Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environmental Statistics of Nepal 2011
Environmental Statistics of Nepal 2011
2011
Government of Nepal
National Planning Commission Secretariat
Published by
Printed at : Siddhakali Offset Press (P.) Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel.: 01-4238561
Preface
Environment is a multi-disciplinary topics directly related to the nature, human being and their
activities. Concerns have been growing widely about changing environment and its impact
upon the lives of the earth. In fact, areas of most researchers and efforts of most scientists are
being concentrated towards environment in one way or the other. Accordingly, priority of the
Government of Nepal has also been focused towards environment, be that in the name of "the
Climate Change" or "Conservation" or " the quality of life of the people". Therefore, Central
Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in the context of the increasing demand for environment related
data, has been attempting to bring out special publication since decades and the present
edition "Environment Statistics of Nepal 2011" is the seventh in the series.
This is an update to the previous edition and has compiled data based on the classification of
the United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics 1995 (UNFDES,
1995) covering topics on economic issues, social and demographic issues, air and climate,
land and soil, water, other natural resources, waste, human settlements and natural disasters.
I hope that this edition will be useful to planners, policy makers and other users as well.
I would like to express my gratitude to the government and non-government agencies for
providing valuable data and supports to bring out this publication in its present form.
I would like to thank Mr. Prabodh Sagar Dhakal, Deputy Director General of the bureau for his
overall guidance to bring out this publication. Mr. Krishna Tuladhar, Director, Environment
Statistics and Satellite Accounts Section took responsibility to accomplish the whole tasks of
the compilation and bringing out this publication in time. So, I would like to thank Mr. Tuladhar
for his sincere dedication. Statistical Officers Mr. Surya Kumar Pandit, Mr. Mahesh Chand
Pradhan and Mrs.Ranju Khadka are also thankful for their sincere involvement in the
compilation of this publication. Similarly, I would like to thank Mr. Damodar Shrestha, Statistical
Assistant for his involvement in data collection.
Finally, I would like to request all users to provide invaluable suggestions and comments that
would be useful for further improvement of future publications.
June, 2012
Kathmandu, Nepal
As
Arsenic
BHC
BOD
Bq
Becquerel
Ca
Calcium
CBS
Cd
Cadmium
CDD
CFC
Chlorofluorocarbons
cfu
Coliform
CFUG
CH4
Methane
CITES
CO
Carbon monoxide
CO2
Carbon dioxide
COD
COFOG
COICOP
COPNI
CPC
dBA
Decibel A
DDT
DHM
DO
Dissolved oxygen
DMG
DWSS
DWIDP
EIA
FISIM
ft
Cubic feet
GDP
GEF
GNDI
GNI
Ha
Hectare
HC
Hydrocarbon
HHs
Households
HIV
Hr
Hour
HSU
ii
HVAS
ICIMOD
IPCC
ISIC
ITTA
IUCN
K2O
Potassium oxide
kg
Kilogram
kl
Kiloliter
km
Kilometer
km
Square kilometer
KUKL
KWh
Kilowatt hour
Liter
L/d/p
lcd
Liter consumption/day
LD
Laser dust
Ldn
Level day-night
Leq
LPG
LRMP
Lt/min
Meter
Million
2
Square meter
Cubic meter
m /yr
MB
Multi-bacilli
mb
Mill bar
MDGs
MDT
Multi-drug therapy
m
m
m / min
mg/l
mg/m
ml
mld
Million liter/day
mm
Millimeter
mrem/hr
mt.
Metric ton
mtO
Nitrogen
NA
Not Available
Na
Sodium
iii
NARC
NAST
NDHS
NLSS
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
NP
National Parks
NSIC
NTU
NWSC
O3
Ozone
Degree Celsius
ODS
P2 O 5
Phosphorus pentaoxide
pb
Lead
pH
Hydrogen-in concentration
PM10
PO3
Phosphate
ppb
ppm
ppt
SAE
SEEA
SO2
Sulphur dioxide
SO4
Sulphate
SOx
Oxides of Sulphur
SPM
STD
TCU
TDS
TOE
TSP
TSS
TYIP
UNEP
UNFDES
UV
Ultra Violet
WECS
WHO
WP
Watt Power
WW
Waste Water
e's
Micro- environments
3
g/m
iv
Contents
Page
Preface
ii
Chapter
I
Introduction
II
Economic Issues
11
III :
29
IV :
41
57
VI :
Water
75
VII :
95
VIII :
Waste
113
IX :
Human Settlements
121
Natural Disasters
137
Appendices
145
147
II
149
III :
150
IV :
151
153
VI :
156
VII :
159
VIII :
161
IX :
163
165
XI :
166
XII :
167
169
XVI :
MDG Indicators
171
XV :
Glossary
174
Reference
186
List of Tables
Page No.
Table 2.1:
13
Table 2.2:
14
Table 2.3:
15
Table 2.4 :
16
Table 2.5 :
17
Table 2.6 :
18
Table 2.7 :
20
Table 2.8 :
20
Table 2.9 :
21
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
Table 2.18 : Small Scale Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Rural-Urban Area
26
27
27
27
Table 3.1 :
31
Table 3.2 :
32
Table 3.3 :
34
Table 3.4 :
34
Table 3.5:
34
Table 3.6 :
35
Table 3.7 :
35
Table 3.8:
36
Table 3.9:
37
38
38
39
39
Table 3.14 : Number of Environment Related NGOs and INGOs Affiliated with Social Welfare Council
40
vi
Table 4.1:
43
Table 4.2:
44
Table 4.3 :
45
Table 4.4 :
46
Table 4.5 :
47
Table 4.6:
48
Table 4.7 :
49
Table 4.8 :
50
Table 4.9 :
50
51
52
Table 4.12: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2003
52
53
Table 4.14
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
Table 4.21 : Ranges of Emission Reductions Required for Various Stabilization Level (Bali Declaration)
56
Table 5.1 :
59
Table 5.2 :
59
Table 5.3 :
Land Utilization
61
Table 5.4 :
62
Table 5.5 :
64
Table 5.6 :
64
Table 5.7 :
65
Table 5.8 :
65
Table 5.9 :
66
66
Table 5.11 : Area of Land made uncultivable due to flooding /Soil Erosion by Ecological Belt
and Development Region, Nepal ,2001/02
66
Table 5.12 : Type and Color of Soil by Area of Holdings and by Development Region, Nepal, 2001/02
67
Table 5.13 : Livestock and Poultry Population in Arid and Semi-Arid Land
68
69
vii
69
70
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
Table 6.1 :
77
Table 6.2 :
77
Table 6.3 :
Ground Water Quality of (Shallow Tube ) Aquifers in the East Tarai, 2003
78
Table 6.4:
Percentage Distribution of Households using Main Sources of Drinking Water, Nepal, 2001 78
Table 6.5 :
79
Table 6.6:
79
Table 6.7:
80
Table 6.8 :
Deep Aquifer Depletion in Selected Locations During Dry Season of Kathmandu Valley
80
Table 6.9:
81
81
82
Table 6.12 : Water Quality of Different Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, 2005
82
Table 6.13 : Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry Season, 1998
83
83
Table 6.15 : Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water
84
Table 6.16 : Generic Standard /Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into
85
86
87
89
90
91
Table 6.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem
91
93
94
Table 7.1:
Numbers of Threatened Species by Major Groups of Organisms on the Red List, 1996 -2011
97
Table 7.2:
Change in numbers of species in the threatened categories for the major taxonomic
groups on the Red list ,1996-2011
98
viii
Table 7.3:
98
Table 7.4:
99
Table 7.5 :
99
Table 7.6 :
100
Table 7.7 :
100
Table 7.8:
Vegetation Area by Type and Household Involvement in Community Forest of Nepal, 2011 101
Table 7.9 :
101
102
103
Table 7.12 : Threatened Species in the SAARC Member Countries (Taxonomic Group), 2011
104
104
Table 7.14 : Protected Faunal Species included in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973
105
Table 7.15 : National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Area of Nepal
106
Table 7.16 : Number of Districts and VDCs with Buffer Zone of Nepal
107
107
108
108
109
109
110
Table 8.1 :
115
Table 8.2 :
116
Table 8.3 :
117
Table 8.4 :
117
Table 8.5 :
118
Table 8.6:
119
Table 8.7 :
120
Table 8.8 :
120
Table 9.1 :
123
Table 9.2 :
123
Table 9.3 :
124
Table 9.4 :
Area and Population Density by Ecological Belt & Development Region, Nepal, 1981-2011
124
Table 9.5:
125
Table 9.6:
125
Table 9.7:
126
ix
Table 9.8 :
Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Main Fuel Used for Cooking, Nepal, 2001
126
Table 9.9:
127
127
Table 9.11 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2011
128
Table 9.12 : Area and Urban Population and Density by Municipality, 2011
130
131
131
132
Table 9.16 : Total Strategic Road Network (SRN) Length ,Influenced Population of District in Nepal, 2011
133
134
135
136
139
Table 10.2 : Loss of Lives, Livestock and Other Effects by Type of Disaster, 1983-2010
140
Table 10.3 : Loss of Lives and Frequency by Type of Disaster, 1983 2010
141
143
144
Chapter I
Introduction
Introduction
Background
Environment can be defined as the physical surrounding of people of which they are a part and on which
they are dependant for their activities like physiological functioning, production and consumption. The
physical environment extends from air, water and land to natural resources like energy carriers, soil and
plants, animals and ecosystems. The availability and use of natural resources have a bearing on the
outcome and the pace of development process. For an urbanized society, a large part of environment is
human made. There is always linkage between artificial environment and natural environment.
Commonly, the term Environment is restricted to ambient environment. In that view, the indoor
environment (home, workplace) is regarded as an isolated piece of environment, to be treated on its own
terms.
Environment problems such as global warming, melting of snow in the Himalayas, decreasing productivity
in agriculture despite technology development etc. do not confine to any country or continent nor it is
limited to the developing or the developed world. Therefore, United Nations and other global institutions
have been paying attention towards environment management since decades. It has been realized that
sustainability of the development depends much upon the management of the environment and hence,
the expenditure on environmental management today is in fact, a reliable investment for the safe future.
United Nations initiated actions towards the environment by establishing United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) in 1972 that aims to coordinate the development of environmental policy by keeping
the global environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of the governments
and the international community for action.
-3-
Environment Statistics is relatively young branch and multi-disciplinary area in the field of official statistics.
The sources of environmental statistics are dispersed and variety of methods is applied in their
compilation. They generally provide a synthesis of data from various subject areas and sources to help in
the formulation and evaluation of integrated socio-economic and environmental policies.
Development activities now have been linked to the environmental management and accordingly, the
demand for environment related information has also increased day-by-day. Therefore, efforts are being
made for the development of environment statistics. The United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD)
developed United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (UNFDES) (a list of
environmental indicators) in collaboration with the Inter-governmental Working Group on the
Advancement of Environment Statistics. The fourth meeting of the Working Group (Stockholm, 6 - 10
February 1995) agreed on the List of environmental and related socioeconomic indicators given below. It
provides framework for the member countries to compile and manage environmental statistics. The
Statistical Commission, at its twenty-eighth session (New York, 27 February - 3 March 1995), approved
this list for international compilation by UNSD. The indicators that are bolded in the list were intended for
short-term compilation directly from national statistical services or from other international organizations
or specialized agencies.
A.
Socioeconomic
activities,
events (pressure
/driving force)
B.
Impacts and
Effects events (part
of state)
ECONOMIC
ISSUES
EDP/EVA per
capita
Capital
accumulation
(environmentally
adjusted)
SOCIAL/DEMOGRAPHIC
ISSUES
Population
growth rate
Population
density
Urban/rural
migration rate
Calorie supply
per capita
% of urban
population
exposed to
concentrations
of SO2,
particulates,
ozone, CO and
Pb
Infant mortality
Rate
Incidence of
environmentally
related diseases
-4-
C.
Responses to
impacts events
(response)
Environmental
protection
expenditure as
% of GDP
Environmental
taxes and
subsidies as %
of government
revenue
D.
Inventories,
stocks,
background
conditions events
(part of state)
Produced
capital stock
Population
living in
absolute poverty
Adult literacy
rate
Combined
primary and
secondary
school
enrollment
ratio
Life expectancy
at birth
Females per
100 males in
secondary
school
AIR/CLIMATE
LAND/SOIL
WATER
Fresh water
resources
Marine water
resources
Emissions of
CO2, SO2 and
NOx
Consumption
of ozone
depleting
substances
Land use
change
Livestock per
km2
of arid and
semi-arid lands
Use of
fertilizers
Use of
agricultural
pesticides
Industrial,
agricultural and
municipal
discharges
directly into
freshwater
bodies
Annual
withdrawals of
ground and
surface water
Domestic
consumption
of water per
capita
Industrial,
agricultural
water use per
GDP
Industrial,
agricultural and
municipal
discharges
directly into
marine water
bodies
Ambient
concentrations
of CO, SO2, NOx
O3 and TSP in
urban areas
Air quality index
Area affected
by soil erosion
Land affected by
desertification
Area affected by
Stalinization and
water logging
Concentration of lead,
cadmium, mercury
and pesticides in
fresh water bodies
Acidification of
fresh water
bodies
BOD and COD
in fresh water
bodies
Expenditure on
air pollution
abatement
Reduction in
consumption
of substances
and emissions
Protected
area as % of
total land
area
Weather and
climate
conditions
Arable land
per capita
Waste water
treatment,
total and by
type of
treatment
(% of
population
served)
Access to
safe drinking
water (% of
population served)
Groundwater
reserves
Reforestation rate
Forest Inventory
Water quality
index by fresh
water bodies
Deviation in
stock from
maximum
sustainable yield
of marine
species
Loading of N and
P in coastal
waters
OTHER NATURAL
RESOURCES
Biological resources
Annual round
wood production
Fuel wood
consumption per
capita
Deforestation rate
Threatened, extinct
species
Catches of marine
species
Mineral (including
energy) resources
Annual energy
consumption per
capita
Protected forest
area as % of total
land area
Ecosystems
inventory
Fauna and flora
inventory
Fish stocks
Depletion of mineral
resources (% of
proven reserves)
-5-
Proven mineral
reserves
WASTE
HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
NATURAL
DISASTERS
Extraction of other
mineral resources
Lifetime of proven
reserves
Municipal
waste disposal
Generation of
hazardous
waste
Imports and
exports of
hazardous
wastes
Rate of
growth of
urban
population
% of
population in
urban areas
Motor vehicles
in use per
1000
habitants
Frequency of
natural
disasters
Area of land
contaminated by
toxic waste
Expenditure on
waste
collection and
treatment
Waste
recycling
Area and
population in
marginal
settlements
Shelter index
% of
population
with sanitary
services
Expenditure on
low-cost
housing
Stock of
shelter and
infrastructure
Cost and
number of
injuries and
fatalities
related to
natural
disasters
Expenditure on
disaster
prevention and
mitigation
Human
settlements
vulnerable to
natural
disasters
Proven energy
reserves
The above FDES helps in the development, coordination and organization of environment statistics.
FDES is generally utilized for reviewing environment problems, identifying variables for statistical
descriptions of the quantifiable aspects of environment issues, assessing data requirements, sources and
availability and structuring databases on environmental aspects. Censuses, surveys, the use of
administrative records and monitoring networks are the methods of data collection for environmental
subject areas.
Policy makers, administrators and development workers are not only users of environment statistics.
Further the demand for data environmental aspects arises from business, industry, scientific research
institutes, the mass communication media, and the general public and international organizations.
International organizations, in particular, require comparable data to assess global environmental issues.
-6-
In early seventies, priorities were given to address soil erosion, flood and landslides and conserve forest
resources in the policies, strategies and programs of the periodic plans. In early eighties, emphasis was
given on the policy of reducing water pollution generated by industries and urban areas. At the same
time, efforts were made to manage resources through peoples participation. Remarkable achievements
were gained in community forestry but problems began to emerge in urban areas and industrial estates
particularly of pollution of solid waste, air, water and noise. On the other hand, rural areas continue to
suffer from soil erosion, flood, landslides and reduction in the sources of water. Nevertheless, various
initiatives were taken by the government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and private sector to
address these problems. The government formulated policies and enacted Acts and regulations such as
Environment Protection Act, 1996, Environment Protection Rules, 1997
Substances Consumption Rules, 2001 etc. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of development works
was institutionalized and standards related to the industrial effluents air quality were implemented. But,
the outcome of these efforts was not achieved satisfactorily.
Nepal has been facing two types of environmental challenges, problems generated by the pressure on
natural resources and air as well as water pollution, and the problems generated by climate change for
which the country is not responsible but has to face it and it could even be dangerous in future. The
Three Year Interim Plan (TYP) of Nepal (20010/11 - 2012/13) has mentioned the major problems of
environment management such as monitoring system being not effective regarding the implementation of
approved standard including as mentioned in the report on EIA, institutional capacity not strengthened as
expected, coordination mechanism not strengthened amongst the inter ministries, and environment
related policies and programs not adaptable with sectoral policies and programs.
Accordingly, TYP aims to help economic development by reducing the pressure on the environment
through the implementation of the international agreement and conventions. Based on the vision and the
objectives and strategies, TYP 2012 has mentioned the following major policies and working policies to
be adopted in the environment management.
x
To formulate and update existing as well as required laws related to environment conservation
Ministry of Environment will coordinate for the activities on climate change and environment
conservation
To ascertain the responsibility by identifying the role of concerned agencies of the concerned
agencies for implementing the national adaptation programme
To develop partnership among the donor agencies, non government organizations, community
organizations, private and other stakeholder agencies
To prioritize the basic infrastructure development compliance with environment friendly and
climate change adaptation
-7-
To promote carbon trade as per Kyoto Protocol by implementing the treaties and general treaties
as undersigned by Nepal Government
To implement the activities related with hazardous waste and other wastes management
To develop and implement special programs to reduce various kinds of environment pollutions
To prepare action plan by studying the pollutions generated in the rivers flowing in urban areas
To manage the reduction of increased pollutions due to the use of high technologies
To formulate and implement plans and programs by developing the pre information system in the
locations of, glacial lakes and glacial rivers, and rivers having risks of flashflood
To make reliable weather forecasting system by upgrading the hydrological and meteorological
systems
To allocate a fixed proportion of income generated by the natural resources to be spent for the
expenditure in the environmental research and development as well as environment conservation
To attempt to establish International Research Center for the study of climate change
-8-
Environmental sustainability is not being addressed adequately, and will require much more effort and
resources to achieve targets. Environment sustainability is directly related with the peoples livelihoods
and economic development. Nepal is highly vulnerable to the risks of climate change, although its
contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions is very low and negligible role in global warming.
Community based initiatives are essential for effective conservation and sustainable use of forests and
biodiversity and for biodiversity loss. As the climate change became an international issue, environmental
protection and conservation has gained more attention in Nepal. Government of Nepal has given
importance to poverty alleviation, food security and climate change by creating the employment
opportunities through its three years periodic plans/programs. After climate change became an
international priority,
Monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programs are keys to the successful implementation of the
plan. However, proper monitoring and evaluation has been difficult due to data and information gaps.
The development of Environment Statistics is still at infancy stage in Nepal. It is a new area in the
Statistical System of Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) first published a compendium on
Environment Statistics in 1994 which provided valuable insights into the importance and usefulness of the
subject matter. A Compendium on Environment Statistics 1998 Nepal was brought as second publication
with an attempt to analyze available data on various aspect of the environment of Nepal. However,
database on the environment was limited. Therefore, CBS continued attempts to bring out the
environment related statistics by compiling and publishing its publication Environment Statistics of Nepal,
2001 in the form of environment database of Nepal. The present issue of Environment Statistics of
Nepal, 2011 is the seventh in the series.
The present issue has been organized with data on various aspects of the Nepalese environment as
follows:
Chapter I outlines introductory remarks on environmental statistics and policy focus.
Chapter II of the book contains statistical tables related to economic issues. Macro-economic indicators
are presented in tables particularly, GDP by industrial sectors, GDP growth rates, production and
consumption patterns. Also, estimates of agricultural production and manufacturing sectors are provided.
-9-
The data presented in this chapter are based on crop cutting surveys, survey of manufacturing
establishment and the data compiled for National Accounting purposes.
Chapter III contains a social and demographic aspect which includes population data provided by
National Population Censuses of Nepal and Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHSs). Education
data was provided by Ministry of Education. Poverty data is based on Nepal Living Standards Survey
(NLSS). Data on calorie intake and malnutrition are based mainly on Small Area Estimation (SAE)
conducted by CBS.
Chapter IV presents data on air and climate based on the data obtained from the Department of
Hydrology and Meteorology. Data on temperature, rainfall, wind speed and sunshine duration are
collected from stations located in various districts of the country.
Chapter V deals mainly on land and soil data, land use, livestock in arid and semi arid land, use of
fertilizer and pesticides. Major sources of data are National Sample Censuses of Agriculture conducted
by CBS, Land Resource and Mapping Project (LRMP), Department of Forest, Department of Forest
Research and Survey, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). Information provided by
specific surveys and secondary sources are also included.
Chapter VI deals on water. Data on supply of drinking water provided by various agencies, quality of
water, standards set for water use for various purposes are presented in this chapter. Major sources of
data were Department of Irrigation, Department of Water Supply and Sewage (DWSS), Nepal Water
Supply and Corporation (NWSC) and Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS).
