupwards.Thisisaverynonlinearprocessandnontrivialtomodel.Thispushingupofthe
water does initially cause water at the shore to recede outwards. The wave which seconds later
reachesshoreismuchmoreslowmoving,andalargepartofthatwaveenergyisconvertedintothe
toweringwavefrontthatconsequentlywillsweepin(Dean&Dalrymple,1991;Holthuijsen,2007;
Lamb, 1994). Because such phenomena involve gigantic natural forces they are irrelevant here
whendiscussinginterplaybetweentwohumans.
Amoreindepthanalysisofthephysicsandthemathematicalexpressionoffluiddynamic
properties of water waves28 and their different forms are beyond the scope of the present paper
andbeyondwhatisnecessarytounderstandinordertoseriouslyexaminethephysicsthatmight
underpinHiranoswavebasedtsukuri/kuzushisystem.
9.Hydrodynamicprinciplesofwaterwavesandtheirpossiblebiomechanicalapplicationin
Hiranostsukuri/kuzushiphase
Thus,ofthesevenwavesdefinedbyHiranoonlyfivearerealwindpropagatedwaterwaves,
whereastwoofthem(thewhirlpoolandwaterspout)arenotreallywavesbutariseastheresultof
otherfactors,whichinthecaseofwhirlpoolshastodowithconflictingcurrentsofwater,andinthe
caseofwaterspoutswithconflictingcurrentsofair.Itshouldbeobviousfromthereflectiononthe
physics behind all these phenomena, which we have presented in the previous paragraphs, that
noneofthemanycontributingfactors,suchasdensityofwater,saltconcentration,depthofwater,
heightofwaves,temperaturesofwater,andgeographyoftheoceanbottomareinvolvedatallin
28 Investigating the physical properties of water waves is not a simple affair and their mathematical representation is
rathercomplicated.Theshallowwaterequationsarederivedfromequationsofconservationofmassandconservationof
momentum (socalled NavierStokes equations) and are often called shallow water equations or Saint Venant
equations (Dean & Dalrymple, 1991; Lamb, 1994; Peregrine, 1972; Philips, 1977). These were named after Adhmar
JeanClaudeBarrdeSaintVenant(17971886),aFrenchmathematicianandmechanicsexpert,whodevisedanumberof
hyperbolic partial differential equations that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid. Later, in 1872 the
FrenchmathematicianandphysicistJosephValentinBoussinesq(18421929)inapaper(Boussinesq,1872)proposeda
number of specific differential equations that further approximated water waves that are weakly nonlinear and fairly
long,equationswhichtodayareoftenreferredtoasBoussinesqequations(Dean&Dalrymple,1991;Holthuijsen,2007;
Lamb,1994;Philips,1977;Peregrine,1972).
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jdinteractionsbetweentwopeoplewhoarenotevenimmersedinwater.Thereforeitisalsonot
possible to truly biomechanically apply to jd the hydrodynamic behavior of water as it does in
windpropagated water waves or in water behavior due to other meteorological phenomena.
Rather, Hiranos water wavebased modeling of tsukuri/kuzushi represents a metaphysical
pedagogical approach and visualization aid. Despite these limitations, the discrepancy between
what a true hydrodynamic analysis of those waves shows us, and how Hirano was able to
incorporate his ideas in his jd, it did not prevent him from becoming a hugely successful
championfighterwhowasabletodefeatmuchheavierandstrongerjdka,thankstohissupreme
mastershipoftsukuri,kuzushiandotherfactorsessentialineffectingjdthrows.
AsSacripantihadalreadydemonstrated,thepotentialchoicesoftsukuri/kuzushiactionsare
infinite(Sacripanti,2010a,b,2012b).Thechoicesoftsukuri/kuzushiproposedbyHiranosenseiare
often unusual and apparently quite efficient partly because of their optimal use of rotational