Chapter VII contains data on other natural resources, extraction of mineral resources, forestry etc.
Chapter VIII contains data on waste disposal and hazardous waste management.
Chapter IX covers human settlement and data included in the chapter are mainly urban population,
housing status, vehicles in use etc. Major sources of information are CBS and Department of Transport
Management, Department of Road.
Chapter X contains information on natural disasters provided by Department of Water Induced Disaster
Prevention
Appendices include a list of Policies Acts and Rules, Conventions related to environment management,
Agenda 21, major divisions/sections of International Classifications such has ISIC, CPC, COFOG,
COICOP, COPNI, COPP, CEPA, SEEA Asset classification and MDGs.
- 10 -
Chapter II
Economic Issues
298
33.24
19.20
R = Revised, P = Preliminary
73.70
4.56
22.56
11.66
26.91
88.34
260
259
76.25
3.95
19.56
28.49
17.74
24.20
9.49
90.51
292
254
255
-2.50
-2.55
21430
21979
18657
-2.08
18675
1.30
22265
1.25
19384
1.77
19410
2001/02
19146
19072
21979
19146
19072
2000/01
Description
77.83
2.36
19.92
28.55
15.70
23.77
8.56
91.44
301
261
261
2.08
21876
1.63
18962
1.66
18984
5.23
23430
4.77
20309
4.78
20337
2002/03
- 13 -
73.97
2.72
20.34
29.46
16.68
27.25
11.75
88.25
339
292
293
2.76
22479
2.32
19401
2.38
19436
6.92
25051
6.46
21620
6.64
21689
2003/04
71.05
1.96
19.94
29.48
14.58
28.41
11.56
88.44
383
329
328
2.65
23076
2.07
19802
1.20
19670
8.65
27218
8.03
23357
7.40
23292
2004/05
72.32
2.17
20.72
31.32
13.45
29.03
8.98
91.02
420
352
350
4.22
24050
1.94
20186
1.09
19884
11.49
30346
9.05
25471
8.53
25279
2005/06
70.49
-0.12
21.07
31.72
12.86
28.56
9.82
90.18
487
414
410
5.42
25354
6.85
21569
6.26
21129
13.10
34323
14.64
29200
14.34
28905
2006/07
65.02
2.90
21.88
33.26
12.78
33.22
9.83
90.17
606
496
491
8.77
27577
4.63
22567
4.64
22110
14.84
39417
10.47
32257
10.52
31946
2007/08
76.88
4.19
21.35
34.66
12.42
35.87
9.43
90.57
628
502
497
5.57
29114
3.25
23301
3.09
22793
22.44
48262
19.74
38626
19.49
38172
2008/09
74.54
-2.36
22.19
36.37
9.58
35.96
11.52
88.48
759
615
610
2.53
29850
3.73
24170
3.37
23561
17.24
56583
18.62
45817
19.12
45469
2009/10
72.27
-0.87
21.23
32.80
8.90
31.65
8.62
91.38
876
716
712
0.78
30081
1.72
24585
2.45
24138
11.86
63292
12.90
51727
13.14
51444
2010/11R
78.57
3.88
19.62
32.57
9.78
36.65
9.98
90.02
931
742
735
5.93
31864
3.29
25393
3.19
24908
15.53
73123
12.66
58274
12.21
57726
2011/12P
(Rs.in millions)
Financial intermediation
Education
441,519
28090
413,428
12026
425,454
12896
4178
17372
5288
35267
11455
31425
8459
69928
25585
7750
38409
1817
1844
153781
2000/01
R = Revised, P = Preliminary
Note : NSIC Division P & Q are included in the Division O.
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.
Subsidies on Products
Taxes on Products
Construction
Manufacturing
Fishing
Industrial Classification
NSIC
459,443
29046
430,396
13655
444,052
11808
4626
20823
7237
36525
12202
34959
7143
64778
28838
9138
37736
2149
2165
163925
2001/02
492,231
31906
460,325
13221
473,545
12436
5408
24582
8070
38251
12861
39362
7540
68695
30955
11447
38826
2310
2168
170634
2002/03
- 14 -
536,749
36050
500,699
17294
517,994
14140
5825
26313
8019
39991
13728
46283
8942
79219
33254
11974
41673
2507
2504
183621
2003/04
Table 2.2: Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at current prices)
589,412
339
41266
40927
548,485
18094
566,579
15262
7017
31671
9548
49242
17342
51336
8895
79839
36644
12782
44885
2748
2682
196686
2004/05
654,084
42966
611,118
19212
630,330
16840
7842
34996
10967
60042
21979
61250
9398
90214
40952
13172
47840
3134
3113
208591
2005/06
727,827
51968
675,859
21505
697,364
21774
8568
40939
12227
70791
28467
69555
10043
92648
45099
14841
52172
3417
3287
223536
2006/07
815,658
60401
755,257
24185
779,442
26500
10963
48722
14352
73636
33539
76818
11503
105306
54134
15219
57185
4375
3868
243323
2007/08
988,272
652
79396
78744
909,528
29362
938,890
34089
13744
62642
18556
81625
39100
92618
13943
124121
63741
14629
65447
5084
4076
305477
2008/09
1,193,679
905
110264
109358
1,083,415
35156
1,118,571
41423
15382
61384
21695
93747
46083
95304
17347
161067
77289
15244
70924
5926
4236
391519
2009/10
1,369,430
1010
123007
121997
1,246,423
42094
1,288,517
49412
16469
62631
24819
106236
55431
102724
21866
182465
89356
15288
79489
6956
4524
470850
2010/11R
1,558,174
1149
139958
138809
1,418,216
50401
1,468,617
58102
22712
80840
31087
119991
68403
122406
26164
209095
98772
16565
90547
8166
5007
510760
2011/12P
(Rs. millions)
Industrial Classification
Agriculture and forestry
Fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity gas and water
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications
Financial intermediation
Real estate, renting and business activities
Public administration and defence
Education
Health and social work
Other community, social and personal
service activities
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Non-Agriculture
Total GVA including FISIM
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly
Measured (FISIM)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic
prices
Taxes less subsidies on products
13308
414,092
27957
12026
413,428
28090
442,049
160421
266979
427,400
155625
269830
425,454
441,518
11785
2001/02
158417
2005
1977
36364
8631
27225
61837
6917
34055
11892
33543
7237
21030
4487
12896
2000/01
153781
1844
1817
38409
7750
25585
69928
8459
31425
11455
35267
5288
17372
4178
R = Revised, P = Preliminary
Note : NSIC Division P & Q are included in the Division O.
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.
NSIC
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
- 15 -
459,488
29789
429,699
12428
165761
276366
442,127
12303
2002/03
163676
2085
2040
36380
10274
27798
63233
7056
35825
12090
32212
8070
23913
5171
(Rs. millions)
13483
13933
16643
18204
20520
22966
17180
19105
21476
23043
23725
24327
34574
34051
38388
42257
47455
52770
481,004 497,739 514,486 532,038 564,517 590,107 618,529
32350
16172
13955
642,553
55217
587,335
25069
214777
397628
612,405
24806
672,326
58205
614,121
25841
225357
414606
639,963
27062
Table 2.3: Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at constant 2000/01 prices)
110.45
6.53
10.59
74.99
6.36
108.16
4.33
8.43
81.80
4.82
11.97
3428
2103
123
4
15
1183
2175
237
447
1490
5
0.07
0.74
0.15
0.03
3202
1972
120
4
15
1091
2029
229
456
1343
4
0.05
0.68
0.139
0.02
8.78
1999/00
6985
4030
1445
1184
295
31
1998/99
6465
3710
1346
1086
291
32
14.23
124.27
6.08
13.06
84.37
6.53
3678
2212
132
4
16
1314
2383
243
487
1653
6
0.09
0.46
0.16
0.03
2000/01
7172
4216
1484
1158
283
30
16.03
132.38
6.18
15.17
87.91
7.08
3876
2248
135
4
16
1473
2463
250
474
1738
7
0.14
0.15
0.53
0.03
2001/02
7248
4165
1511
1258
283
31
22.67
201.06
5.68
21.59
140.06
10.87
4020
2343
125
3
17
1531
2585
257
519
1800
8
0.19
0.06
0.53
0.03
2002/03
7361
4133
1569
1344
283
32
28.28
219.86
5.98
23.03
150.59
11.97
4102
2305
133
3
17
1643
2679
265
511
1890
12
0.22
0.01
0.58
0.03
2003/04
7745
4456
1590
1387
283
28
- 16 -
Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division).
Garlic
Agricultural
Commodities
Food grains
Paddy
Maize
Wheat
Millet (Kodo)
Barley
Buckwheat
Cash Crops
Sugarcane
Oilseeds
Tobacco
Jute
Potato
Other Crops
Pulses
Fruits
Vegetables
Tea
Coffee
Cotton
Honey
Cocoon
Mushroom
Spice Crops
Cardamom
Turmeric
Ginger
Chilies
28.61
223.26
6.07
23.23
152.7
12.62
4276
2376
142
3
16
1739
2903
271
553
2065
13
0.25
0.01
0.6
0.03
2004/05
7767
4290
1716
1442
290
29
28.72
226.91
6.65
23.57
154.20
13.78
4597
2463
139
3
17
1975
2992
267
535
2190
13
0.30
0.06
0.65
0.03
2005/06
7656
4209
1734
1394
291
28
30.31
238.64
6.79
25.4
160.58
15.57
4698
2600
136
3
17
1943
3164
274
575
2299
15
0.46
0.05
0.65
0.03
2006/07
7329
3681
1820
1515
285
28
243.1
7.1
25
161
19
31
3457
270
631
2539
16
0.28
0.07
1
0.03
4694
2485
134
3
17
2055
2007/08
8069
4299
1879
1572
291
28
5183
2495
155
2
13
2518
3993
262
707
3004
17
0.31
0.11
1
0.03
1.1
321.23
5.23
38
211
28
39
2354
135
2
18
2424
3713
255
686
2754
16
0.27
0.06
0.85
0.02
1
276
7
32
179
24
34
4023
1855
1557
300
28
4524
1931
1344
293
23
4933
2009/10
7763
2008/09
8115
44
2932
175
2
13
2597
4212
266
725
3201
17
0.40
0.11
1.2
NA
1.3
357.21
5.21
41
240
27
4460
2067
1746
303
30
8.8
5719
2010/11
8615
(000 kg)
(000 mt)
Fish Production
27
32
35
37
40
- 17 -
Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division.
33
42
45
No (000)
(000 mt)
Unit
(000 mt)
Products
Milk Production
Cow Milk
Buff Milk
Meat Production
Buffalo
Mutton (Sheep)
Goat
Pig
Chicken
Duck
Egg Production
Hen Egg
Duck Egg
Wool Production
47
2006/07
1352
293
959
227
147
3
45
16
16
0.2
614848
600966
13882
588
48
2007/08
1389
401
988
234
151
2
46
16
16
0.2
631253
617455
13798
585
48
2008/09
1445
414
1032
242
157
3
48
17
17
0.2
629940
616312
13628
584
50
2009/10
1496
429
1067
249
162
3
50
17
17
0.2
643203
629793
13410
580
52
2010/11
1557
442
1115
277
168
3
52
18
36*
0.2
704000
690628
13490
587
1.91
1.91
9.35
7.79
1.39
0.16
6.45
0.94
1.07
1.82
0.73
1.17
0.72
152
153
154
109.55
104.11
112.03
120.37
97.79
IQRT
2009/10
100.00
100.00
6.66
6.66
6.31
1.50
4.81
4.17
2.91
1.26
1.17
1.17
0.53
0.53
0.67
0.67
Manufacture of textiles
2621 Yarn
2669 Clothes
160
171
172
181
191
201
87.13
91.64
76.69
119.68
115.76
135.10
106.48
116.88
101.94
81.15
154.61
96.99
113.43
119.86
105.38
104.23
112.35
101.17
90.78
75.29
95.61
95.98
95.98
112.35 101.67
112.35 101.67
161.85 156.12
161.85 156.12
95.93
95.93
79.80 96.88
83.07 100.79
72.23 87.86
100.89
71.96
109.91
101.15 104.86
101.15 104.86
113.23
101.21
120.69
117.37
85.31
103.16
71.87
55.53
107.34
106.79
100.01
85.46
82.63
98.98
105.58
106.07 110.56
106.07 110.56
98.74
98.74
143.05
143.05
166.30
166.30
93.35
99.44
79.29
87.10
70.67
92.22
102.08
102.08
151.71
126.25
182.38
143.82
80.56
104.91
87.71
0.00
109.93
122.63
143.64
90.58
86.80
109.90
106.29
115.92
115.92
116.71
120.32
115.29
109.42
106.29 105.22
109.52
109.52
155.65
155.65
115.24
115.24
89.29
93.74
79.02
93.88
74.59
99.90
101.78
101.78
124.12
108.49
151.63
109.56
104.02
103.28
83.85
105.07
102.85
113.19
118.59
91.95
89.37
104.82
105.88
109.87
109.87
98.08
91.82
107.85
106.97
102.60
IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
2009/10 2009/10 2009/10
80.93 85.12
68.03 74.81
106.58 97.52
96.42 101.66
97.27
IIQrt
2009/10
- 18 -
100.00 125.31
100.00 125.31
100.00 161.57
100.00 161.57
100.00 102.76
100.00 102.76
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00 96.76
100.00 80.44
100.00 101.85
99.02
99.02
100.00 111.85
100.00 90.72
100.00 168.36
100.00 70.56
6.71
2.21
2.38
2.13
Manufacture of beverages
2412 Liquor rectified
2423 Beer
2449 Soft drink
100.00 74.05
100.00 103.21
100.00 94.67
100.00
0.00
100.00 97.14
100.00 109.91
100.00 110.84
100.00 86.39
100.00 83.80
100.00 98.08
100.00 110.46
100.00 106.91
100.00 106.91
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Base year
2008/09
155
2342
2341
2353
2665
2372
2391
9.62
5.72
1.32
2.57
100.00
Weight *
151
Description
CPC
ISIC
85.68
85.68
97.75
97.75
136.64
136.64
94.52
86.83
112.29
82.07
67.52
86.60
116.44
116.44
122.83
124.50
129.28
113.88
73.62
105.32
132.17
0.00
76.78
104.06
78.67
96.99
93.30
113.16
135.82
108.18
108.18
112.89
100.98
115.44
138.09
106.75
IQrt
2010/11
80.36
80.36
128.93
70.62
123.73
207.54
96.89
111.81
74.42
93.31
93.31
63.41
52.45
88.71
54.22
37.80
59.34
52.54
52.54
48.43
48.43
103.36 103.41
103.36 103.41
143.10
143.10
80.87
47.60
157.70
86.70
64.42
93.64
121.75 123.63
121.75 123.63
96.75 134.35
146.43 120.82
85.94 183.98
57.27 92.85
86.44
105.65
128.42
26.59
128.95
109.91
69.05
101.74 91.85
105.93 89.75
71.82 103.85
156.65 89.88
139.43
139.43
48.00
48.00
98.96
98.96
93.91
93.91
98.09
78.39
143.59
60.36
54.14
62.30
138.47
138.47
189.43
140.00
212.32
215.13
76.03
96.67
128.14
0.00
99.99
116.25
74.15
105.72
100.71
133.47
108.95
104.69
104.69
89.44
57.18
115.90
147.61
100.79 106.89
105.03 71.86
87.83 40.99
80.22 84.75
156.11 133.93
103.60
58.66
58.66
100.87
100.87
116.74
116.74
92.90
78.76
125.57
70.84
55.97
75.47
125.08
125.08
135.84
132.94
152.88
119.78
107.77
94.57
128.12
117.06
100.65
110.50
74.07
99.08
97.42
105.57
122.83
108.17
108.17
94.81
71.74
99.08
143.94
105.42
49.44
49.44
97.12
97.12
92.18
92.18
144.55
130.99
175.86
68.80
58.62
71.98
114.72
114.72
120.75
115.08
135.28
110.39
82.59
93.83
127.27
0.00
103.24
145.89
86.47
108.76
106.67
117.57
133.28
103.20
103.20
99.40
68.78
111.19
161.47
49.44
49.44
97.12
97.12
79.86
79.86
133.14
114.64
175.86
67.72
54.09
71.98
115.12
115.12
169.85
155.71
238.95
107.20
115.90
76.15
127.27
126.50
106.69
164.10
55.08
109.13
106.67
119.77
136.09
94.12
94.12
94.07
59.83
111.19
161.47
102.57 107.99
IIQrt
IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
I Qrt
II Qrt
2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2011/12P 2011/12 P
273
0.56
0.56
361
86.63
86.63
85.15
83.15
85.72
104.42
106.10
106.52
102.84
122.64
168.49
119.18
20.56
205.53
84.65
87.74
82.91
100.29
100.29
95.48
95.48
102.99 100.93
102.99 100.93
93.56 111.37
93.56 111.37
95.32
107.38
88.51
101.90 117.55
116.64 113.56
88.67 121.13
108.50
93.83
118.59
38.28
200.15
102.97 106.13
102.97 106.13
100.70
101.10
100.55
100.69
113.49 108.78
113.49 108.78
99.76
99.76
93.11
70.32
99.65
94.78
94.78
102.08
102.08
100.25
100.25
90.96
94.68
88.86
99.06
98.66
99.43
108.92
90.22
120.14
53.38
159.85
104.08
104.08
104.54
110.09
95.68
108.00
116.25
116.25
157.91
157.91
100.30
50.28
114.67
116.80
116.80
99.98
99.98
102.84
102.84
101.91
101.91
89.04
97.48
84.28
107.78
110.96
104.93
104.48
88.13
114.69
43.64
176.65
101.71
101.71
100.89
105.28
100.06
100.24
111.30
111.30
105.56
105.56
94.97
75.69
100.51
112.61
112.61
IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
2009/10 2009/10 2009/10
119.42 105.43
119.42 105.43
IIQrt
2009/10
- 19 -
100.00 109.37
100.00 109.37
100.00 105.35
100.00 105.35
100.00 102.48
100.00 102.48
100.00 85.23
100.00 100.12
100.00 76.84
100.00 112.63
100.00 114.98
100.00 110.51
1.74
1.74
7.17
7.17
0.86
0.31
0.55
11.71
5.54
6.17
313
271
100.00 77.85
100.00
0.00
100.00 100.86
100.00 62.33
100.00 141.07
3735
3744
3769
3756
7.92
1.62
5.28
0.76
0.26
269
93.66
93.66
100.00
100.00
5.74
5.74
252
100.00 93.91
100.00 103.84
100.00 97.49
100.00 89.44
5.35
0.75
1.63
2.97
100.00 106.69
100.00 106.69
1.19
1.19
242
100.00
100.00
1.04
1.04
232
77.95
77.95
100.00 101.32
100.00 99.02
100.00 101.98
2.57
0.57
2.00
IQRT
2009/10
100.00 108.81
100.00 108.81
Base year
2008/09
210
Weight *
0.60
0.60
Description
CPC
202
ISIC
99.98
99.98
142.69
142.69
102.25
102.25
106.41
60.57
132.25
125.92
131.20
121.18
125.93
0.00
176.45
38.25
141.07
102.17
102.17
113.29
138.14
110.55
108.52
84.63
84.63
69.44
69.44
69.17
62.03
71.22
125.63
125.63
IQrt
2010/11
(contd..)
83.70
74.02
86.47
138.02
171.42
137.49
47.38
205.53
83.43
83.43
112.68
150.51
114.27
102.25
107.70 105.07
107.70 105.07
135.70 119.54
135.70 119.54
114.57 112.97
114.57 112.97
103.80 121.67
64.34 103.24
126.03 132.05
112.70 108.26
98.21 104.13
125.71 111.98
132.95
51.78
170.82
19.88
200.15
101.12
101.12
98.74
123.24
114.25
84.04
100.82 124.64
100.82 124.64
145.43 112.28
145.43 112.28
78.48
55.63
85.04
129.21 107.84
129.21 107.84
104.71
104.71
155.29
155.29
112.97
112.97
130.18
109.42
141.88
99.24
108.31
91.09
137.62
86.71
161.87
56.65
199.09
89.71
89.71
117.89
187.82
114.29
102.21
115.93
115.93
119.13
119.13
77.84
84.17
76.02
102.51
102.51
104.37
104.37
138.31
138.31
110.69
110.69
115.51
84.39
133.05
111.53
110.46
112.49
133.63
77.48
161.66
40.54
186.46
94.10
94.10
110.65
149.93
113.34
99.26
106.51
106.51
111.57
111.57
77.30
68.96
79.69
116.30
116.30
106.72
106.72
155.29
155.29
119.87
119.87
124.82
93.38
142.55
110.81
119.60
102.91
103.59
0.00
138.78
76.10
114.87
81.80
81.80
115.60
195.86
114.30
96.05
68.40
68.40
80.29
80.29
81.51
73.75
83.74
116.99
116.99
106.72
106.72
155.29
155.29
123.61
123.61
135.91
93.38
159.88
111.69
119.60
104.58
103.52
63.96
115.81
98.60
114.87
92.79
92.79
110.24
157.62
114.30
96.05
89.51
89.51
80.29
80.29
83.60
72.90
86.68
116.99
116.99
IIQrt
IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
I Qrt
II Qrt
2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2011/12P 2011/12 P
Unit
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2304
NA
NA
13736
12181
14785
13117
14208
14135
8950
2. Limestone
(Chemical grade)
mt
19360
15587
24354
13025
388109
263701
402130
822.42
701950
582999
3. Magnesite
mt
1640
1. Clay
4. Kynite
i. I. Q.
mt
9.36
3.79
10.35
26.82
20.7
16.39
14.85
10.39
ii. G. Q.
kg.
1004
420
1115
2880
2300
1810
1610
650
5. Quartz crystal
i. I. Q.
mt
94
123
172
177
121.5
109.2
94.9
90.05
77.8
NA
ii. G. Q.
kg
2830
430
1720
1765
1215
NA
NA
905
930
NA
6. Salt
mt
1.53
3.5
2.45
NA
2.45
NA
NA
7. Talc
mt
5852
3923
2621
6905
3435
5832
6648
NA
NA
NA
8. Tourmaline (I.Q.)
mt
NA
NA
6.6
4.9
3.5
11848
10459
9259
11963
16374
13845
14819
NA
58
30
98
60
NA
9.05
13
NA
9. Coal
mt
17530
10. Lignite
mt
52
11.Mica
mt
12. Limestone
(Cement grade)
mt
6589
9612
244586
237810
356218
269379
388109
263701
402130
13. Marble
i. Aggregates
39400
41211
42320
40936
40368
48157
44954
NA
NA
8062
ii. Chips
mt
654.82
6065
537
395
481
436
384
945
441
1047
iii. Crazy
Sq. m.
1530
1333
2279
681
728
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
iv. Slab
Sq. m
79700
54834
46156
46197
56014
2358
2811
Unit
Herbal
kg
Timber
ft
Fuel wood
Chatta
Lauth Salla
kg
3
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
NA
NA
4575579
4575579
3380857
NA
2171522
890189
973043
926310
924843
1271515
NA
1225713
1160.32
829.87
NA
NA
1713
NA
1351.97
NA
NA
7535
7535
13353
NA
5000
5112785
500106
16210
16210
587661
32057
258445
Khair
ft
Argeli
kg
NA
NA
13999
13999
20128
26656
6760
Khoto
kg
NA
5803
4091748
4091748
8009249
3276906
3105607
Lokta
kg
NA
NA
109953
109953
70000
64616
13233
kg
NA
NA
NA
NA
41199470
NA
30331799
- 20 -
Food Items
Fine rice
Coarse rice
Beaten rice, flattened rice
Maize
Maize flour
Wheat flour
Millet
Black Gram (Mas)
Lentil (Musuro)
Rahar
Red Gram
Horse Gram (Chana)
Beans
Eggs
Milk
Baby milk/ power milk
Curd/ whey
Ghee
Vegetable oil
Mustard oil
Potatoes
Colocassia
Onions
Cauliflower/ cabbage
Tomatoes
Pointed gourd
Bitter gourd
Bananas
Citrus fruit
Mangoes
Apples
Pineapple
Papaya
Fish
Mutton
Buffalo meat
Chicken
Salt
Sugar
Gur (sakhar)
Sweets (mithai)
1995/96
26.15
217.3
3.47
58.55
40.07
91.77
35.57
1.9
8.17
1.02
0.72
Tea
2003/04
2010/11
26.4
219.35
3.50
59.1
40.45
92.64
35.91
1.92
8.25
1.03
0.73
0.49
30.7
0.01
1.21
1.17
0.22
7.35
28.88
0.49
31.06
0.01
1.22
1.19
0.22
7.42
29.15
5.84
4.06
2.41
5.90
4.10
2.43
3.70
0.85
4.99
0.37
0.10
1.70
1.72
1.64
1.79
1.08
13.31
3.55
0.77
1.91
3.74
0.85
5.04
0.38
0.10
1.71
1.73
1.66
1.81
1.09
13.44
3.58
0.78
1.93
0.25
0.26
Note : Food consumption of the NLSS-II poverty basket is obtained by adjusting the NLSS-I basket for the change in the
demographic composition of an average Nepali household.
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.
- 21 -
39.41
288.64
9.16
31.61
48.13
82.25
17.97
3.47
8.63
1.48
2.53
2.34
2.27
63.43
0.09
34.37
1.49
0.73
12.77
64.07
14.32
16.19
10.73
4.08
4.52
4.21
10.39
7.69
5.12
2.26
0.33
3.29
5.39
3.45
4.71
6.15
13.18
10.22
0.9
0.55
District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavrepalanchowk
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Rasuwa
Nuwakot
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Grand Total
No. of Systems
700
810
217
0
54
4
393
171
1088
941
321
705
1277
3045
43
91
26
35
298
2393
1810
300
207
189
44
0
0
139
328
1253
879
142
150
173
708
694
226
754
494
202
79
153
542
660
384
1481
718
478
7
8
1410
629
3738
2683
1720
1017
367
346
994
3153
1664
247
1225
421
327
265
374
1579
1354
455
877
131
150
1024
1631
53595
2008/09
System Capacity (Wp)
21284
31183
9094
0
1936
100
10801
5675
27224
27349
7499
18677
33747
64408
1119
1790
653
1024
7234
63690
43803
5012
3610
5495
982
0
0
2947
7732
31886
16491
3407
3709
5527
24286
16860
6642
21087
13946
3864
1580
4800
13632
15795
9203
36454
18289
15388
184
180
31316
13894
78480
54885
36432
22229
8484
7461
22095
62280
34503
4918
24192
8611
6589
5059
7196
34497
27491
9166
21148
3519
2806
20643
34258
1249430
No. of Systems
355
476
98
0
67
1
76
82
645
830
156
616
850
1948
17
65
36
216
170
2138
1433
67
153
206
32
0
0
23
244
780
891
62
241
102
322
298
289
1044
182
87
2
27
363
415
376
773
536
383
6
13
654
382
3149
2309
1307
451
491
87
1036
1478
906
55
322
178
282
32
254
983
703
374
512
103
169
601
722
35732
- 22 -
2009/10
System Capacity (Wp)
10770
17232
4175
0
2039
40
2090
3011
15329
22533
3276
14513
20548
42869
391
1281
587
5920
5220
53740
33632
1134
3064
6204
927
0
0
499
5412
18784
19945
1453
5512
3475
9655
6487
6659
29271
4860
1982
40
699
9770
9235
8673
19163
13259
11954
120
320
15913
8079
65274
48317
26266
10407
12540
1868
22207
29819
18887
1177
6422
3628
5654
670
5501
21216
14412
7812
11490
2673
3943
12763
14805
829495
No. of Systems
613
846
147
25
106
2
91
93
713
822
517
1162
1132
2065
94
64
84
63
332
3485
1848
165
172
352
115
0
0
22
91
1290
1423
105
173
137
377
600
269
1251
145
76
0
22
323
156
204
953
701
669
2
44
733
383
3681
3272
3070
1302
559
99
1655
2952
2147
32
725
814
643
104
479
1835
1433
813
1154
87
420
956
1121
54610
2010/11
System Capacity (Wp)
16705
32511
6393
1065
3270
40
2372
3388
16526
23057
12352
26630
24645
46499
2346
1441
1891
2230
9182
89419
44890
2852
3172
10278
2560
0
0
392
2291
31637
28793
2916
4136
4461
11309
12697
6231
32964
3558
1665
0
704
8298
3493
4624
22439
16343
18570
63
976
16653
8228
74439
66407
60680
25324
12587
1939
36336
59663
44284
651
14486
16354
12876
2101
9708
38139
29169
16632
25000
2220
8816
19716
22830
1229512
Primary Production
10.95
17.53
16.59
9.61
11.85
10.46
9.29
11.96
19.58
14.02
Import
104.22
400.62
279.84
248.39
215.91
279.84
247.88
400.62
239.48
314.12
Total
115.17
418.15
296.43
258.00
227.76
290.30
257.17
412.58
259.06
328.14
Change in %
14.82
293.76
308.58
-5.96
2008/09
263.07
-29.11
-12.96
-11.72
27.46
-11.41
60.43
-37.21
26.67
Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (Energy Sector Synopsis Report,2010)
Year
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
Petrol (kl)
59245
63271
67457
67586
75989
80989
101911
101624
128372
2009/10
187640
High Speed
Diesel(kl)
Kerosene Oil
(kl)
Llight Diesel
Oil (kl)
Furnace
Oil (kl)
Aircraft
Turbine
Oil (kl)
L.P. Gas
(mt)
326060
286233
299973
299730
315368
294329
306687
303212
489219
316381
386593
348683
310826
239328
226637
197849
152168
77799
3418
2413
610
577
100
290
180
308
380
20999
18255
14502
12653
2639
3695
4557
2940
2188
63130
47453
52839
64041
66825
64335
63777
68534
74306
40102
48757
56079
66142
77594
81005
93562
96837
115813
655127
49494
226
1414
101314
159286
- 23 -
8149.11
Total
8292.78
2002/03
7512.13
280.83
298.04
122.66
67.76
11.36
8489.49
2003/04
7654.50
321.80
308.11
124.73
67.84
12.51
8615.49
2004/05
7778.20
299.41
325.99
125.17
72.37
14.35
Fuel type
2001/02
2002/03
Fuel wood
6315.03
6451.17
312.67
Agri. residue
305.61
Traditional
Animal dung
466.92
476.73
Total
7087.56
7240.57
Coal
152.06
134.24
Electricity
118.86
127.48
LPG
56.33
64.79
Kerosene
328.89
296.59
Gasoline
49.72
53.00
Commercial
High speed Diesel
254.72
266.95
Light diesel oil
2.21
0.56
Fuel oil
13.56
12.99
Air turbine fuel
40.27
44.48
Other Petroleum
12.25
13.80
Total
1028.87
1014.88
Biogas
31.68
35.82
Micro-hydro
0.98
1.11
Renewable
Solar
0.02
0.04
Total
32.68
36.97
Grand Total
8149.11
8292.42
* Statistics of the year 2010/11 only covers the first eight months.
Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
category
2003/04
6590.26
319.91
486.74
7396.91
171.09
140.17
76.41
264.43
53.40
266.74
0.54
9.89
54.35
15.55
1052.57
38.72
1.24
0.05
40.01
8489.49
8840.22
- 24 -
8940.27
2006/07
8103.48
300.11
377.93
72.15
70.64
15.96
Year
2005/06
6861.77
328.63
507.40
7697.80
243.16
163.53
93.58
192.81
63.64
261.93
0.27
0.03
54.60
19.74
1093.29
47.56
1.53
0.07
49.16
8840.25
Year
2005/06
7921.48
395.10
351.51
89.72
67.77
14.64
2004/05
6732.71
327.62
496.96
7557.29
151.55
156.57
89.64
203.15
59.44
279.45
0.08
-0.65
56.71
17.52
1013.46
43.35
1.34
0.06
44.75
8615.50
* Statistics of the year 2010/11 only covers the first 8 months figure.
Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat.
2001/02
7381.58
294.15
282.12
115.46
65.14
10.66
Sector
Residential
Industrial
Transport
Commercial
Agriculture
Others
2006/07
6999.37
337.17
518.05
7854.59
144.49
179.68
108.09
168.32
80.08
272.93
0.16
1.24
54.12
22.24
1031.35
52.13
2.12
0.07
54.32
8940.26
2008/09
7300.67
344.54
540.04
8185.25
181.87
182.29
133.80
59.63
97.57
415.12
0.35
0.00
58.50
9.61
1138.74
60.84
3.19
0.13
64.16
9388.15
9388.15
2008/09
8364.02
312.23
538.58
70.53
85.54
17.25
2007/08
7149.43
336.91
528.93
8015.27
193.40
190.06
111.87
132.05
79.24
269.38
0.28
0.64
58.50
2.92
1038.34
55.94
2.64
0.10
58.68
9112.29
9112.30
2007/08
8239.74
328.21
352.79
114.63
59.14
17.79
6571.46
20010/11*
5806.63
256.94
384.67
51.24
58.47
13.51
2009/10
7458.48
354.57
551.38
8364.43
292.89
219.89
163.09
47.46
127.51
545.08
0.22
0.00
70.12
10.25
1476.51
66.04
3.89
0.15
70.08
9911.02
2010/11*
5067.58
238.85
373.67
5680.10
157.74
147.73
105.76
19.69
75.76
284.39
0.00
0.00
43.97
7.68
842.72
46.08
2.44
0.10
48.62
6571.44
(000 TOE)
9911.03
2009/10
8568.36
437.56
700.09
77.46
108.16
19.40
('000 TOE)
2000/01
231
2001/02
104
Wheat
Maize
Vegetable
Lentil
1656
7
2
15
2601
52
36
27
1680
20
2.3
17
1665.8
19.86
1.48
12.6
1205
2.11
1.19
12.16
2859
10.69
2.77
21.9
11
1.2
5.25
1.59
0.9
0.5
1.93
7.52
4.33
Jute
Mustard
Sesbania
Others
2006/07 200708
661.17 896.64
2882.9
2450.7
0
5.81
7.19
8.38
14.77
26
4.96
3555
0.05
6.7
6.2
2981
0.84
2.2
12.89
1.48
2.75
1.12
1.5
0.5
0
3
1.8
0.82
1.55
2003+
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Cereal crops
Paddy
48
48
49
49
55
44
44
44
48
Maize
Wheat
17
28
15
28
17
29
17
29
19
30
12
17
14
17
16
19
16
20
Barley
Millet
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
Crops Species
1997*
Total
Leguminous
92
102
100
104
104
113
82
84
88
93
17
25
25
28
27
31
22
22
33
33
Vegetables
22
44
44
46
46
44
44
44
46
46
Oil Crops
10
12
12
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
Soybean
Total
Others
Grass crops
Total
6
55
81
81
90
7
96
7
98
7
88
7
88
7
101
7
101
2
2
Industrial/Cash Crops
Jute
Ginger
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Cotton/Fiber Crops
Total
153
190
188
203
209
220
179
93
97
205
Grand Total
- 25 -
Pesticides
Aldrin, Dieldrin
Chlordane
Diazinon
Malathion
Fenithion
Phenthoate
Carbendazim
Oxydemeton methyl
37.05
0.01
4.00
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.50
0.02
Paraquat dichloride
Chlorphyrifos
Chlorfenvinphos
0.025 mg/kg
0.05 mg/kg
0.025 mg/kg
Hydrogen Cyanide
Carbaryl
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
Pesticides
DDT
Dichlorvos
Fenitrothion
Hydrogen Phosphide
Inorganic Bromide
Lindane
Phosphamidon
Carbofuran
Dithiocarbamates
Phorate
Trichlorfon
.02 mg/kg
25 mg/kg
.01 mg/kg
.05 mg/kg
.10 mg/kg
.20 mg/kg
.05 mg/kg
.05mg/ kg
Decmethrin/ Deltamethrin
Monocrothphos
Prethrins
.50mg/kg
.025 mg/kg
Absent
1.5mg/kg
Table 2.18 : Small Scale Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Rural-Urban Area
No. of Establishments
Region
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid western
Far western
Rural-urban
Rural
Urban
Nepal
1991/92
1999/00
Changed Number
2009/10
(1999/00-1991/92)
(2009/10-1999/00)
-2938
-6714
-374
-175
-1144
6076
-17421
-11345
11635
21414
6047
5057
2265
11639
21170
5448
2852
2562
8701
14456
5074
2677
1418
11488
34930
13926
29745
20002
12324
4
-244
-599
-2205
297
0
2438
-5185
46418
43671
32326
-2747
- 26 -
1991/92
Nepal
1996/97
2001/02
2007/08
749
2747
439
17
159
704
2019
519
182
133
825
1496
583
153
156
819
1618
612
190
207
1478
2633
1594
1963
1615
1598
1871
1575
4111
3557
3213
3446
No. of Pond
Area
82
1525
24429
26036
(ha.)
Production
Yield
(kg./ha.)
(kg.)
4
190
7083
7277
2200
100
60000
100
7000
5000
337000
26599000
26941000
3300000
45000
360000
140000
140000
24000
1250
1774
3755
3702
1500
450
6
1400
20
395000
5000
1500
11100
398000
7110000
850000
385000
5990000
7165000
52450000
18
170
257
540
18
2006/07
321.68
4631.31
311.69
3111.99
8376.66
727827
2007/08
339.56
7075.67
314.89
3111.99
10842.11
815658
Years
2008/09
370.03
8803.58
318.13
3435.36
12927.09
988272
1.15
1.33
1.31
R = Revised,
Sources :Central Bureau of Statistics (Environment Statistics and Satellite Account Section,Preliminary Report)
- 27 -
2009/10 2010/11R
388.06
405.17
8765.89 10047.01
321.40
341.43
3602.80
3761.57
13078.15 14555.18
1193679
1369430
1.10
1.06
Chapter III
Social and Demographic Issues
2.62
23.5
34
12
1980/81
21.4
18.1
439
57.5
57.8
57.2
486
58.3
108.8
111.7
54.3
55
53.5
2.08
850
18.9
18.4
19.4
66.8
69.4
97.5
5.6
34.1
10.3
1999/00
34.5
10.7
4.58
21.6
40.0
1998/99
41.2
13.3
5.1
39.8
56.2
23.5
1990/91
0.471
39.6
0.452
39.3
545
60.8
60.8
61
2.25
105.4
65.3
33.6
9.62
52.9
46.1
39.4
53.1
65.6
12.5
54.1
65.5
42.8
49.2
62.7
34.9
2000/01
21.9
19.5
415
20.1
19.7
20.5
511
59.7
91.2
33.1
9.6
4.1
2.1
4.4
64.4
2001/02
519
62.2
61.76
62.5
31.28
9.22
3.7
14.4
38.7
2002/03
- 31 -
83.7
50.6
63.5
38.9
48
64.5
33.8
2003/04
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal in Figures, Nepal living standards survey,2003/04 and 2010/11, Nepal labour force survey, 2008)
Parameter
Socio-economic Indicators
Literacy Rate (6+ )
Male
Female
Adult literacy Rate (15+ )
Male
Female
Labor force participation rate (LFPR)
Male participation (%)
Female participation (%)
Households with assess to improved sources of
drinking piped water (%)
Households with toilet facility (%)
Households with access to electricity (%)
Households with radio facility (%)
Households using firewood for cooking (%)
Households with telephone (%)
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
Demographic Indicators
Crude birth rate ( per 1000 popn)
Crude death rate ( per 1000 popn)
Total fertility rate ( per women)
Urban
Rural
Infant mortality rate ( per 1000 live births)
Urban
Rural
Child mortality rate ( per 1000 live births)
Urban
Rural
Life expectancy at birth (yrs)
Male
Female
Annual population growth rate
Maternal mortality ratio (per 1000 live births)
Median age of population
Male
Female
Acceptors of contraception ( '000 couples)
Currently use contraception % (any methods 1549)
Mean age at marriage
Male
Female
Abortion
Urban
Rural
Other Indicators
HDI (Human development index)
HPI (Human poverty index)
GDI (Gender related index)
GEM (Gender Empowerment Measurement)
0.513
536
62.8
62.3
63.1
30.62
8.96
3.6
2004/05
0.534
0.52
0.351
0.452
0.351
281
63.7
63.3
64.1
61
48
29.2
8.5
7.56
2006/07
0.527
48
63
62.9
63.7
30
8.7
3.5
2.9
48.9
68.6
2005/06
64.1
63.6
64.5
27.7
8.3
83.4
87.5
80.1
2007/08
0.545
0.486
0.423
2008/09
0.428
239
61
48
2009/10
0.558
0.458
7.5
14.7
6.7
49.7
1.4
2.6
1.6
2.8
46
38
55
54
45
64
68.8
24.3
83.7
12.5
83.0
56
69.9
60.9
72.2
51.4
56.5
71.6
44.5
2010/11
- 32 -
1971
11554983
1981
15022839
1991
18491097
2001
23151423
9.9
52.5
37.6
8.7
47.7
43.6
7.8
45.5
46.7
7.29
44.28
48.43
96
4
93
7
91
9
86
14
24
33
21
13
9
100
24
33
21
13
9
100
24
34
20
13
9
100
23
35
20
13
9
100
40
54
6
100
41
53
6
100
42
52
6
100
39
54
7
100
50.34
49.66
101.4
51.22
48.78
105
49.87
50.13
99.5
49.95
50.05
99.8
16.05
13.8
7.24
6.71
5.51
5.63
4.12
40.94
100
15.3
12.74
7.14
6.75
5.64
5.48
4.24
42.71
100
34
12
54
25
65.5
42.8
23.3
39.6
54.1
1971
1981
1991
2001
90
5
3
2.5
86
8
4
2.1
81
11
4
4
58
11.1
7.6
3.6
3.5
3
13.2
50
11.8
7.5
5.4
4.9
3.5
16.9
48.6
12.3
7.5
5.8
5.2
3.6
17
3.81
24.63
62.73
8.83
100
Elementary
91.4
6.3
2.3
81.1
18.6
0.3
65
35
0
0.1
0.9
0.3
1.8
0.7
1.5
92.2
1.1
9.2
81.2
0.6
2.5
1.7
2.03
7.9
65.7
9.3
1.4
8.8
Source: Central Bureau of Statistiques (National Population Censuses 1971,1981,1991 and 2001).