dynamicsandNewtonsThirdLawofaction/reaction.However,toquantifyormeasureexactlyhow
much more efficient they are than other selected examples of tsukuri/kuzushi is a rather
complicatedtaskasitwouldneedtoisolatedthetsukuri/kuzushimethoditselffromtheskillsofthe
jdkaandrequireagoodreplicabilityofthoseformsoftsukuri/kuzushi.Sofar,Trilles,Blais,and
Cadire (2010) are some of the few researchers to have compared different forms of
tsukuri/kuzushi, such as notably hikidashi vs. tobikomi entries. Even then, the outcomes were
limitedtoquantificationofvelocitiesandforcesandnotnecessarilytoefficiencyintermsofsuccess
of breaking symmetry. Moreover, it did not appear that their approach was able to separate the
forms of hikidashi/tobikomi from the skills of the performer, meaning that another performer
mighthaveacompletelydifferentdistributionofforcesandvelocitiesdependingonhisskillinthe
chosenmovements.
Visualization is a useful tool in learning motor skills, and perhaps whether what one
visualizes being scientifically correct or not may be secondary to that what one is attempting to
achieve.Ifonesucceedsinoptimallyapplyinggeneralactioninvariantsorbreakingthesymmetry
oftheopponentbecauseoneimaginesoneappliesamovementasatsunamiortornadooranimal,it
probably does not matter that in reality both in terms of force, acting mechanisms or nature
whatoneisdoinghasmateriallynothingtodowiththeimageoneisreferringto.Astothesuccess
ofHiranospedagogicalsystemandwhetheritfacilitatesskillacquisitionmorethanthetraditional
Kdkandidacticalapproach,ishardtosaybecauseofalackofharddatathathavecomparedthis
inlongitudinalstudies.Ratherthe approachmay betterwork insomesimplybecause they might
see a role model in Hiranosensei and are fascinated by his system or its originality, which may
motivate them to train harder or differently. One major problem is that of those who had the
privilegetotrainunderHirano,virtuallynooneproperlyunderstoodhisapproach.Thiswaslikely
the consequence of a relative lack of experience still among many Western jdka in those days,
andbecauseofcommunicationchallengeswithHiranosenseiduetolimitationsinhismasteringof
nonJapaneselanguages.Thus,foremostbeforebeingabletobetterevaluatethevalueofHiranos
didacticalapproachonewouldneedinstructorswhoproperlyandcomprehensivelyunderstandhis
systemandarewillingtodevotetimeandeffortintoteachingtheirstudentsinthatway.
10.Conclusions
The fluid dynamic modeling of the several kinds of waves proposed by Hirano is
mathematicallycomplicatedinvolvingclassicBoussinesqdifferentialequations(Boussinesq,1872;
Dean & Dalrymple, 1991; Peregrine, 1972). Numerous parameters which determine the
hydrodynamicbehaviorofwater(depth,periodofwaves,saliency,temperatures,currents,shapeof
thecoastalline,densityofthewater,wind)areabsentinthesurroundingsoftwojdkaindoorson
a tatami, hence Hiranos system appears limited to a mere visualization and metaphysical
interpretationofjd.
Thelackofempiricaldataavailableobtainedinlargegroupsofstudentstaughtaccordingto
Hiranosapproach,makeitsofarimpossibletoconcludewhetheritfacilitateskuzushiandtsukuri
skill acquisition, with one major difficulty being separating Hiranos system from the skills of the
individual. Hiranos success in competitive jd may as well be explained by him being
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DeCre,C.
exceptionallygiftedandskilledratherthanbyhisuseofthewavesystemitself.UltimatelyHiranos
wavebasedkuzushi/tsukuridoesnotalterthebiomechanicalanalysisproposedbySacripanti,asit
stillinvolvesgeneralactioninvariantsaimedtoclosethedistancebetweentheopposingjdka,to