- 33 -
Description
Population ('000)
Average annual population growth rate
Number of households
Average household size
1961
9412
1.64
1738975
1971
11556
2.05
2084062
1981
15023
2.62
2585154
1991
18491
2.08
3328198
2001
23151
2.25
4253220
2011P
26621
1.40
5659984
5.3
5.5
5.8
5.6
5.44
4.70
P= Preliminary
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Monograph of Nepal, Vol. I, 2003; Population Census,2011 Preliminery Report)
Region
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Residence
Urban
Rural
Nepal
1995/96
2003/04
2010/11
1995/96
2003/04
2010/11
38.9
32.5
38.6
59.9
63.9
29.3
27.1
27.1
44.8
41
21.44
21.69
22.25
31.68
45.61
21
26.9
18.7
18.5
14.8
23.4
32.2
16.7
17.7
9.9
19.8
30.8
16.9
16.4
16.0
57
40.7
40.3
32.6
34.5
27.6
42.27
24.32
23.44
10.7
41.9
47.4
7.5
47.1
45.4
11.8
42.8
45.4
21.6
43.3
9.6
34.6
15.46
27.43
3.6
96.4
4.7
95.3
11.7
88.3
41.8
30.8
25.16
100
100
100
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal Living Standard Surveys,1995/96 and 2003/04, 2010/11)
Poverty Gap
Index
Squared
Poverty Gap
Index
Urban
1995/96
2003-04
2010/11
1995/96-2003/04 Change (%)
2003/04-2010/11Change (%)
1995-96
6.54
2.18
3.19
-66.67
46.33
2.65
Rural
12.14
8.5
5.96
-29.98
-29.88
4.83
Nepal
11.75
7.55
5.43
-35.74
-28.08
4.67
2003-04
0.71
3.05
2.7
2010/11
1.01
2.00
1.81
-73.21
-36.85
-42.18
2003/04-2010/11Change (%)
42.25
-34.43
-32.96
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal Living Standard Surveys,1995/96 , 2003/04 and 2010/011).
- 34 -
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Residence
Urban
Rural
Nepal
Nutrition Status
Stunting ( So)<5 age %
Underweight (Uo) <5
age %
Wasting (Wo) <5 age %
Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS
Nepal
Demograph
ic and
Health
Survey
2006
Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS
Nepal
Demograph
ic and
Health
Survey
2006
Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS
Nepal
Demograph
ic and
Health
Survey
2006
Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS
0.364
0.362
0.267
0.418
0.377
0.376
0.399
0.372
0.443
0.499
0.439
0.519
0.498
0.515
0.530
0.476
0.5
0.501
0.539
0.540
0.408
0.516
0.436
0.473
0.543
0.434
0.447
0.434
0.49
0.489
0.079
0.124
0.068
0.073
0.114
0.091
0.108
0.089
0.088
0.088
0.400
0.371
0.330
0.452
0.418
0.374
0.586
0.523
0.465
0.614
0.524
0.473
0.473
0.433
0.504
0.451
0.414
0.484
0.062
0.051
0.134
0.053
0.059
0.133
0.426
0.339
0.416
0.395
0.363
0.506
0.368
0.522
0.331
0.483
0.335
0.467
0.085
0.096
0.078
0.98
0.352
0.398
0.497
0.473
0.452
0.095
0.096
DHS
2001^
57
DHS
2006^
49
41
0.504
NLSSIII
2010/11*
41.5
43
39
29
31.1
11
13
11
13.7
NLSS-II
2003/04
DHS
2011^
Source : * Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal Living Standard Surveys, 2003/04).^ Demographic Health Services
Table 3.7 : Percentage Distribution of Boys and Girls Enrolled in Different levels of Schools
Years
Girls /Boys
Pre -primary
Primary (1-5)
Girls
44.5
44.8
Boys
55.5
55.2
Girls
44.7
45.4
2002
Boys
55.3
54.6
Girls
44.2
45.4
2003
Boys
55.8
54.6
Girls
46.0
46.3
2004
Boys
54.0
53.7
Girls
46.2
47.4
2005
Boys
53.8
52.6
Girls
47.8
48.3
2006
Boys
52.2
51.7
Girls
46.0
48.9
2007
Boys
54.0
51.1
Girls
49.4
49.5
2008
Boys
50.6
50.5
Girls
47.6
50.1
2009
Boys
52.4
49.9
Girls
48.0
50.4
2010
Boys
52.0
49.6
Source : Department of Education (School Level Educational Statistics at a Glance).
2001
- 35 -
Lower
Secondary
(6-8)
Secondary
(9-10)
42.2
57.8
42.9
57.1
43.6
56.4
45.2
54.8
45.7
54.3
46.6
53.4
47.1
52.9
48.2
51.8
49.0
51.0
49.9
50.1
41.4
58.6
42.9
57.1
43.8
56.2
44.6
55.4
45.8
54.3
46.1
53.9
46.0
54.0
47.2
52.8
48.1
51.9
48.8
51.2
(In Percent)
Higher
Secondary
(11-12)
51.3
48.7
48.8
51.2
Table 3.8 : Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) in Different Levels of Schools, 2001-2010
Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Boys /
Girls
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Pre Primary
12.8
11.7
13.8
19.8
17.6
22.0
20.1
NA
NA
39.4
37.3
41.4
69.9
66.6
73.1
41.4
40.9
41.9
60.2
56.8
63.4
49.7
48.6
50.7
Lower
Secondary
(6-8)
Primary
(1-5)
124.7
114.7
134.1
118.4
109.4
127.1
126.7
117.1
136.0
130.7
124.2
137.0
145.4
141.8
148.8
138.8
138.4
139.2
138.5
139.6
137.6
142.8
145.6
140.2
141.4
146.1
137.1
139.5
63.2
54.0
72.2
57.5
51.2
63.4
60.0
54.3
65.2
80.3
73.9
86.4
76.0
68.2
84.0
71.5
65.4
77.9
78.8
75.9
81.6
80.1
81.1
79.0
88.7
89.3
88.2
94.5
Secondary
(9-10)
43.8
36.0
51.8
44.8
38.7
50.7
46.4
41.3
51.5
50.4
45.2
55.4
59.3
45.5
53.0
56.7
53.1
60.2
55.9
52.4
59.3
59.5
61.6
57.3
65.7
64.5
66.8
66.3
Higher Secondary
(11-12)
23.6
24.6
22.6
26.0
Girls
144.8
97.0
66.5
26.9
Boys
134.5
92.1
66.1
25.2
- 36 -
Table 3.9 : Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in Different Levels of Schools, 2001-2010.
(In percentage)
Net Enrolment Ratio ( NER)
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Boy / Girl
Primary
Lower Secondary
Secondary
Higher Secondary
(1-5)
(6-8)
(9-10)
(11-12)
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
81.1
75.1
86.9
82.3
76.8
88.7
83.5
77.5
89.4
84.2
78.0
90.1
86.8
83.4
90.1
87.4
85.5
89.3
89.1
87.4
90.7
91.9
90.4
93.2
93.7
92.6
94.7
94.5
39.4
33.7
45.0
40.4
35.8
44.7
42.9
38.7
46.8
43.9
40.2
47.6
46.5
43.1
49.8
52.3
47.8
57.1
52.9
49.6
56.1
57.3
56.6
58.0
63.2
61.9
64.3
69.3
25.5
20.9
30.2
27.5
23.9
31.0
29.5
26.3
32.7
32.0
28.8
35.2
32.4
29.2
35.5
34.7
32.4
37.0
35.3
32.8
37.7
36.4
35.0
37.8
40.8
40.1
41.4
46.5
6.6
6.8
6.8
7.8
Girls
93.6
68.5
45.9
7.9
95.3
70.0
47.0
7.6
Boys
- 37 -
1971
1981
1991
Place of Birth
Place of Enumeration
Mountain
9258
440
9698
2.2
33,423
2,196
35,619
3.8
32,003
4,671
36,674
3.0
-
Hill
15667
9699
25366
5.7
134,254
561,211
169,923
18.3
76,503
97,465
173,968
14.2
125597
Tarai
33990
376074
410064
92.1
162,832
561,211
724,043
77.9
121,826
895,888
1,017,714
82.9
169825
Total
49657
385332
10139
445128
100.0
297,086
594,634
37,865
929,585
100.0
198,329
927,891
102,136
1,228,356
100.0
295422
33895
1157035
1190930
Tarai
6424
234574
Total
40319
360171
1326860
2.3
20.9
76.8
100.0
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Mountain
Hill
2001
% In-migration
% OutMigration
Net-Migration
11.1
86.6
2.3
100.0
-39959
-359966
399925
32
64
4.1
100.0
-261,467
-424,711
686,178
16.1
75.5
8.3
100.0
-161,655
-753,923
915,578
17.1
-255103
68.9
-830759
240998
14
1085862
1727350
100.0
Destination
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% OutMigration
33,895
6,424
40,319
125,597
234,574
360,171
169,825
1,157,035
1,326,860
295,422
1,190,930
240,998
1,727,350
17.1
68.9
14
100
-255,103
-830,759
1,085,862
2.3
20.9
76.8
100
10,822
3,521
14,343
57,170
121,164
178,334
84,783
567,513
652,296
141,953
578,335
124,685
844,973
16.8
68.4
14.8
100
-127,610
-400,001
527,611
1.7
21.1
77.2
100
23,061
2,896
25,957
68,428
113,415
181,843
85,040
589,528
674,568
153,468
612,589
116,311
882,368
17.4
69.4
13.2
100
-127,511
-430,746
558,257
2.9
20.6
76.4
100
- 38 -
Net-Migration
2001/02
29867
2522
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
36763
3966
26586
3732
9320
4759
11,329
4324
10413
3564
11672
2732
4030
5532
3868
4545
916
1483
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
4149
16753
4295
19575
NA
5519
7438
8503
Total
17458
5112
3523
3186
2588
2071
1316
1301
481
9274
46309
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Survey on Hard Drug Users in Nepal, 2006 )
- 39 -
Female
1878
318
145
332
133
191
50
89
19
200
3356
Table 3.14 : Number of Environment Related NGOs and INGOs Affiliated with Social Welfare Council
S.N.
District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavre
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
NGOs
2003/04 2004/05 2007/08 2008/09
3
8
5
14
16
15
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
14
7
8
6
3
19
3
10
10
7
35
7
391
4
1
9
12
2
6
6
37
9
10
7
Lalitpur
3
9
5
16
18
15
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
14
9
9
7
4
20
3
11
12
9
38
7
429
5
1
10
13
6
9
8
41
10
11
7
0
4
4
6
16
17
18
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
4
14
11
12
9
6
11
4
10
9
14
61
8
481
5
1
11
15
10
10
8
41
11
13
7
0
S.N.
District
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Total
4
4
6
17
17
19
3
3
1
2
3
3
2
4
16
11
14
9
9
11
4
10
9
14
66
9
503
6
2
11
18
11
13
8
41
11
13
7
INGOs
3
2
Kathmandu
Total
- 40 -
NGOs
2003/04 2004/05 2007/08 2008/09
6
29
0
0
2
7
4
6
8
10
2
6
2
2
1
0
8
16
15
18
21
3
1
3
1
7
2
2
2
3
4
5
15
12
3
2
1
926
6
35
0
1
2
8
4
6
9
12
3
7
2
2
1
0
8
18
18
18
23
3
1
4
1
8
2
2
2
5
5
5
16
16
3
2
3
1035
6
40
0
1
3
8
4
6
11
13
18
8
5
2
2
1
9
21
19
28
13
6
1
4
1
8
7
2
3
7
8
6
21
23
5
5
4
1196
6
41
0
1
4
9
4
6
12
16
18
8
5
2
2
2
9
24
20
20
13
6
1
4
1
9
8
2
3
7
8
6
28
27
5
5
4
1260
Chapter IV
Air and Climate
Latitude
Banke, Nepalganj
28 06'
84 59'
84 59'
85 13'
84 25'
80 35'
81 43'
82 30'
27 10'
Bhaktapur, Nagarkot
27 42'
Bhojpur,Bhojpur*
27 11'
Chitawan, Rampur
27 37'
Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
29 18'
Dailekh,Dailekh
28 51'
Dang ,Ghorahi
28 03'
Dolakha, Jiri
27 38'
9.7 17.9
28 00'
Jumla,Jumla
29 17'
21
Kailali, Dhangadi
28 41'
22.5
NA
18.0
18.5
NA
20.4
NA
25.4
0
0
28 13'
12
0
0
0
0
85 22'
84 22'
85 03'
27 42'
26
Lamjung, Khudibazar
28 17'
27
Makawanpur, Hetauda
27 25'
84 13'
30
Nawalparasi, Dumkauli
27 41'
27 52'
22.7
NA
18 17.3 17.5
18.1
18.1
1343
19.9
244 25.9 25.5 24.8 24.7 24.5 26.1 25.6 26.1 21.8
20.4
109 24.6 24.9 24.5 24.8 25.2 25.3 25.0 24.9 25.3
25.2
87 20'
37
Samkhuwasabha, Chainpur
27 17'
868
21
823
NA 23.2
87 17'
81 37'
83 53'
26 49'
Surkhet, Birendranagar
28 36'
40
Syangja,Syangja
28 06'
0
28 10'
0
27 21'
Sunsari,Dharan
39
91 21.8 24.8
38
26 33'
NA
86 45'
Saptari Rajbiraj
23.8
1720
36
22.4
83 26'
27 31'
24
25.1
85 10'
27 11'
Rupandehi,Bhairahawa Airport
20.3
154 24.5 24.5 24.2 24.4 24.8 24.9 24.6 24.7 25.1
Rautahat, Gaur
35
NA 23.2
34
22.0
83 33'
Palpa, Tansen
22.1
10
33
1336 19.4
22 21.4 21.3
25.2
86 30'
27 19'
24.6
17.1
NA
85 10'
27 55'
Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
24.4
1740 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.2 16.2 20.7 16.4 16.4 17.1
Nuwakot,Nuwakot
32
24.5
31
87 16'
26 29'
15 14.7
84 14'
28 33'
Morong,Biratnagar Airport
15 15.3
823
Manang, Chame
29
170
28
24.9
13.7
25
2300 13.3 12.9 13.1 13.4 12.9 13.9 13.5 13.3 13.7
83 48'
25
24
24 24.5
11.8
84 00'
28 18'
80 13'
29 02'
Kaski, Lumle
90
23
NA
1097 13.2 21.2 20.8 17.1 20.2 22.7 22.0 22.9 21.9
22
NA
80 41'
20
NA
NA
28 47'
NA 14.4
20.9
14
23.0
82 14'
Mustang,Jomsom
5.3 14.3
20.6
617 23.8 23.5 23.5 23.8 22.6 22.9 22.5 22.3 22.8
19
NA
83 43'
26 35'
21.5
87 54'
Jhapa, Kankai
18
NA
26 43'
22.7
85 58'
Dhanusha,Janakpur Airport
17
87 54'
26 55'
83 15'
28 04'
20.1
Gulmi,Tamghas
16
17.5
15
25
15.1
1402 16.1 18.8 18.8 19.2 18.9 17.9 19.1 20.2 20.2
84 37'
Gorkha,Gorkha
1848 16.7 16.3 16.6 16.8 16.5 17.4 17.0 16.8 17.4
14
9.2
80 57'
29 15'
8.8
82 55'
28 56'
Doti, Dipayal
9.9
24.8
Dolpa, Dunai
13
9.4
24.8
24.8
12
Taplejung, Taplejung
1595
86 14'
11
26 59'
165 25.1 25.5 22.6 25.1 25.5 25.6 24.2 24.3 24.6
9.5
87 21'
29 51'
Dhankuta,Dhankuta
Mean Temperature ( C)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2163
80 34'
Darchula,Darchula
Elevation
(masl)
42
10
Tanahaun, Khairenitar
81 40'
41
Longitude
84 00'
0
87 40'
25.1
NA
25.2
22.9
21.6
22
23.8
1732 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.9 17.2 16.9 16.9 17.4
17.6
- 43 -
Latitude
0
28 06'
0
Elevation
(masl)
Annual
Monsoon
165
1350.8
1137.8
Longitude
81 40'
Winter
60.7
Pre
Monsoon
Post
Monsoon
93.1
59.2
27 10'
84 59'
130
1806.2
1488.7
41.4
193.4
82.6
Chatara,Sunsari
26 49
8710
183
2137.9
1694.9
40.1
243.5
159.4
Chitawan, Rampur
27 37'
84 25'
80 35'
82 30'
87 21'
85 58'
80 57'
84 37'
83 15'
Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
29 18'
Dang , Ghorahi
28 03'
Dhankuta,Dhankuta
26 59'
Dhanusha, Janakpur
26 43'
9
10
11
Doti, Dipayal
29 15'
Gorkha,Gorkha
28 00'
Gulmi,Tamghas
28 04'
256
1995.8
1634.5
48.1
221.1
92.1
1848
1383.7
1003.8
131.4
200.7
47.9
634
1600.8
1341.9
57.7
127.2
74
931
1008.7
722.5
38.7
182.6
64.8
90
1395.6
1137.4
34.7
150.4
73.1
617
1145.2
802.4
122.8
172.4
47.6
1097
1779.6
1352.3
57.6
305.4
64.3
1530
1954.3
1585.2
85.1
216.3
67.7
1300
1713
1370.5
37.1
227.2
78.3
143
2903.6
2391.2
39.2
312
161.2
2744
257.7
135.4
24.3
58.8
39.1
2300
843.6
544.3
88.1
162.1
49.1
87 54'
87 54'
83 43'
82 14'
12
26 55'
13
26 35'
14
Mustang, Jomsom
28 47'
15
Jumla,Jumla
29 17'
16
Kailali, Dhangadi
28 41'
80 41'
170
1792.5
1561.7
68.5
109.9
52.4
8348
1740
5360.4
4541.4
100.5
481.8
236.7
84 00'
85 22'
17
Kaski, Lumle
28 18
18
Kaski, Pokhara
28 13'
19
27 42'
827
3951.5
3126.6
79.1
550.4
195.4
1336
1439.7
1125.6
46.3
203.3
64.5
84 22'
85 03'
84 14'
87 16'
Lamjung, Khudibazar
28 17'
21
Makawanpur, Hetauda
27 25'
22
Manang, Chame
28 33'
Morang, Biratnagar
20
23
26 29'
0
823
3364.5
2750
95.6
395.8
123
474
2331.3
1917.1
52.4
258.4
103.3
2680
935.3
575.7
102.7
183.6
73.2
72
1881.1
1522.5
31.4
227.6
99.6
24
Nawalparasi, Dumkauli
27 41'
84 13'
154
2289.4
1907.8
51.5
240.9
89.2
25
Bara,Nijgadh
27 11
8510
244
2033
1673
40.1
216.8
103
85 10'
0
26
Nuwakot,Nuwakot
27 55'
1003
1978
1639.1
51
208.9
78.9
27
Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
27 19'
86 30'
1720
1755.2
1401.6
38.1
233.4
82.1
28
Palpa , Tansen
27 52
8332
1067
1520.7
1274.1
71
130.4
45.3
29
Parbat, Kushma
28 13
8342
891
2498
2044.4
68.7
269.1
99.1
30
Dailekh,Dailekh
28 51'
81 43'
1402
1838.5
1504.1
96.6
182.4
55.4
86 14'
2003
2266
1815.4
52.1
307.9
90.6
31
Dolakha, Jiri
27 38'
0
32
Rupandehi, Bhairahawa
27 31'
83 26'
109
1673.1
1444.6
44.8
105.7
78
33
Sankhuwasava, Chainpur
27 17
8720
1329
1435
982.3
36.6
334.3
81.8
34
Saptari, Rajbiraj
26 33'
86 45'
91
1493.1
1231.4
35.1
157.1
69.5
8558
1463
2827.2
2232.2
50.7
368.8
175.6
81 37'
35
sindhuli,Sindhuligadhi
27 17
36
Surkhet, Birendranagar
28 36'
720
1603.1
1312.6
96.2
139.2
55.1
37
Syangja, Syngja
28 06'
83 53'
868
2888.8
2281.1
73.4
418.8
115.5
38
Tanahu, Khairanitar
28 02
8406
500
2328.8
1707.3
67.1
464
90.4
1732
2010.9
1401.7
56
447.5
105.7
39
Taplejung,Taplejung
27 21'
87 40'
- 44 -
Lamjung, Khudibazar
Makawanpur, Hetauda
Manang, Chame
Morang,Biratnagar Airport
Nawalparasi, Dumkauli
Nuwakot,Nuwakot
Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
Palpa , Tansen
Nijghad, Bara
Rupandehi,Bhairahawa
Samkhuwasabha, Chinpur
Saptari Rajbiraj
Sindhuli, Sindhilighadi
Sunsari, Dharan
Surkhet, Birendranagar
Syangja,Syangja
Tanahaun, Khairenitar
Taplejung,Taplejung
Kathmandu,Kathmandu, Airport
Banke, Nepalganj
Bara, Simara Airport
Bhaktapur, Nagarkot
Bhojpur,Bhojpurr*
Chitawan, Rampur
Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
Dailekh,Dailekh
Dang , Ghorahi
Darchula,Darchula
Dhankuta,Dhankuta
Ramechhap, Jiri
Dolpa, Dunai
Doti, Dipayal
Gorkha,Gorkha
Gulmi,Tamghas
Ilam,ilam Tea State
Dhanusha,Janakpur Airport
Jhapa, Kankai
Mustang,Jomsom
Jumla,Jumla
Kailali, Dhangadi
Kanchanpur, Mahendranagar
Kaski, Lumle
Kaski, Pokhara Airport
Station
81 40'
840 59'
840 59'
850 13'
840 25'
800 35'
810 43'
820 30'
800 34'
870 21'
860 14'
820 55'
800 57'
840 37'
830 15'
870 54'
850 58'
870 54'
830 43'
820 14'
800 41'
800 22'
840 00'
830 48'
850 22'
840 22'
850 03'
840 14'
870 16'
840 13'
850 10'
860 30'
830 33'
850 10'
830 26'
870 20'
860 45'
880 58'
870 17'
810 37'
830 53'
840 00'
870 40'
28 06'
270 10'
270 42'
270 11'
270 37'
290 18'
280 51'
280 03'
290 51'
260 59'
270 38'
280 56'
290 15'
280 00'
280 04'
260 55'
260 43'
260 35'
280 47'
290 17'
280 41'
290 03'
280 18'
280 13'
270 42'
280 17'
270 25'
280 33'
260 29'
270 41'
270 55'
270 19'
270 52'
270 11'
270 31'
270 17'
260 33'
270 17'
260 49'
280 36'
280 06'
280 10'
270 21'
Longitude
Latitude
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
S. N.
1995
NA
1744
2134
NA
2141
1375
1808
1476
2398
979
NA
369
1210
NA
1912
1918
1657
2333
NA
774
1984
1626
5335
3529
1528
NA
2496
732
1673
1877
1897
1994
1797
1437
1200
1528
2317
1922
1710
2806
2398
2094
1997
- 45 -
1480
1552
2353
1041
1784
1255
3098
1914
2220
904
2235
641
1039
1936
2256
1682
1361
2836
377
833
1732
1643
5561
3957
1600
4436
2124
1221
1943
2277
1765
1803
1634
NA
1979
1523
1777
2598
2065
1431
2999
208
2161
1996
1912
2797
1924
1172
2645
1811
NA
1640
2884
1214
NA
363
1371
728
2813
2055
2055
3761
201
834
2385
2446
6217
4879
1771
3564
2919
751
2677
2583
2232
1926
1876
2410
1507
1706
2919
2139
1754
2896
2896
2101
1998
1467
2046
2144
1528
2542
791
1597
1932
2455
1161
NA
417
868
NA
1981
2078
1841
3038
255
676
1757
NA
5953
4687
1681
3436
3111
593
2036
2616
2343
2027
1810
2064
1658
1663
3248
1941
1708
3659
2645
1984
1999
1485
2123
1875
931.7
2050
1138
1290
1916
2888
795.5
2625
216
1292
NA
2189
1545
1584
2583
189
887
2132
2343
6238
4785
1407
3545
2535
540
2292
2612
2513
1470
2215
1504
1128
1997
2706
2263
1900
3122
2439
1874
2000
1279
2297
1850
1304
2340
1322
NA
1633
2273
959
NA
174
998
1872
1974
1331
1775
2440
240
728
1485
1407
5936
4512
1621
3140
2680
530
2279
2979
2484
2192
2130
2016
1733
1827
2787
2616
1722
3260
2275
1912
2001
967
1949
2321
1178
2644
1293
1327
1364
2183
1090
NA
NA
1025
1743
1399
1542
1591
2311
308
842
1626
2006
5730
4484
1871
3304
3323
909
1923
2591
2111
2001
2524
1269
1683
2024
2919
2214
1538
3861
3058
2173
2002
NA
2150
2260
1086
2694
1391
1999
1700
2864
1086
2839
273
1261
1729
2314
2001
2008
2748
319
843
2309
NA
6310
4362
1740
3849
2998
NA
2108
3280
2216
1716
1799
2326
1953
1745
1763
2617
2325
1849
3328
2056
2505
2003
929
1965
1807
2042
1194
1281
1318
2616
951
2613
203
1034
1613
1234
NA
2199
2451
230
685
1418
NA
6096
4129
1583
3849
3103
974
2144
2611
2007
1619
1509
2929
1524
1392
2185
NA
2326
1425
3114
2113
1746
1184
1864
1797
1732
1102
1792
1557
2281
1156
2015
94
987
1277
1570
NA
1307
1832
309
670
1742
1680
4923
2967
1236
2838
2411
1174
1596
2213
1589
1902
1294
NA
1768
1332
NA
NA
2027
1810
2249
2089
1795
1242
1861
1669
1997
941
1784
1266
2386
859
1980
266
907
1114
1457
1119
1292
1697
302
748
1448
1056
4162
3024
1391
2852
2114
947
1300
2117
1255
1696
1130
NA
1214
1521
NA
NA
1751
1485
2675
2202
2147
2567
2897
2000
2743
1669
1697
1878
3256
964
NA
175
1035
1763
2239
NA
2563
2495
312
832
2602
NA
6056
4272
1346
3372
2588
1683
2117
3264
1550
2180
1571
NA
2066
2395
NA
1711
2167
1864
3498
2151
2055
1781
1643
1512
1786
1479
1986
1363
2336
NA
2863
292
1096
NA
1773
NA
1211
2860
NA
967
2677
NA
5902
3263
1220
3690
2134
1017
1700
1966
NA
NA
1536
NA
1669
1249
1212
1279
2280
1508
NA
2122
1766
1585
1312
1503
1909
1746
1686
1551
2533
933
2010
200
1359
1476
1794
1243
1320
2568
322
696
2286
2843
4873
3256
1205
2642
2125
482
1690
1924
882
1594
1344
1108
1504
1348
951
1543
1887
1726
2979
2979
1409
2009
1503
1580
1715
2400
1527
1163
1569
2963
870
2556
458
954
1900
1490
NA
964
3027
286
795
2070
1949
5700
3967
1479
3281
2676
1235
1870
2668
NA
1574
1734
1146
1904
1669
1141
NA
2711
1975
2904
1877
2233
2010
85 20
80 41'
27 21'
2740
870 40'
28 41'
810 37'
280 36'
15 Lalitpur,Khumaltar
83 26'
27 31'
14 Kailali,Dhangadhi
13 Taplejung,Taplejung
10 Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
Rupandehi, Bhairahawa
11
Airport
12 Surkhet, Birendranagar
0
26 29'
86 30'
870 16'
850 22'
270 42'
830 48'
280 13'
82 14'
29 17'
800 57'
290 15'
6 Jumla,Jumla
87 21'
26 59'
5 Doti, Dipayal
800 35'
4 Dhankuta,Dhankuta
84 59'
27 10'
290 18'
3 Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
81 40'
28 06'
1 Banke, Nepalganj
S.N.
1350
170
1732
720
109
1720
72
1336
827
2300
617
1210
1848
130
165
Elevation
(masl)
NA
7.60
5.04
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.04
6.92
7.09
6.51
6.81
7.39
7.43
6.93
1998
NA
6.90
5.82
NA
NA
6.11
6.97
6.17
6.3
7.07
6.29
6.71
7.13
7.26
NA
2000
- 46 -
NA
7.10
6.17
7.25
7.38
6.27
7.23
NA
6.83
7.34
NA
NA
NA
7.50
NA
1999
NA
7.00
6.15
7.34
7.00
6.30
7.05
5.96
6.51
NA
6.60
6.92
7.39
7.36
NA
2001
6.50
7.60
NA
NA
NA
NA
6.8
6.00
6.30
6.70
6.70
6.80
7.60
7.40
NA
2002
5.80
6.50
NA
NA
NA
6.00
6.70
NA
6.60
6.90
6.80
6.90
7.50
7.10
NA
2003
6.20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.60
6.40
NA
NA
NA
8.00
7.10
NA
2004
Year
6.60
7.00
NA
NA
7.30
5.80
7.40
6.00
6.50
7.20
6.70
6.80
7.20
7.80
NA
2005
6.60
7.10
6.10
NA
7.10
6.10
6.80
6.10
6.60
NA
6.70
6.70
NA
7.20
7.40
2006
5.70
6.60
NA
6.90
6.90
5.40
6.40
5.50
6.30
NA
NA
6.40
7.30
6.90
7.30
2007
6.30
6.30
6.00
6.80
NA
6.20
6.50
6.00
6.40
6.70
6.80
6.70
6.70
7.60
6.90
2008
6.50
7.50
6.80
7.40
7.60
6.60
6.50
6.40
NA
7.60
7.30
6.90
7.70
7.30
7.70
2009
6.60
6.80
6.30
7.20
7.40
6.00
6.10
6.35
6.40
7.40
7.70
6.70
7.30
7.30
7.30
2010
(hr/day)
Station Name
Arghakhanchi (Khanchikot)
Bardia (Chishapani)
Rupandehi,Bhairahawa Agriculture
Bhojpur,Bhojpur*
Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
Dhankuta,Pakhribas
Dhankuta, Dhankuta
Dolakha (Jiri)
Doti, Dipayal
Gorkha,Gorkha
Ilam , Ilam Tea State
Jhapa, Kankai Gaida
Mustang,Jomsom
Jumla,Jumla
Kailai, Dhangadhi
Kanchanpur,Mahendranagar
Kaski ,Lumle
Kathmandu ,Kathmandu Airport
Lalitpur ,Khumaltar
Kaski, Malepatan
Morang, Biratnagar Airport
Bhaktpur, Nagarkot
Banke, Nepalganj
Banke,Khajura
Banke, Sikta
Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
Parsa, Parwanipur
Kaski, Pokhara Airport
Siraha, Lahan
Sunsari ,Tarahara
Surkhet ,Birendranagar
Surkhet ,Pusmacamp
Tanahu, Khairenitar
Taplejung, Taplejung
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
1996 1997 1998
7.3
6.8
5.7
NA
7.6
7.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.0
3.5
3.5
3.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.7
3.8
1.7
2.1
NA
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.0
NA
1.6
2.9
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
NA
NA
NA
5.5
NA
6.3
2.7
2.7
2.4
1.3
1.3
2.2
NA
1.3
1.3
1.4
NA
1.1
2.1
2.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.8
1.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.6
2.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.6
5.0
3.8
2.1
2.2
NA
1.0
1.2
1.1
NA
NA
NA
3.1
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
NA
NA
0.8
0.8
NA
3.7
NA
1.8
2001
NA
NA
NA
0.7
2.2
NA
4.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.2
NA
NA
NA
1.9
1.3
0.8
3.1
0.7
1.1
NA
2.4
NA
NA
2.8
NA
2.4
NA
NA
2.1
NA
NA
3.1
- 47 -
2000
NA
NA
2.8
0.7
3.1
NA
4.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.4
NA
NA
NA
1.9
1.4
1.0
3.1
1.0
1.5
6.2
NA
NA
NA
3.6
2.3
2.7
NA
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.5
2002
NA
NA
2.7
0.8
1.8
1.1
4.1
NA
1.1
NA
NA
1.2
NA
5.8
NA
1.9
1.1
1.0
2.8
0.7
2.2
NA
2.6
1.6
1.3
4.1
2.1
2.1
3.1
3.9
2.0
2.1
NA
3.0
Year
2003
6.7
NA
2.5
1.2
1.8
0.8
3.8
2.5
0.9
NA
NA
1.0
15.6
5.2
NA
NA
1.1
0.9
3.1
0.5
2.8
5
2.5
1.7
1.6
3.4
2.0
2.4
3.5
4.5
1.7
1.9
NA
NA
2004
5.6
NA
2.8
2.3
1.3
3.9
2.9
0.8
NA
NA
NA
16.1
6.0
NA
1.8
1.1
0.8
3.1
0.3
2.0
4.4
2.6
1.9
1.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
3.3
4.0
1.5
1.7
NA
2.6
2005
6.6
7.2
2.7
3.4
1.2
3.9
3.2
1.4
NA
1.2
NA
NA
5.4
NA
2.4
1.3
0.8
3.0
0.3
1.8
4.3
2.8
2.2
1.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
3.9
4.5
1.6
1.6
NA
2.5
2006
2007 2008
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.7
NA
NA
2.9
2.6
2.6
1.3
N.A
0.9
3.5
3.2
3.3
3.1
N.A
3.0
2
1.9
1.5
NA
NA
NA
1.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.6
5.3
4.6
NA
1.7
1.7
2.1
NA
NA
1.3
1.4
1.2
NA
0.7
0.9
3.0
3.0
3.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
NA
5.9
6.5
3.7
2.9
2.7
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.5
0.6
0.8
4.3
4.3
3.8
1.7
0.7
1.3
NA
1.9
2.1
NA
N.A
1.9
7.0
6.4
6.2
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.6
N.A
NA
NA
N.A
NA
1.5
1.8
2009
NA
NA
NA
2.8
N.A
3.1
N.A
1.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.8
1.6
NA
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.2
5.0
0.9
1.6
1.8
0.6
2.0
-0.4
2.3
1.1
N.A
1.0
N.A
N.A
1.7
( km/hr )
2010
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.9
3.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.4
NA
NA
0.7
0.6
3.0
0.28
2.8
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.3
0.5
NA
NA
6.3
NA
NA
NA
1.7
271
264
174
NA
238
184
118
118
151
137
224
315
2004
285
246
287
241
230
185
113
117
117
147
218
265
204
Annual
Average
2006
228
336
0
358
249
233
225
125
115
123
202
270
267
2007
227
339
255
309
282
167
255
147
110
110
158
205
381
2004
190
245
235
280
230
211
161
136
139
123
137
179
198
2005
200
257
265
238
285
215
211
177
113
145
116
168
210
156
277
0
245
207
126
116
88
95
84
106
169
198
2006
174
248
188
179
192
187
225
128
96
94
137
167
241
2007
2004
137
214
201
224
161
153
67
61
54
67
91
148
197
2005
124
210
164
147
192
120
108
52
56
69
78
122
175
2006
116
221
0
178
136
98
105
51
41
59
84
134
171
2007
116
201
140
132
137
120
144
81
53
50
75
102
151
54
57
70
108
91
79
48
29
16
24
30
48
46
2004
43
54
NA
50
102
54
52
15
19
21
27
36
42
43
70
0
73
73
43
49
17
15
17
24
39
47
44
82
66
55
67
51
42
22
17
19
26
30
42
112
184
194
219
154
137
80
36
28
42
57
100
114
2004
- 48 -
Source: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (NAAQS Monitoring Result in Kathmandu Valley (2003-2004), www. most.gov.np).
Legend : Good= <60, Moderate= 61-120, Unhealthy= 121-350, Very unhealthy = 351-425 and Hazardous= >425
199
2005
Year/ Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2005
Machhegau
2006
Thamel
99
140
134
124
192
109
n/a
30
32
47
51
96
135
91
171
0
211
151
82
73
26
26
37
49
81
97
76
133
113
107
114
77
61
43
28
28
48
64
98
78
109
117
151
122
99
49
29
22
35
44
77
76
Kirtipur
Patan
2006
Putalisadak
2007
Valley Background
Station
2004
Residential Station
67
101
82
83
121
70
52
20
29
35
40
65
110
2005
Roadside Stations
2007
56
113
0
102
65
59
53
20
20
18
27
63
78
62
123
92
79
86
66
62
31
20
24
34
43
79
( micro-gm/m3)
2006
2007
Nepal Observed
WHO
Guideline
70
Night Hour
Indian
Guideline
74
67
75
71
58
70
70
77
71
65
68
Nepal
Observed
Indian
Guideline
70
69
69
70
58
70
71
75
81
53
62
64
55
74
64
71
70
67
62
67
67
78
63
74
61
61
70
54
68
58
56
70
70
65
75
59
69
73
55
61
50
59
70
45
68
60
52
57
52
67
58
67
57
60
51
65
51
61
55
55
62
60
45
53
45
60
62
53
42
54
70
75
70
Source: Nepal Health Research Council and World Health Organization, Assessment of Noise Pollution and Development of Criteria for its
Prevention and Control, June 2003.
- 49 -
Table 4.8 : Annual Background Radiation Exposure at Some Location in Nepal, 1987-1998
(mrem/hr)
No. of
Selected
Points
Location
Kathmandu
39
Dakshinkali
10
Kakani
Faction in % of the
tolerance level
146
xmax
x 1988
x 1987
x max
180
228
36
46
163
206
262
41
52
165
262
350
52
70
Thankot
160
195
228
39
46
Phulchoki
163
203
228
40
46
Sankhu
153
193
228
38
46
Dharan
104
163
201
32
40
Dhankuta
148
181
228
36
46
Biratnagar
145
178
201
35
40
Source: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, 1999, (Third National Conference on Science & Technology, Proceedings Vol-1.)
Janakpur
TSP
SO2
NO2
Co
pb
(g/m3)
(g/m3)
(g/m3)
(g/m3)
(g/m3)
10:0018:00
90.2
118.5
74
9.1
NA
0.11
30/11/2000
10:0018:00
482.9
567.8
63
23
378
0.27
4/12/2000
08:0016:00
961.4
1024.3
68.7
24.5
1145.48
0.24
7/11/2000
11:0019:00
1820.9
2019.5
39.8
20.7
859.11
0.53
196.3
260.3
39.86
14.8
NA
0.04
Date
827
26/11/2000
91
Biratnagar
PM10
(g/m3)
Altitude
(masl)
125
90
Time
Narayanghat
256
10/12/2000
08:0016:00
Butawal
205
19/12/2000
07:0015:00
1076.6
1150.2
140.5
21.38
229.09
0.09
Bhairahawa
110
22/12/2000
07:0015:00
864.8
926.41
104.6
23.28
1145.48
0.13
Nepalganj
144
26/12/2000
07:0015:00
2104.8
2222.5
68.66
17.78
1445.48
0.23
Mahendranagar
176
29/12/2000
08:0016:00
355.05
378.54
85.01
17.14
NA
0.04
- 50 -
Table 4.10 : Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) Protection Status-Montreal Protocal, 1987
A) Montrial Protocal : Controlled Substance-1
Chemical Composition of Ozone
Depleting Substance
Name of Ozone
Depleting
Substance
Trichlofluoromethane CFCl3
( CFC -11)
1.0
2
A
1
Dichlorodifluoromethane CF2Cl2
B) Montrial Protocal : Controlled Substance-2
( CFC -12)
1.0
1
C
1
Chlorodifluoromethane CHF2Cl
C) Montrial Protocal : Controlled Substance-3
( HCFC -2402)
No
Annex
Group
Bromochlorodifluoromethane
(CF2BrCl)
II
II
II
Bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br)
Dibromotetrafluoromethane
(C2F4Br2)
II
III
6
E
I
D) Phase Out rate of CFC-11 and CFC-12
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
OzoneDepleting
Potencial
0.055
Halon-1211
3.0
Halon-1301
10.0
6.0
Halon-1213
Carbon
Tetrachloride
1,1,1-trichloroethane(C2H2Cl3)
Methyl Chloroform
0.1
Bromomethane (CF3Br)
Methyl Bromide
0.6
29.058
26
23
20
17.0
14
11
8
5
2
0
- 51 -
1.1
Physiographic Zone
High Himalaya
High Mountain
Mid-Hills
Surface area
(%)
23
20
30
27
Elevation (m)
above 5000
4000-5000
3000-4000
2000-3000
1000-2000
500-1000
below 500
Mean of
temperate (0C)
< 10
Type of Climate
Tundra-type and Arctic
Alpine
Sub-alpine
Cool temperate monsoon
Warm temperate monsoon
Hot monsoon and Subtropical
10-15
15-20
> 20
Source: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (Land Resource Mapping Project, 1986, Dobremez, 1975 and
Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book , 2001).
Table 4.12 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2003
Parameters
Units
Averaging
Time
WHO Guidedline
Annual
Concentration
in Ambient Air,
maximum
-
g/m
TSP (Total
SuspendedParticulates)
PM10
Sulphur Dioxide
g/m
24-hours*
Annual
24-hours*
Annual
120-230
24-hours**
125
70
g/m3
Annual
Nitrogen Dioxide
g/m
Lead
Benzene
70
40
24-hours**
Carbon Monoxide
230
120
50
g/m3
150
8 hours**
80
10,000
15 minute
Annual
100000
100,000
0.5
24-hours
Annual
0.5-1.0*
20****
g/m3
g/m3
24-hours
Test Method
High Volumne
Sampling 24
hour sampling
(one weak
sample on 2
road side
station
Low Volume
Sampling
Diffusive
sampling
based on
weekly
average
Diffusive
sampling
based on
weekly
average
To be
determined
before 2005
Indicative
sampler
Atomic
absorption
spectrometry
analysis of PM
10 samples
Diffusive
sampling
based on
weekly
average
Note: 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on
two consecutive days.
** 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate
test methodologies. This will be done before 2005.
*** If representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of
the year.
**** To be re-evaluated by 2005.
- 52 -
Average Annual
Rainfall (mm)
Less than 500
500-1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
1000-1500
Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
Nepalganj Banke
Dhangadi, Kailali
Salyan
Nuwakot
Dhankuta
Bhairahawa, Rupandehi
Janakpur, Dhanusha
Dipayal, Doti
Simara, Bara
Biratnagar, Morang
Butawal, Rupandehi
Khairenitar, Tanahu
Hetauda, Makawanpur
Syangja, Syangja
Patan, Baitadi
Gorkha
Ilam
Silgadhi, Doti
Dailekh
1500-2000
2000-3000
Jomsom, Mustang
Jumla
Chailsa
Okhaldhunga
Pakhribas
Daman, Makawanpur
Tamghas
Bhojpur
Dadeldhura
Chatara
Musikot
Kakani, Nuwakot
Kannyam
Jiri, Dolakha
Taplethok
Lete
Pokhara, Kaski
Panchsaya Khola
Lumle, Kaski
Khudibazar, Lamjung
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,1994.