breaktheopponentssymmetry,andtoapplyoneoftheinfiniteoptionstoachievethis.
Notes
1. Preliminary data from this study were presented in part at the 5th European Science of Judo
Symposium on April 23rd, 2014 in Montpellier, France, organized by the European Judo Union
(EJU).
2. Japanesenamesinthispaperarelistedbyfamilynamefirstandgivennamesecond,ascommon
intraditionalJapaneseusageandtomaintainconsistencywiththeorderofnamesofJapanese
historicfigures.
3. For absolute rigor, long Japanese vowel sounds have been approximated using macrons (e.g.
Kdkan) in order to indicate their Japanese pronunciation as closely as possible. However,
whenreferringtoorquotingfromWesternliterature,therelevanttextorauthoriscitedexactly
aspertheoriginalsource,withmacronsusedoromittedaccordingly.
Acknowledgements
WeareindebtedtoProfessorAttilioSacripanti,PhD,UniversityofRomeTorVergata,forhishelp
inunderstandingandanalyzingthebiomechanicalfoundationsandphysicsbehindthepreparation
and unbalancing aspects that precedejd throws. We are indebted to Mri Osamu , Satte
, Saitama Prefecture , Japan, and Hirano Kiyo , Paris, daughter of Hirano
Tokiosensei, for the many discussions I had the pleasure of engaging in with them, and in which
theyprovidedhelpfulremarksandinformation.Dr.LlyrC.Jones,PhD,London,kindlyproofreadthe
manuscriptandmadeusefulsuggestions,andDrs.ir.StijnCoertjens,MEng,DepartmentofChemical
Engineering(CIT),CatholicUniversityofLeuven,Belgium,kindlyofferedhisassistancewithsome
ofthelinedrawings.
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~
Authorsbiographicaldata
Carl De Cre is a Senior Research Professor in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, who at the time this
manuscriptwaswritten,wasaffiliatedwiththeUniversityofRome.CurrentlyatGhentUniversity,Belgium,
heisalsoaseniorscholarinChineseandJapaneseStudies,whichheefficientlycombineswithhisexpertiseas
anexercisephysiologistandsportsmedicinespecialist.Havingconductedresearchonjdsince1981,hehas
establishedareputationasoneoftheforemostjdscholars.Heisoneofonlyafewtechnicaljdexperts
holding an EJU Level6 Specialized Judo Teacher & HighPerformance Coach qualification and a Masters
degreeinJdfromtheUniversityorRome.HealsoholdsaTrainerAinjdqualificationfromtheFlemish
|95
DeCre,C.
TrainerSchool,anInternationalJudoCoachqualificationandaJudoMasterTeacherClassACertificatefrom
the United States Judo, Inc. He is researchactive in all aspects of jd including medical, physiological,
historical,philosophical,technical,nutritional,andpedagogical.Heisaformerinternationaljdcompetitor
andhisexpertisehasbeensoughtbyworldeliteclassjdathletes.Hecurrentlyholdsa7thdanblackbeltin
jdandthetitleofkyshi,andistheInstructorinChiefoftheRoyalJudo&KarateAcademyBushidoKwai
Mechlin,Belgiumsoldestjdclub.Email:prof.cdecree@earthlink.net.Http://www.carldecree.net.
|96

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RevistadeArtesMarcialesAsiticas

Nanatsunokata, Endnokata, and Jgenokata A pedagogical and

Palabras clave: Hidrodinmica; Jigoro Kano; judo; kata;

As explained, Hirano Tokio was a

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However, in reality, kuzushi clearly

drop), hizaguruma (knee wheel)) or through merely causing a hyperextension of the

S (q, t ) = L(q, q& , t ) dt

S (q, t ) = W (q ) Et = L(q, q& )

S (q, t ) = L(q.q& )dt =

Hirano would demonstrate these in

Very characteristic and unusual in Hiranos didactic and practical approach of

A whirlpool technically is a free

Thus, the integral becomes quite simple if

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