Pollutant
Maximum Concentration
Level
Average Time
3
24- hour
200 g/m3
1- hour
24- hour
100 g/m3
1- hour
3)
8- hour
35 ppm ( 40 mg/m3)
1- hour
8- hour
120 g/m
60 g/m
9 ppm ( 10 mg/m
- 53 -
1993
Cremation
2001
PM10 (tons/yr)
2005
1993
2001
570
1,530
1971
7008
NA
12,239
570
400
3,259
1,822
582
2328
5,180
6,000
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,676
3,612
NA
28
NA
630
1,850
0
1,720
28
292
1,166
1,295
800
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,688
455
372
15
385
NA
687
NA
172
NA
190
2,337
339
NA
NA
NA
158
NA
79
Energy Used
Fuel Wood
Agriculture Residue
Animal Dung / waste
LPG
Kerosene
TSP = 0.12 g/m
Energy Used
('000 ton)
5912
265
448
20
195
CO
606359
68534
98600
421
HCs
106113
6853
13440
4
NOX
10611
640
1254
92
SOX
9095
5483
10752
0
632
6861
36
450
767
Energy Used
Fuel Wood
Agriculture Residue
Animal Waste
Coal
Petroleum
Energy Used
('000 ton)
6023
272
448
205
709
Pollutants (tones/year)
TSP
247097
9379
17920
12724
CO
772200
47475
89600
15905
HCs
115830
4748
13440
3534
NOX
108113
475
1254
2616
SOX
92664
3798
10752
6362
164
16300
109
2180
2180
- 54 -
Fuel
Wheelers Type
Two wheelers
Three wheelers
6 Seats/GVW<2.5 ton
Vehicles Fueled
with LPG or NG
RM <1250
Commercial Vehicle with
GVW/d3.5 ton
1250< RM <1700
RM >1700
Two wheelers
Three wheelers
Vehicles Fueled
with unleaded
petrol or with
unleaded patrol
and LPG or NG
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
CO
2.0
2.4
4.0
4.8
2.72
3.16
2.72
3.16
5.17
6.0
6.9
8.0
2.0
HC+No
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.4
0.97
1.13
0.97
1.13
1.4
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.0
Conformity of production
2.4
2.4
Type of approval
4.0
2.0
Conformity of production
4.8
2.4
2.72
0.97
Type of approval
6 Seats/GVW<2.5 ton
RM <1250
Commercial Vehicle with
GVW/d3.5 ton
grams per
kilometer
Reference Mass
(kg)
1250< RM <1700
RM >1700
Conformity of production
3.16
1.13
Type of approval
2.72
0.97
Conformity of production
3.16
1.13
Type of approval
5.17
1.4
Conformity of production
6.0
1.6
Type of approval
6.9
1.7
Conformity of production
8.0
2.0
Level of Hearing
0-10
20-30
70-80
90-100
Uncomfortable sound
Source: World Health Organization cited in Batu Krishna Uprety, Environment Protection & Sustainable Development, 2001.
- 55 -
Lead (3)
Guideline Value
120 micrograms/m3 (0.06 ppm)
200 micrograms/cubic metre (0.11 ppm)
40 to 50 micrograms/cubic metre (0.021 to 0.026 ppm)
500 micrograms/cubic metre(0.175 ppm)
125 micrograms/cubic metre (0044 ppm)
50 micrograms per cubic metre (0.017 ppm)
100 milligrams/cubic metre (90 ppm)b
60 mg/cubic metre (50ppm)
30 mg/cubic metre (25 ppm)
10 mg/cubic metre (10 ppm)
0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/cubic
Averaging Time
8 hours
1 hour
1 hour
10 min
24 hours
1 hour
15 min
30 min
1 hour
8 hours
1 hour
(1) No guideline values were set for particulate matter because there is no evident threshold for effects on morbidity and mortality.
(2) The guideline is to prevent carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood from exceeding 2,5%. The values above are mathematical estimates of
some of the CO concentrations and averaging times at which this goal should be achieved.
(3) The guideline for lead was established by WHO in 1987.
Source: World Health Organization (Ambient Air Quality Guideline).
Table 4.21 : Ranges of Emission Reductions Required for Various Stabilization Level (Bali Declaration)
(The ranges of the difference between emission in 1990 and emission allowances in 2030/2050 for various
GHG concentration levels Annex I and Non-Annex I countries as a group a)
SCENARIO
CATEGORY (lowest
level of GHG assesses
by IPCC 2007)
A- 450
B-550
C-650
UNIT
REGION
Annex I
Non- Annex I
Annex I
2020
-25% to -40%
Substantial deviation
from baseline in Latin
America, Middle East,
East Asia and Centrallyplanned Asia
-10% to -30%
Non- Annex I
Substantial deviation
from base line in aii
regions
-40% to -90%
Deviation from
baseline in most
regions, specially
Latin america, Middle
East.
Annex I
-0% to -25%
-30% to -80%
Baseline
Deviation from
baseline in most
regions, specially
Latin america, Middle
East.
Non- Annex I
2050
-80% to -95%
a- The aggregate range is based on multiple approaches to apportion emission between regions ( concentration and convergence,
multistage. Triptych and intensity targets among others). Each approach makes different assumptions about the pathway,
specific national efforts and other variables. Additional extreme cases- in which Annex. I undertakes all reductions, or non-Annex I
undertakes all reductions- are not included.
The range presented here do not imply political feasibility, nor do not result reflect cost variances.
b- Only the studies aiming at stabilization at 450 ppmv CO2, -eq assume a (temporary ) overshoot of about 50 ppmv CO2, -eq
( see Den Elzen and Mainshausen, 2006)
Annex I and II = Industrialized countries and that pay for cost in developing countries . (The Bali Road Map page 205). Non-Annex - I except
Annex I and II.
Source : IPCC Working Group III (WG III ) Chapter 13 Box 13.7.
- 56 -
Chapter V
Land and Soil
1985/86*
2001**
Types of Land
Cultivated land
Non Cultivated land
Forest
Shrub land
Grass land
Other land
Water /Lake
Area
2969400
986900
5612400
694000
1755900
2729800
NA
Percent
20.1
6.7
38.1
4.7
11.9
18.5
Area
3052000
998000
5518000
706000
1745000
2729000
NA
Percent
20.7
6.8
37.4
4.8
11.8
18.5
Area
3090780
1030390
4268200
1560110
1766160
2619800
382660
Percent
21.0
7.0
29.0
10.6
12.0
17.8
2.6
Total
14748400
100.0
14748000
100.0
14718100
100.0
Source : *Water and Energy Commission Secretariat( Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2010 )
**Department of Forest Research and Survey,2001
Table 5.2 :Population-Land Ratio and Population Density by Eco-Development Region, 2001
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavrepalanchowk
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Geographic
Area (sq.km.)
3646
1241
1703
1606
1855
1257
891
679
3480
1507
3312
1074
1591
2063
1363
1188
1180
1002
1259
2491
1546
2191
2542
1396
385
119
395
1121
1544
1926
Agricultural
Land (ha.)
22386
25501
45053
102391
111128
76793
23421
18454
23884
31838
19097
28716
31481
30372
74250
80851
73411
65498
82207
28485
27535
25962
33418
40973
9420
5568
12794
29437
5165
34112
- 59 -
Population
2001
134698
202056
282806
688109
843220
625633
166479
113111
159203
203018
107686
156702
231385
287689
570282
572399
671364
553481
635701
279821
212408
204229
305857
385672
337785
225461
1081845
288478
44731
338658
PopulationLand Ratio
(p/ha.)
6.02
7.92
6.28
6.72
7.59
8.15
7.11
6.13
6.67
6.38
5.64
5.46
7.35
9.47
7.68
7.08
9.15
8.45
7.73
9.82
7.71
7.87
9.15
9.41
35.86
40.49
84.56
9.80
8.66
9.93
Population
Density
(p/sq .km.)
37
163
166
428
455
498
187
167
46
135
33
146
145
139
418
482
569
552
505
112
137
93
120
276
877
1895
2739
257
29
176
Table 5.2 :Population-Land Ratio and Population Density by Eco-Development Region, 2001
S.N.
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
District
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Nepal
Geographic
Area (sq.km.)
2426
1126
1190
1353
2218
3610
1692
1546
1164
2017
2246
3573
2297
494
1784
1149
1373
2162
1360
1738
1193
1309
1879
2877
1462
2955
2337
2025
2451
1502
2230
7889
2531
1741
3535
5655
2188
3422
1680
2025
3235
1610
1538
1519
2322
Agricultural
Land (ha.)
32358
64186
52261
50565
38671
30815
17875
27501
28353
21031
1030
1136
12105
13115
30773
38815
29706
55905
73446
68336
32325
22438
26533
16652
27563
60908
44517
46085
25400
21923
15397
2499
7913
15012
6325
6060
8561
12598
17321
16745
64446
44212
11401
20566
16684
Population
2001
392604
545132
559135
497219
472048
288134
177149
315237
317320
380527
9587
14981
114447
157826
268937
296654
268558
562870
708419
481976
208391
212484
210004
188438
213500
462380
385840
382649
288527
225201
134868
29545
89427
105580
43937
40595
108781
167026
231285
207066
616697
377899
126162
234418
121996
PopulationLand Ratio
(p/ha.)
12.13
8.49
10.70
9.83
12.21
9.35
9.91
11.46
11.19
18.09
9.30
13.19
9.45
12.03
8.74
7.64
9.04
10.07
9.65
7.05
6.45
9.47
7.91
11.32
7.75
7.59
8.67
8.30
11.36
10.27
8.76
11.82
11.30
7.03
6.95
6.70
12.71
13.26
13.35
12.37
9.57
8.55
11.07
11.40
7.31
147181
2497663
23151423
9.27
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001: National Report and Agriculture Census 2001/02)
- 60 -
(contd...)
Population
Density (p/sq
.km.)
162
484
470
367
213
80
105
204
273
189
4
4
50
319
151
258
196
260
521
277
175
162
112
65
146
156
165
189
118
150
60
4
35
61
12
7
50
49
138
102
191
235
82
154
53
157
S.N.
1
2
3
4
Land Use
Total Area of holding (2+4)
Agriculture land(a+d+e+3)
a) Arable land (b+c)
b) Land under temporary crops
c) Other arable land
d) Land under permanent crops
e) Land under permanent
pastures
Ponds
Non-agriculture land (f+g)
f) Wood land and forest
g) Other land
1961/62
1685
1626
1592
1551
41
12
22
1971/72
1654
1592
1567
1537
30
15
10
1981/82
2464
2359
2288
2250
37
29
43
1991/92
2597
2393
2324
2285
40
29
37
2001/02
2654
2498
2357
2326
31
118
20
NA
59
14
45
NA
62
5
57
NA
105
15
90
4
205
109
96
4
156
37
119
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal 2001/02)
- 61 -
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavre
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Total
Forest
Area
112256
53182
72214
13239
43814
21304
26324
20033
159872
61448
86002
32363
61039
109404
30286
20202
25773
24086
21786
136302
48477
78111
92955
46448
14620
583
12680
42916
47494
79205
137220
29076
37974
73131
132746
101158
87552
71949
51214
89087
11760
Shrub
56362
14369
31649
1863
6040
1508
14598
12489
48476
22207
49628
15592
22571
15766
82
679
1832
1602
918
25708
33076
41194
36017
29511
8250
611
5219
23526
15667
31945
22578
563
1394
922
6230
52885
22328
18881
16685
24881
20304
Agricultural
land/ grass
70946
54078
64595
141795
126955
91799
47350
34917
71335
66525
67424
58858
74328
70005
94397
94268
83617
70897
100624
71842
67900
54778
67105
67492
15553
5440
22677
48412
9443
66322
75529
78805
78480
63342
77280
62886
30999
60850
45515
28361
279
- 62 -
Water
bodies
405
181
236
778
1374
6262
549
129
975
552
571
352
931
1150
3154
818
1300
1224
488
1268
620
401
162
434
125
1
69
405
54
745
817
715
298
181
2465
497
607
1004
707
1803
378
Barren
land
37757
326
2873
6517
4996
6861
982
494
23723
1284
59670
729
2020
6587
8169
4201
5158
4836
2834
8442
6149
16031
17404
750
999
316
2375
2405
8983
4464
5696
3332
1997
2513
3696
23616
9116
1410
1293
10417
29828
Snow
60115
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
40825
0
50037
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3906
22913
32560
0
0
0
0
1352
25138
6382
0
0
0
0
0
119141
15162
49
74
47308
165154
Others
27496
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19509
0
0
0
544
0
0
0
0
0
0
2985
2679
0
0
0
0
0
44308
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
365337
122165
171567
164192
183179
127734
89803
68062
345206
152016
332841
107894
160889
202912
136632
120168
117680
102645
126650
243562
160128
216413
248882
144635
39547
6951
43020
119016
151087
189063
241840
112491
120143
140089
222417
360183
165764
154143
115488
201857
227703
S.N.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
District
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dilekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Total
Total
Forest
Area
16723
67898
26189
91505
51649
72607
89635
19897
60500
69961
93042
150095
174725
143786
170124
104269
99364
157687
88699
151306
60603
110531
87165
87312
41051
72507
92391
99144
141848
169708
84420
105937
72020
58177
Shrub
23587
51574
7756
39702
26853
23736
15210
3989
2232
19414
3919
486
2130
2610
8233
9461
5300
33269
20705
1088
3910
1118
3846
9387
21954
23982
39713
16967
17277
14761
2207
11280
27751
31218
Agricultural
land/ grass
285
16744
15371
21453
36524
44332
104672
99894
104141
24292
24587
16458
12961
36419
106934
71475
85809
48653
36341
24126
77
19819
15560
20729
12584
31414
43697
45102
44839
129769
71938
31359
46368
32902
Water
bodies
272
330
141
391
364
538
3260
1807
2632
302
526
67
130
526
1727
1923
2548
1899
167
489
764
338
0
1360
677
264
440
422
311
2330
1361
212
370
591
Barren
land
78241
23035
735
24612
3033
70
9260
9063
3951
865
8547
19027
77148
7337
10343
6296
4756
7556
8812
43401
474881
98595
48264
139358
112174
32110
38826
6219
2049
4715
5680
1306
1229
30750
Snow
229295
70444
7
1738
80
42
25
0
0
0
0
0
23253
0
0
0
0
0
353
4095
249817
18566
9588
69568
421759
63897
139599
154
10
0
0
0
0
81568
Others
10856
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
359259
230025
50199
179401
118503
141325
222062
134650
173456
114834
130621
186133
290347
190678
297361
193424
197777
249064
155077
224505
790052
248967
164423
327714
610199
224174
354666
168008
206334
321283
165606
150094
147738
235206
5599760
1283231
4061631
64664
1683493
1974003
108377
14775159
Source: Department of Forest (Information System Development Project for the Management of Tropical Forest;
Activity Report of Wide Area and Tropical Forest Resource Survey, March, 2001).
- 63 -
Table 5.5 : Change in Forest Covered Area in Tarai Districts (Excluding Protected Areas)
(area in ha)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
District
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Total
1990/91
21274
45718
21659
21054
19021
28876
23587
30037
29472
49632
18904
61677
91026
27305
64579
191200
113074
35491
210413
54546
2000/01
21000
45184
21365
21110
18278
28323
24181
30528
29559
49157
18644
63586
93171
26524
62211
194262
110820
33719
205939
51933
Change
-274
-534
-294
56
-743
-553
594
491
87
-475
-260
1909
2145
-781
-2368
3062
-2254
-1772
-4474
-2613
1158545
1149494
-9051
% Change
-1.29
-1.17
-1.36
0.27
-3.91
-1.92
2.52
1.63
0.3
-0.96
-1.38
3.1
2.36
-2.86
-3.67
1.6
-1.99
-4.99
-2.13
-4.79
-0.78
Source : Department of Forest, 2005, ( Forest Covered Change Analysis of the Tarai Districts 1990/91-2000/01)
Wetland Types
River
Lakes
Reservoirs
Village Pounds
Paddy Fields
Marshland
Total
Source : Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2003.
- 64 -
% of Total
395000
5000
1380
5183
325000
10000
53.27
0.67
0.19
0.70
43.83
1.35
741563
100
Sunkoshi
Bagmati
Trisuli
Karnali
Nagmati
Ganges
Saptakosi
Arun
36000
16.0 (7)
36533
(4)
34525
7.6 (5)
Reference : Impat-1979; Sherchan-1991; Schaffner-1987; Upadhaya-et.al. 1991; Ries- 1994; Maskey and Joshy- 1991;
Karver-1995; Erl 1988; HPC-1989.
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat/ CIDA.(Himalayan Sediment, Issue and Guidelines, 2003).
12500
20.45 (10)
Reference : Impat-1979; Sherchan-1991; Schaffner-1987; Upadhaya-et.al. 1991; Laban-1978; Mulder- 1978; Carson- 1985.
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat/CIDA (Himalayan Sediment, Issue and Guidelines 2003).
- 65 -
S.N.
1
2
3
4
Degradation Type
Water erosion
Wind erosion
Chemical deterioration
0.2
1.3
Physical deterioration
Area
Siwalik Range
Location and
Characteristics
Eastern Nepal, South aspect,
sand stone foot hills
land Use
Different land use ranging from
forest to grazing
a. Degraded land
b. Degraded forest,gullied land
2000
4000
Middle Mountain
20000
3150 - 14000
b. Gullied land
a. Degraded forest & shrub land
6300 - 42000
2700 - 4500
4300
12500 - 57000
800
920
2200 - 34700
2900
Table 5.11 : Area of Land made uncultivabe due to flooding /Soil Erosion by Ecological Belt
and Development Region,Nepal,2001/02
Geographical Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-Western
Far -Western
Affected Area
2654037.2
30845.3
1.2
218706.6
1038614.5
1396716.1
1495.0
6220.3
23130.0
0.7
0.6
1.7
795521.4
750212.9
512152.2
370701.9
9976.3
11213.1
6881.2
1595.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
0.4
225448.8
1179.4
0.5
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal 2001/02).
- 66 -
35.6
40.5
9.3
12.2
2.4
825307
939299
215460
283687
56485
2320239
Total
738704
263073
330750
57059
74556
13266
41692
738704
198604
273424
53289
171696
Area of
holding
(ha)
100.0
35.6
44.8
7.7
10.1
1.8
5.6
100.0
26.9
37.0
7.2
23.2
Percent
to total
Eastern
Development Region
173058
214421
55618
70311
18029
531437
143885
204719
36094
119527
27212
531437
Area of
holding
(ha)
- 67 -
32.6
40.3
10.5
13.2
3.4
100.0
27.1
38.5
6.8
22.5
5.1
100.0
Percent
to total
Central Development
Region
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal, 2001/02)
100.0
6.3
100.0
25.4
38.1
7.2
22.9
Percen
t to
total
145777
2320239
589455
884697
167822
532488
Area of
holding
(ha)
Nepal
Clay Loam
Total
Soil Color
Black
1
Brown
2
Yellow
3
Red
4
Other
5
Soil Type
Sand
1
Loam
2
Silt
3
Clay
4
S.N.
Type and
Color of
Soil
34.3
36.1
11.2
16.5
1.9
100.0
476678
9.3
100.0
18.0
36.5
5.9
30.2
Percent
to total
163488
171923
53487
78762
9019
44381
476678
85893
174045
28316
144043
Area of
holding
(ha)
Western
Development Region
Table 5.12 : Type and Color of Soil by Area of Holdings and by Development Region,Nepal,2001/02
362727
147848
134623
35728
39307
5221
23467
362727
92983
140687
35415
70175
100.0
40.8
37.1
9.8
10.8
1.4
6.5
100.0
25.6
38.8
9.8
19.3
Mid -Western
Development
Region
Area of
Percent
holding
to total
(ha)
77841
87583
13568
20751
10951
210693
68091
91822
14708
27047
9025
210693
Area of
holding(ha)
36.9
41.6
6.4
9.8
5.2
100.0
32.3
43.6
7.0
12.8
4.3
100.0
Percent
to total
Far-Western
Development Region
Cattle
Buffaloes
7226050
123
4995650
85
Sheep
805070
14
Population p/land*
918885
16
859000
15
869582
15
869142
15
855159
15
851913
14
850170
14
840141
14
828286
14
824187
14
816727
14
812085
14
813621
14
809480
14
802993
14
801371
14
Goats
9186440
156
Population p/land*
5649056
96
5783140
98
5921956
101
6080060
103
6204616
105
6325144
107
6478380
110
6606858
112
6791861
115
6979875
119
7153527
122
7421624
126
7847624
133
8135880
138
8473082
144
8844172
150
- 68 -
* Arid land /semi arid land= Cultivated land, Non cultivated land and Grass land/Pasture estimated area 58873.3 sq. km.
NA : Not Available
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.
2010/11
Year
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
Table 5.13 : Livestock and Poultry Population in Arid and Semi-Arid Land
Pigs
Fowls
Ducks
1093610
19
39530540
671
378050
10
Livestock type
Cattle
Chaunri
Buffaloes
Goats
Sheep
Pigs
Horses
Mules and asses
Rabbits
Other animals
Chickens
Ducks
Pigeons
Other poultry
Total
Percentage change
1981/82
6501.6
55.5
2379.7
3643.7
677.1
433.6
0
27.5
0
36.8
7368.6
142.3
830.7
20.4
1991/92
7359.3
58.6
3116.3
5515.5
602.8
495.8
14.3
5.3
0
7.3
12333.1
280.3
1419.9
9.2
2001/02
7215.2
95.4
3477.7
6932.9
471.2
632.6
20.1
6
10.1
5.9
17631.3
393.1
1845.2
57.3
1991/1981
13.2
5.6
31.0
51.4
-11.0
14.3
0.0
-80.7
0.0
-80.2
67.4
97.0
70.9
-54.9
2001/1991
-2.0
62.8
11.6
25.7
-21.8
27.6
40.6
13.2
0.0
-19.2
43.0
40.2
30.0
522.8
22117.5
31217.7
38794
41.1
24.3
-0.06
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (Energy Sector Synopsis Report, 2010)
- 69 -
Mountain
0.1
13.7
24.5
0.5
3
41.8
176.8
Hill
0.9
84.1
144
1.8
14.8
245.5
1046.2
Tarai
98.8
148
268.2
23.2
56.9
595.1
1374.3
Nepal
99.8
245.8
436.7
25.4
74.7
882.4
2597.4
Mountain
0.3
20.8
39.2
0.6
1.1
62.1
218.7
Hill
Tarai
212.2
207.6
309.7
20.4
78.4
801.3
1396.6
2.4
118.3
172.3
2.8
9
204.9
801.3
Nepal
214.9
346.7
521.2
23.8
88.5
1068.3
2416.6
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Censuses of Agriculture, 1991/92 and 2001/02)
% Increase
1991-2001
1981/82
1991/92
2001/02
Citrus fruit
Orange
Lemon
Lime
Sweet Oranges
1.70
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.10
3.40
2.40
0.40
0.20
4.68
3.20
0.62
0.29
0.23
37.6
33.3
55.8
46.0
0.20
27.50
5.20
4.00
1.10
1.80
0.40
0.10
0.20
NA
NA
0.70
NA
14.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.34
28.04
18.48
3.14
0.48
0.68
0.23
0.78
0.35
1.38
0.45
0.30
0.09
1.70
6.20
-15.3
24.6
21.5
49.5
21.0
12.7
14.5
159.7
246.0
130.0
347.0
201.0
-13.0
-37.2
77.1
8.4
0.40
22.50
15.20
2.10
0.40
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.60
0.10
0.10
0.10
2.70
3.50
74.90
66.40
2.50
6.00
- 70 -
81.20
67.60
7.30
6.30
1.8
192.0
5.0
Selected Crops
Paddy
Wheat
Maize
Millet
Barley
Buckwheat
Other Cereals
Legumes
Tubers
Cash Crops
Oilseeds
Spices
Vegetables
1991/92
1394
389
523
154
28
11
NA
335
86
86
224
58
17
2001/02
3252
633
769
302
46
16
5
340
79
63
260
29
40
Name of Pesticide*
Chlordane
DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Aldrin
Heptachlor
S.N.
8
9
10
11
12
13
Toxafen
14
- 71 -
Name of Pesticides*
Mirex
BHC
Lindane
Phosphamidon
Orano mercury fungicides
Methyl parathion
Monocrotophos
3423
794
769
251
39
21
5
379
93
61
214
41
60
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hazard level
Pesticides
(Technical)
WHO group
IA
IB
II
III
NH
NC
Extremely hazardous
Highly hazardous
Moderately hazardous
Slightly hazardous
Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
Not calculated
0
2
39
19
45
2
Total
107
Pesticide
Insecticides
Herbicides (Weedicides)
Fungicides
Acaricides
Rodenticides
Bio- Pesticides
Bactericides
Others
Total
1997*
46
9
17
1
2002+
207
22
71
2
8
2003+
213
23
71
2
8
2004+
213
23
71
2
8
2009
210
24
62
9
13
78
312
319
319
326
- 72 -
2010
391
63
170
7
16
4
651
Urea
43508
29528
17697
34449
7428
10043
1960
14985
43508
29528
17697
34449
7428
10043
1960
14985
2500
5935
DAP
26154
15633
20645
33331
11377
19436
10857
7437
26154
15633
20645
33331
11377
19436
10857
7437
1990
Potash
308
58
1016
2966
1688
2332
478
NA
308
58
1016
2966
1688
2332
478
2009/10
5049
2523
236
2010/11
85190
22001
2821
Complex
2747
2156
1198
Private Sector
76727
101145
101140
103636
118265
90895
78258
65679
76727
101145
101140
103636
118265
90895
78258
65679
47107
5677
2521
Total Fertilizer
146697
146364
140498
174382
138758
122706
91553
88101
146697
146364
140498
174382
138758
122706
91553
90848
53753
12810
10329
0.33
110012
3.56
Note : The Cultivated land (3090780 ha) based on Department of Forest Research and Survey, 2001.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and Agriculture Inputs Company Ltd.
- 73 -
Nutrient mt / Cultivated
Land ha*100
4.75
4.74
4.55
5.64
4.49
3.97
2.96
2.85
4.75
4.74
4.55
5.64
4.49
3.97
2.96
2.94
1.74
0.41
3380
4026
4480
19588
82832.9
Mixed
1.6 Insecticides
1.7 Others
Herbicides
Fungicides
Rodenticides
Bio-Pesticides
Acaricides
Bactericides
Others
Agricultural
Pesticides
28125
355042
4897
422
3152
148817
11000
37517
180
13727
450
134880
186754
Solid
(kg.)
1406.25
152675.8
3244.24
12
864.12
4.29
1135
97036
6386.4
10026.96
1235
16.8
3146.75
183.24
26912
2473
Solid
(kg.)
18633
460
3040
4048
73290
15850
11034
76310
2550
90270
66000
104816 295485
418
210
11240
1260
3259
420
39083
20
40060
8846
92948 180164
Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)
43993.75
2005
Formulations
19654
200
6626
2780
70200
99460
1290
3850
2260
4970 103848
11470
190
4155
2875
22269
36
32654
23470
85649
Solid
(kg.)
2007
Solid
(kg.)
31560
25
1430
238.65
57.58
1808
74368.45
5701.7
8605.66
11046
3625.25
2.15
4592.66
321.05
7308
6574.05
43210.6 22986.26
200
20063
7545
94749 17709.05
250
5612
70503
3810
750
2458.06
57.12
43600 37297.75
12523
12870
2290.35 10592.55
4.31
2640.43 21851.95
115.4
24682.6 15904.95
8214.5
2008
45.9
5511
129.8
86874.45
20195.15
13780
13529.9
22581.8
205.6
16415.49
32582.59
99095.38
20.49
4293.81
38617.2
324018
11956
54435
1276
19941
7654
95745
179051
Solid
(kg.)
Formulations
Total
Active
Ingredin Liquid
ts (kg.) (Ltr.)
Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)
Formulations
2009
Solid
(kg.)
6.64
2080.4
30.08
31086.9
203392
11124.3
13506.6
6736.68
7228.88
1100.34
65838.2
11403.9
19600
31363
10765
220
2099
5575
37452
250
5134
3085
176790
5111
2865 119463.5
13760
40634
650
42884
31485
Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)
Formulations
25
38
82.08
2468
129567
15683.1
13431.6
7284.3
5255.65
1344.15
23280.3
11019.8
61615.8
Total
Active
Ingredints
(kg.)
3377.33
25568
2556.8
27030
2703
28110
2811
32000
1600
127893.1 103379 209418 128727.63 189022.5 546490.2 344791.6 211851.68 557956.5 353534.92 177624 371561.5 209478.98
2469
13.8
77.33
30.4
1457
47702
11030
3407.47
1147
4.2
31050
1007.9
25401
3096
65113.57
Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)
Formulations
2006
- 74 -
Grand Total
82832.9 383167 154082.05 104816 361485 131270.43 103379 234986 131284.43 189022.5 573520.2 347494.6 211851.68 586066.5 356345.92 177624 403561.5 211078.98
Source: Pesticide Registration and Management Section,(A Handbook of Pesticide
Statistics,2010)
400
1516
7.2
1015
1680
33439.7
Synthetic
1.4 Pyrethroids
Botanical
1.5 products
25
1.3 Carbamates
3354
55826.7
Liquid
(Ltr.)
Organo1.2 phospates
Pesticides usedin
Public Health
2004
Formulations
9922
Insecticides
Kinds of
Pesticide
1.1 Organochlorine
S.N.
Chapter VI
Water
DWSS
Unit
Total
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
2010/11
Th. L/d
Urban Area
Only
46948
54471
54067
34650
31815
20011
28271
25164
2876
5552
8550
5580
7200
22500
19545
15615
16605
NWSC
1736
4608
3880
KUKL
16000
3300
5500
5500
300
7000
3000
1480
7000
5000
3000
4000
18100
3000
7500
125000
129440
1000
8000
28600
21120
1040
101900*
147600
Total
64684
62379
63447
40150
32115
27011
31271
26644
9876
10552
11550
9580
26300
33500
55645
161735
147085
147600
Parameters
pH(metre)
Total dissolved solid (mg/l)
Hardness (mg/l)
Alkalinity (mg/l)
Ammonia (mg/l)
Chloride (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Sulphate (mg/l)
Calcium (mg/l)
Magnesium (mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l)
Lead (mg/l)
Cadmium (mg/l)
Chromium (mg/l)
Pesticide Residue (mg/l)
Mineral water
Drinking water
Max
Min
Mean
Max
Min
Mean
8.3
5.5
6.9
8.1
6.2
7.2
346
4
175
630
5
317
182
0.1
91.05
175
0.1
88
140
1
70.5
136
1
68
ND
ND
ND
ND
92
0.2
46.1
78
0.5
39
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.3
Trace
ND
Trace
ND
67
ND
56
0.1
28
84
ND
84
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
DDT,BHC, Parathion, Methyl parathion and Malathion are not detected
5-44 x 10
ND : Not defined.
Source : Department of Food Technology and Quality Control -2003/04.
- 77 -
7->2400 in 8 samples
Table 6.3 : Ground Water Quality of (Shallow Tube ) Aquifers in the East Tarai, 2003
Site (District)
Panchgachhi (Jhapa)
Baijanathpur ( Morang )
Bayarban ( Morang )
Takuwa ( Morang )
Shreepur Jabdi (Sunsari)
Bandipur (Sunsari)
Naktiraipur (Saptari)
Chloride
(mg/l)
Ammonia
(mg/l)
Nitrate
(mg/l)
Iron
(mg/l)
Manganese
(mg/l)
Coliform
(cfu/100
ml)
15.4
16.6
17.6
21
37.2
195.6
45.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
1
0.9
0.7
1.2
0.2
0.2
2.4
1
0.2
3.5
0.3
6
4.5
6
10.4
8
0.4
12
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.3
1.1
15.9
0.5
45.9
25.5
1
16
250
1.24
10
0.5
nil
WHO Guideline
Source: Environment and Public Health Organization 1999 and United Nations Environment Program, 2000.
Table 6.4 : Percentage Distribution of Households using Main Sources of Drinking Water, Nepal, 2001
Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
Households
Tap/Pipe
Well
Tubewell
Spout
Water
Rivers/
Stream
Others
Not
Stated
4,174,457
52.9
9.0
28.4
6.4
1.5
0.9
0.9
285,217
1,950,345
1,938,895
72.2
72.2
30.8
6.2
12.0
6.5
0.0
2.4
58.6
17.1
10.1
1.1
3.4
2.0
0.6
0.4
0.5
1.4
0.6
0.7
1.1
1,001,121
1,465,753
863,045
479,009
365,529
35.3
57.8
68.8
51.4
46.4
9.3
8.5
8.9
11.4
7.8
48.4
28.1
13.9
17.3
23.1
4.6
3.3
5.4
14.1
15.8
1.0
0.6
1.1
4.0
3.6
0.7
0.7
1.1
0.7
2.1
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.1
1.3
664507
65.4
5.9
23.1
3.3
0.5
0.9
0.9
3509950
50.6
9.6
29.4
7.0
1.7
0.9
0.9
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001, National Report and Selected Urban Tables).
- 78 -
Area
Total Households
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Terai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural
4,174,457
Modern with
Flush
22.7
285,214
1,951,192
1,938,051
Ordinary
No Toilet
Not Stated
23.4
52.5
1.4
7.9
26.9
20.6
32.5
28.9
16.6
58.6
43.0
61.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
1,000,441
1,465,753
863,045
479,817
365,401
15.6
30.0
26.7
15.9
12.39
30.1
20.9
27.7
15.5
15.67
53.3
47.6
44.4
67.0
69.97
1.0
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.98
664,507
52.4
24.7
21.6
1.3
3,509,950
17.1
23.2
58.3
1.4
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001 : National Report and Selected Urban Tables).
District
0-10ppb
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Banke
Bara
Bardiya
Chitwan
Dang
Dhanusa
Jhapa
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Kapilbastu
Mahottari
Morang
Nawalparasi
Parsa
Rautahat
Rupandehi
Saptari
Sarlahi
Siraha
Sunsari
Total
11-50ppb
%
Number
>50ppb
%
Number
Total
%
Number
23796
34444
38243
57232
26040
54388
113077
74357
47633
36031
33546
109653
24136
26550
39351
69950
53070
42905
38608
63903
97.01
89.26
89.15
99.74
99.26
96.21
99.34
88.30
88.90
90.76
98.91
98.12
76.20
92.13
80.74
96.21
94.65
85.02
84.66
95.86
568
2689
2484
104
153
1724
699
7009
4365
2508
341
1950
3836
1598
8305
2283
2445
6952
5823
2343
2.32
6.97
5.79
0.18
0.58
3.05
0.61
8.32
8.15
6.32
1.01
1.74
12.11
5.54
17.04
3.14
4.36
13.78
12.77
3.51
166
1456
2170
46
41
419
53
2839
1580
1160
29
155
3704
671
1084
470
557
609
1172
418
0.68
3.77
5.06
0.08
0.16
0.74
0.05
3.37
2.95
2.92
0.09
0.14
11.69
2.33
2.22
0.65
0.99
1.21
2.57
0.63
24530
38589
42897
57382
26234
56531
113829
84205
53578
39699
33916
111758
31676
28819
48740
72703
56072
50466
45603
66664
2.26
3.56
3.96
5.29
2.42
5.22
10.50
7.77
4.94
3.66
3.13
10.31
2.92
2.66
4.50
6.71
5.17
4.66
4.21
6.15
1006913
92.90
58179
5.37
18799
1.73
1083891
100.00
- 79 -
River
Length (km)
Mahakali
Karnali
Babai
West Rapti
Narayani
Bagmati
Sapta Koshi
Kankai
Other River
Total
223
507
190
257
332
163
513
108
Total
Nepal
From Nepal
15260
44000
3400
6500
34960
3700
60400
1330
24921
5410
41890
3400
6500
28090
3700
31940
1330
24921
698
1441
103
224
1753
178
1658
68
1001
247
1371
103
224
1409
178
878
68
1001
194471
147181
7124
5479
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (Water Resources of Nepal in the context of Climate Change,2011)
Table 6.8 : Deep Aquifer Depletion in Selected Locations During Dry Season of Kathmandu Valley
Water Level (m)
Location
Bansbari
Baluwatar
Pharping
1976
SWL
48.08
F.W.
F.W.
1999
PWL
SWL
Decline (m)
67.6
21
80.63
22.41
PWL
136.14
30
25
13
44
SWL=Static water level, PWL= Pumping water level,, F.W.= Flowing well.
Source : Centre for Environment and Management (2000), Metcalf and Eddy (2000).
- 80 -
SWL
32.55
22.41
PWL
68.54
9
13
19
Table 6.9 : Glaciers and Catchments Areas having Meteorological and Hydrological Stations
Name of Glacier
Catchments
Areas
(sq. km)
River
Basin
Major
Glacier
240
Barun
135
Makalu,
Tashigaon
Khumbu
a) Dingboche
b) Pangboche
Langtang,
Kyangjing
Annapurna
Machhapuchhre
Humla (closed)
North
East
(masl)
North
East
Barun
270 37'
87 0 16'
2100
270 44'
870 11'
2000
Imja
Imja
Imja
Imja
270 53'
860 49'
4355
270 53'
860 56'
4355
340
Langtang
Langtang
280 13'
850 37'
3920
280 13'
850 33'
3800
148
Modi
Annapurna
Glacier
280 32'
830 57'
3470
280 31'
830 57'
3670
553
Humla
Panommukhi
(Daldung
Khola)
Kanjirowa
725
Sano
Bheri
(masl)
30 16'
81 14'
4220
30 0 11'
810 32'
3811
300 11'
810 32'
3500
0
29 07'
820 36'
2735
290 07'
820 36'
2600
Source: International Centre for Intrigated Mountain Development, Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outbrust Flood
Nepal 2001.Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (Year Book, 1997, Supplement No. VII, 2000.)
Lower Barun
Imja
Tsho Rolpa
Thulagi
Dig Thso
Tam
Pokhari
27 48' N
87 07' E
4570
27 59' N
86 56' E
5000
27 50' N
86 28' E
4580
28 30' N
84 30' E
4146
27 52' N
86 35' E
4365
27 44' N
86 15' E
4432
50
118
1.25
0.6
0.78
47
99
1.3
0.5
0.6
55.1
131
3.2
0.5
1.39
41.8
81
2
0.45
0.76
20
45
1.21
0.44
0.5
1.15
0.5
0.47
28
28
76.6
31.8
10
21.25
35
45
45
45
50
45
Source: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (Himalayan Wetlands- Risks, Challenges and Opportunities
edited by Bishnu B.Bhandari (2007) and Gea Jae Joo based on Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes
and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (Nepal) Pradip K. Mool, Samjwal R. Bajracharya and Sharad Joshi - 2000).
- 81 -
Number
Koshi
Gandaki
Karnali
Mahakali
Total
Glacial Lakes
Area (sq. km)
779
1,025
1,361
87
3,252
Number
1,410
2,030
1,740
143
5,323
1,062
338
907
16
2,323
25.0
12.5
37.7
0.4
75.6
Source: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (Himalayan Wetlands- Risks, Challenges and
Opportunities edited by Bishnu B.Bhandari (2007) and Gea Jae Joo based on Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes
and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (Nepal) Pradip K. Mool, Samjwal R. Bajracharya and Sharad Joshi - 2000).
Table 6.12 : Water Quality of Different Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, 2005
Parameters
pH
Temp
Iron
Chlorine (mg/l)
Chloride (mg/l)
N-NH4 (mg/l)
PO4 - P (mg/l)
Coliform bacteria
Coliform bacteria
E. coli
Water sources
Unit
metre
0
C
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Source points
Consumption point
cfu/100 ml
WHO GV
PW
6.5-8.2
PUTW
6.5-7.5
Well
7.5
SS
7.5
13-18
ND-0.2
ND
10--30
ND-0.2
0.1
+/+
12--15
0.2
ND
22-45
0.2
0.1
+
15-18
0.2
ND
26-27
0.2
0.1
+
15-18
0.3
ND
23-45
0.2
0.1
+
25.0
0.3-3.0
0.2
250
0.04-0.4
0.4-5.5
-
10-130
3--20
48-200
58
Note: PTW = private tap water, PUTW = public tap water, SS = stone spout, WHO GV = World Health Organization guideline value.
Source: Pradhan et al. 2005.
- 82 -
6.5-8.5
Table 6.13 : Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry Season, 1998
Development Region
Eastern
Location / River
Mechi
Kankai
Arun
East Rapti at Sauraha
Seti at Ramghat
Bheri at Chatagaon
Karnali at Chisapani
Mahakali at Pancheswor
Central
Western
Mid- Western
Far -Western
pH
TDS (mg/l)
DO (mg/l)
B0D (mg/l)
8.3
7.7
6.5
7.8
8.2
7.8
8.9
8.8
30
60
200
213
222
208
264
110
8.9
8.7
9.1
8.7
9.3
9.3
10.5
5
1.8
2
2.1
2.5
2
1.1
1.5
2
100
>5.0
WHO Guideline
6.5-8.5
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,1998 (Central Bureau of Statistics :A Compendium on Environment Statistics, Nepal, 1998.)
Physical
Chemical
Micro Germs
Parameter
Unit
NTU
Maximum Concentration
Limits
Turbidity
pH
Color
Taste & Odor
Total Dissolved Solids
Electrical Conductivity
Iron
Manganese
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Lead
Ammonia
Chloride
Sulphate
Nitrate
Copper
Total Hardness
Calcium
Zinc
Mercury
Aluminum
Residual Chlorine
E-Coli
mg/l
c/cm
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml
5 (10)**
6.5-8.5*
5 (15)**
Would not be objectionable
1000
1500
0.3 (3)**
0.2
0.05
0.003
0.05
0.07
0.5-1.5*
0.01
1.5
250
250
50
1
500
200
3
0.001
0.2
0.1-0.2*
0
MPN/100ml
95 % in sample
TCU
- 83 -
Table 6.15 : Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water
S.N.
1
Characteristics
Total Suspended solids, mg/l, Max
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
- 84 -
5.5-9.0
45
500
2100
50
10
1
0.2
2
400
50
10
2
2
50
10
1
0.2
2
10-7
10-7
-8
10-8
absent
1
2
0.2
2
0.1
3
0.1
3
0.05
5
10
absent
1
2
0.2
2
0.1
3
0.1
3
0.05
5
Public Sewerage
600
absent
10
1
2
3
0.1
3
0.05
5
0.01
0.01
10
<50%
0.01
50
250
50
1000
50
250
0.1
0.1
0.1
pH value
Temperature C
Radioactive materials;
Sodium, % max
Chemical oxygen demand
mg/l, Max
Total chromium ( as Cr )
mg/l, max
Bull's Trench Kiln, Forced
Draught (Fixed Chimney )
Bull's Trench Kiln, Natural
Draught (Fixed Chimney )
10
11
12
13
14
15
20
Temperature C
0.1
250
60
600
100
Absent
2100
5.5-9.0
100
Tanning
Industry
22
23
21
19
18
17
16
Hexavalent chromium
(as Cr) mg/l, Max
Phenolic compounds
(as C6 h5 OH), mg/l
TSS mg/l
Characteristics
S.N.
40
250
10
5 (as C6 h5
OH)
100
40
5.5-9
100
Wool
Processing
Industry
61
5.5-10
101
60
5.5-9
100
Fermentat
Industry
- 85 -
250
10
100
5.5-9.0
Vegetable
Ghee & Oil
Industry
100
5.5-9
100
Paper &
Pulp
Industry
250
10
100
5.5-8.5
150
Dairy
Industry
250
100
5.5-9
100
Sugar
Industry
250
100
6.0-9.0
100
Cotton and
Textile
Industry
250
10
100
5.5-9.0
200
Soap
Industry
Table 6.16 : Generic Standard /Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water
Brick kiln Industry
400mg/Nm
700mg/Nm
600mg/Nm
15 Meter
30 Meter
17 Meter
Suspended Heights of
Chimney
Particulate
(Max.
Matter (Max.
Limit)
Limit)
S.N.
Parameter name
Target
Water
Quality
Range
Remarks
Microbiological constituents:
< 1 count
/100 ml
6.5 8.5
< 50 mg/l
Electrical Conductivity
3
Chemical Constituents:
< 40 mS/m
1
2
3
4
< 5 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.5 mg/l
< 0.01
mg/l
< 100 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.05
mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 2.0 mg/l
< 5.0 mg/l
(non-toxic)
< 0.2 mg/l
< 2.5 mg/l
< 0.02
mg/l
< 0.01
mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
Coliforms(faecal)
Physical Constituents:
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
pH
Suspended Solids
Aluminium
Arsenic
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrogen (inorganic)
< 0.02
mg/l
< 2.0
< 70 mg/l
< 40 mS/m
23
Uranium
Vanadium
< 0.01
mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
24
Zinc
18
19
20
21
22
Selenium
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
Sodium
Total Dissolved Solids (as EC)
Source: Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Neapl Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008))
- 86 -
Constituents
Algae
Alkalinity
Aluminium
0 25 g/L
0 30 g/L
Arsenic
0 0.05 mg/l
BOD5
< 15 mg/l
Hardness: 0 60
mg/l
Hardness: 60
120 mg/l
Remarks
High alkalinity reduces natural food
production in ponds below optimal
production
Highly toxic to trouts (1.5 g/l is fatal to
brown trout)
Cadmium
10
Carbon dioxide
11
Chloride
12
Chlorine
13
14
Chromium (VI)
COD
15
Colour
16
Copper
< 5 g/L
17
Cyanides
18
Dissolved oxygen
19
Fluoride
< 20 g/l
20
Iron
< 10 g/l
21
22
Lead
Magnesium
< 10 g/l
< 15 mg/l
23
Manganese
24
Mercury
< 1 g/l
25
Nickel
26
Nitrate-N
27
Nitrite-N
Hardness: 120
< 1.3 mg/l
180mg/l
Hardness: >180
< 1.8 mg/l
mg/l
< 12 mg/l, upto 75 mg/l for warm water
fish
Value not recommended (fish can
survive at < 600 mg/l Chloride but the
production is not optimum)
< 2 g HOCl /L for cold water fish
- 87 -
29
Constituents
Nuisance plants
Remarks
30
(including
31
pH
No quantitative guidelines,
should not be detected in fish
6.5 9.0
32
Phenols
< 1 mg/l
33
34
Phosphorus
Selenium (VI)
35
Sulphide as H2S
36
Temperature
39
40
41
Coldwater
Warm
water
10 mg/l
0.03
0.3
50 mg/l
0.2
0.7
100 mg/l
0.3
500 mg/l
0.5
- 88 -
Constituent
28
29
Algae
Aluminium
Arsenic
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Copper
Electrical Conductivity
Fluoride
pH
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrate/Nitrite
Nitrite N
Selenium
Sodium
Sulphate
Total Dissolved Solids
Dairy Cattle
Sheep
Horse
Pigs
Poultry
Vanadium
Zinc
Proposed concentration
No visible blue-green scum
< 5 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
< 0.01 mg/l
< 1000 mg/l
< 1 mg/l
< 1 mg/l
< 0.5 mg/l
< 1.5 dS/m
< 2 mg/l
6.5 8.5
Not Toxic
< 0.1 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 10 g/L
< 0.01 mg/l
< 1 mg/l
< 100 mg/l as nitrate
< 10 mg/l
< 0.05 mg/l
< 2000 mg/l
< 1000 mg/l
< 7100 mg/l
<12800 mg/l
< 6400 mg/l
< 4300 mg/l
< 2800 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l (FAO)
< 24 mg/l (FAO)
Pathogens
< 200 count /100ml
< 1000 counts for < 20 % of the
samples
- 89 -
Parameter Name:
Algae, macrophytes,
phytoplankton scum, etc.
Full contact
Partial contact
Non contact
Indicator Organism
Total coliform Bacteria
Faecal coliform
<130 count/100 ml
Escherichia coli
<130 count/100 ml
Entero cocci
Faecal Streptococci
<30 count/100 ml
Coliphage
Schistosoma/ Bilharzia
< 20 count/100 ml
No snails capable of
acting as the
intermediate host of the
bilharzia parasite
<1000
count/100ml
No target value
No target value
0 230 count/100
ml
No target value
No snails capable
of acting as the
intermediate host
of the bilharzia
parasite
No target value
No target value
No target value
No target value
Nuisance plants
Swimmer should not be
entangled
Chemical Irritant
The criteria are qualitative and no specific irritant and quantitative measures are given
Chemical Parameters:
pH
6.5 8.5
6.5 8.5
Physical Parameters:
No target value
Clarity
No target value
No target value
2
3
Colour
Floating Matter and refuse
No Target value
No target value
Odour
No objectionable or
unpleasant odour
5
6
Residual Chlorine
Surface films
0.1 mg/l
Should not be noticeable
No objectionable
or unpleasant
odour
No target value
Should not be
noticeable
Turbidity
0.5 NTU
Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008).
- 90 -
No target value
Should not be
noticeable
Parameter Name:
Alkalinity
COD
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
pH
Silica
Sulphate
Suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Total Hardness
Category 1
<50 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 20 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.05 mg/l
7.0 - 8.0
< 5 mg/l
< 30 mg/l
< 3 mg/l
TDS: < 100 mg/l
EC: < 15 mS/m
< 50 mg/l as CaCO3
Category 2
< 120 mg/l
< 15 mg/l
< 40 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
6.5 - 8.0
0 - 10 mg/l
< 80 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
TDS: < 200
EC: < 30
< 100 mg/l as
CaCO3
Category 3
< 300 mg/l
< 30 mg/l
< 100 mg/l
< 0.3 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
6.5 - 8.0
< 20 mg/l
< 200 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
TDS: < 450
EC: < 70
< 250 mg/l as CaCO3
Category 4
< 1200 mg/l
< 75 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
10-May
< 150 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
< 25 mg/l
TDS: < 1600
EC: < 250
< 1000 mg/l as
CaCO3
Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 Juene 2008).
Table 6.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Parameter name
Aluminium (mg/l)
Ammonia (g/L)
Arsenic (g/L)
Atrazine (g/L)
Cadmium
Soft water
(60 mg/l
CaCO3)
Medium water
(60 119
mg/l)
Hard water
120 180
mg/l
Very Hard
> 180 mg/l
Chlorine (Residual) g/L
Chromium (VI) g/L
Chromium (III) g/L
Copper g/L
Soft water
(60 mg/l
CaCO3)
Medium water
(60 119
mg/l)
Hard water
120 180
mg/l
Very Hard
> 180 mg/l
Cyanide g/L
Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation)
< 0.15
0.3
< 0.25
0.5
< 0.35
0.7
10
< 0.40
< 0.2
7
< 12
0.8
0.35
10
24
13
5
200
340
< 0.3
0.53
1.6
< 0.8
1.5
4.6
< 1.2
2.4
7.5
< 1.40
1
80 120
2.8
4
> 60
12
110
> 40
- 91 -
Table 6.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem
(contd...)
S.N.
12
Parameter name
Endosulphan (g/L)
13
Fluoride (g/L)
14
Iron
15
Lead g/L
Soft
(60 mg/l CaCO3)
water
16
Acute Effect
Value
0.2
< 750
1500
2540
The iron concentration should not be allowed to vary by more than 10 % of the
background dissolved iron concentration for a particular site or case, at a specific
time.
< 0.2
0.5
Medium
water
< 0.5
Hard
water
< 1.0
13
< 1.2
2.4
16
< 180
370
1300
< 0.04
0.08
1.7
Very
> 180 mg/l
Hard
Manganese (g/L)
17
Mercury (g/L)
18
Nitrogen (inorganic)
19
pH
All aquatic ecosystems
20
21
Phenols (g/l)
Phosphorus (inorganic)
All surface waters
22
23
Selenium (g/l)
Temperature
(All aquatic ecosystems)
<2
5
30
Water temperature should not be allowed to vary from the background average
daily water temperature considered to be normal for that specific site and time of
o
day, by > 2 C, or by > 10 %, whichever estimate is the more conservative.
24
x TDS concentrations should not be changed by > 15 % from the normal cycles of
the water body under un impacted conditions at any time of the year;
x The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in TDS concentrations should not
be changed.
25
26
Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008).
- 92 -
District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhalandhunga
Khotang
Udaypur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusha
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchwok
Kabhrepalanchok
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makawanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitwan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahun
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilvastu
Total Lake
380
17
30
136
184
69
4
4
159
7
339
0
10
14
46
140
230
186
74
9
25
42
75
1
3
2
1
3
38
5
2
85
93
71
40
36
23
2
4
29
66
78
33
5
60
11
12
163
289
351
<100m
0
0
0
58
123
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
35
67
193
173
47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68
75
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
131
190
100-499 m
0
0
14
78
60
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
11
73
37
13
27
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
18
8
40
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
158
161
- 93 -
500- 1999m
0
2
14
0
1
0
4
2
3
5
1
0
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
3
12
1
3
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
5
5
1
1
22
0
0
5
5
15
7
12
0
0
0
2000-2999m
2
8
1
0
0
0
0
2
4
1
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
4
0
3
0
0
2
14
0
37
4
0
0
0
0
3000-4999
297
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
109
1
113
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
23
58
0
0
0
0
2
34
5
0
0
0
0
0
26
14
0
0
7
26
5
13
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
> 5000m
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
0
224
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
40
71
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
District
Argakhachi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardia
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadheldhura
Baitadi
Darchula
Total
Total Lake
3
19
16
70
5
38
243
82
22
7
16
210
99
1
125
381
57
25
13
19
114
85
2
1
19
5358
<100m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1270
100-499 m
0
0
0
0
0
8
243
82
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113
79
0
0
0
1442
500- 1999m
3
13
11
13
5
30
0
0
21
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
9
1
4
2
1
1
271
2000-2999m
0
6
1
14
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
3
0
5
2
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
148
(contd...)
3000-4999
0
0
4
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
47
97
1
93
147
45
19
3
6
0
0
0
0
16
1296
> 5000m
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
1
0
29
234
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
931
Source : National Lake Conservation Development Committee(National Lake Strategic plan,2010 March)
Glacier Lake
Lower Barun
Lumding Tsho
Dig Tsho
Imja Tsho
Tam Pokhari
Dudh Pokhari
Unnamed 1
Unnamed 2
Hungu
East Hungu 1
East Hungu 2
Unnamed 3
West Chamjang
Tsho Rolpa
Unnamed 4
Nagma Pokhari
Unnamed 5
Unnamed 6
Unnamed 7
Thulagi
Location /District
Sankhuwasabha
Solukhumbu
Dolakha
Taplejung
Gorkha
Mustang
NA : Not Available
Source : Ministry of Environment,(NAPA to Climate Change, 2010 September)
- 94 -
Altitude (m.)
4550
4846
4364
5023
4431
4760
5266
5056
5181
5379
5483
5205
4983
4556
4876
4907
3590
5419
5452
3825
Area (sq.m.)
NA
104943
143249
48811
138846
274296
133752
112398
198905
78760
211877
349396
6446
231693
179820
18971
81520
149544
1015173
223385
Chapter VII
Other Natural Resources
Major Group of
Species
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Arachnids
Velvet Worms
Horseshoe Crabs
Others
10
11
12
13
Gymnosperms
Flowiering Plants
Green Algae
16
17
18
Brown Algae
Sub total
21
22
5,499
1,728,408
3,127
51,623
31,496
17,000
6,144
307,674
4,242
268,000
1052
12,000
16,236
68,658
1,305,250
165
102,248
2,175
47,000
85,000
1,000,000
32,100
63,861
6,771
9,439
10,052
Total
Lichens
Mushrooms
20
Red Algae
Sub total
Fungi and Protists
15
19
Mosses
14
Sub total
Corals
Plants
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Insects
Invertebrates
Birds
Sub total
Mammals
Vertebrates
S.N.
Estimated
Number of
described
species
61,914
15
18
58
14,496
13
12,994
1020
310
101
52
12,621
11
33
856
2399
5,422
3844
9,554
34,779
6,338
3336
10,052
5,499
Number of
species
evaluated
by 2011
10,533
-----
---
---
--5,328
---
5,186
142
---
---
9
1,891
11
407
920
537
734
3,314
124
253
1,107
1,096
1996/98
11,046
-----
---
---
--5,611
---
5,390
141
---
80
9
1,928
11
408
938
555
752
3,507
146
296
1,183
1,130
2000
11,167
-----
---
---
--5,714
---
5,492
142
---
80
9
1,932
11
409
939
557
742
3,521
157
293
1,192
1,137
2002
- 97 -
12,259
--2
---
--6,774
---
6,279
304
111
80
9
1,959
11
409
967
553
750
3,524
157
293
1,194
1,130
2003
15,503
--2
---
--8,321
---
7,796
305
140
80
9
1,992
11
429
974
559
800
5,188
1,770
304
1,213
1,101
2004
16,117
--3
--8,390
---
7,865
306
139
80
24
2,102
11
459
975
623
1171
5,622
1,811
341
1,206
1,093
2006
16,308
6
9
9
8,448
7,899
321
139
80
24
2,109
11
460
978
623
1201
5,742
1,808
422
1,217
1,094
2007
Table 7.1 : Numbers of Threatened Species by Major Groups of Organisms on the Red List, 1996- 2011
16,928
6
9
9
8,457
7,904
323
139
82
24
2,496
18
235
606
978
626
1275
5,966
1,905
423
1,222
1,141
2008
17,291
6
9
9
8,500
7,948
322
139
82
24
2,639
18
235
606
1036
711
1414
6,143
1,895
469
1,223
1,142
2009
18,351
6
9
9
8,724
8,116
371
148
80
24
2,904
19
235
596
1288
733
1851
6,714
1,898
594
1,240
1,131
2010
19,570
6
9
9
9,156
8,527
377
163
80
24
3,297
19
235
596
1673
741
2028
7,108
1,917
772
1,253
1,138
2011
4%
0.50%
0.03%
0.003%
0.01%
0.9%
5%
0.3%
5%
97%
3%
1%
0.06%
1%
100%
7%
0.03%
39%
5%
6%
0.4%
30%
1%
94%
35%
100%
100%
Species
evaluted in
2011,as %
of species
described
Table 7.2: Change in numbers of species in the threatened categories for the major taxonomic groups on
the Red list ,1996-2011
Group
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Insects
Molluscs
Plants
1996/98
169
168
41
18
157
44
257
909
2000
180
182
56
25
156
45
222
1014
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Insects
Molluscs
Plants
315
235
59
31
134
116
212
1197
340
321
74
38
144
118
237
1266
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Insects
Molluscs
612
704
153
75
443
377
451
610
680
161
83
452
392
479
3222
3331
Plants
3864
4592
4591
2007
163
189
79
441
254
69
268
1569
2008
188
190
86
475
289
70
268
1575
2009
188
192
93
484
306
89
291
1577
2010
188
190
106
486
376
89
373
1619
2011
194
189
137
498
414
91
487
1731
349
356
139
737
254
129
224
2278
448
361
134
755
269
132
224
2280
449
362
150
754
298
151
245
2316
450
372
200
758
400
166
328
2397
447
382
284
764
477
169
417
2564
582
672
204
630
693
425
486
505
671
203
675
717
424
486
505
669
226
657
810
471
500
493
678
288
654
1075
478
587
497
682
351
655
1137
481
769
4600
4602
4607
4708
4861
Physiographic Zone
Total Ecosystems
10
13
52
38
5
10
5
33
30
2
118
80
Tarai (Plain)
Siwalik Hill
Middle Hill
Highland
Others
Total
Source: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2002 (Nepal Biodiversity Strategy).
- 98 -
Group
Flowering Plants
Pteridophytes
Lichens
Bryophytes
Fungi
Algae
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fishes
Butterflies
Moths
Spiders
Percentage of share in
Nepal
231638
10369
> 17000
>14000
> 70000
> 40000
4675
9799
4780
7870
10000
17500
160000
6391
534*
771*
1150*
2025*
807*
185
874
118
78
187
651
785
2.76
5.15
4.54
8.21
2.89
2.02
3.96
8.9
2.47
0.99
1.87
3.72
0.49
39490
175
0.44
Source : Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book, 2007).
* Kunwar et al. 2010,Floral Biodiversity of Nepal: An update, Journal of Natural History Museum 25:295-311
Species
Year
Area/place
Number
Arna
2010
215
Blackbuck
2010
218
Blue sheep
2007
852
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Blue sheep
Gaur
Gaur
Gharial
Gharial
Gharial
Gharial
Gharial
Jharal
Rhino
Rhino
2009
2007
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2009
2008
2008
1686
296
37
10
6
0
41
24
284
22
408
15
Rhino
2008
16
Swamp deer
2010
1736
17
18
19
20
Snow leopard
Tiger
Tiger
Tiger
2008
2009
2010
2009
21
Tiger
2009
- 99 -
Total
Cultivated
Wild +
Cultivated
Plants (%)
120
180
395
25
50
120
175
25
70
60
190
0
42
67
44
100
58
33
48
0
17
50
83
10
10
35
50
7
7
15
20
3
59
70
60
70
41
30
24
30
3
7
11
3
7
11
100
100
100
30
57
108
30
57
108
100
100
100
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
Total
1229.6
Mountain
228.3
Hill
831.7
Tarai
169.6
332.9
262.4
184.2
266.5
56.8
56.1
6.7
44.7
240.5
181.9
165.3
139.7
35.6
24.4
12.2
82.1
Far-western
183.6
64.0
104.3
15.3
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat( Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2010 )
- 100 -
Table 7.8 : Vegetation Area by Type and Household Involvement in Community Forest of Nepal, 2011
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Vegetation type
Forest
Shrub
Forest / Shrub
Not Specified
Forest / Plantation
Plantation
Shrub / Plantation
Forest /Grass
Forest /Shrub / Plantation
Forest / Shrub / Grass
Shrub / Grass
Forest / Shrub / Plantation / Grass
Shrub / Plantation / Grass
Grass
Plantation / Grass
16
CF Area (ha)
1,134,018.795
129,583.870
121,441.799
77,233.776
69,378.805
31,235.245
30,922.059
20,410.265
11,308.470
6,868.270
5,347.450
5,294.570
4,098.960
3,132.992
2,750.545
% CF Area
68.49
7.83
7.33
4.66
4.19
1.89
1.87
1.23
0.68
0.41
0.32
0.32
0.25
0.19
0.17
No. of HHs*
1,316,485
202,500
121,923
92,422
131,734
159,259
75,895
14,712
16,881
7,129
8,767
5,555
5,260
12,543
8,066
% HHs
60.31
9.28
5.59
4.23
6.04
7.30
3.48
0.67
0.77
0.33
0.40
0.25
0.24
0.57
0.37
2,633.310
0.16
3,579
0.16
Scientific Name
Cyprinus carpio
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Aristichthys nobilis
Ctenopharyngodon iddllus
Labeo rohita
Cirrhinus mrigala
Catla catla
Oreochromis niloticus
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Schizothorax spp
Tor spp
Local Name
Common carp
Sliver carp
Bighead carp
Grass carp
Rohu
Naini (Mrigal)
Bhakue (Catla)
Tilapia
Rainbow trout
Asala
Sahar
Neolissochellus spp
Katle
- 101 -
Mammal
Number
%
66
100.0
28
42.4
14
21.2
24
36.4
Bird
Number
%
128
100.0
16
12.5
95
74.2
17
13.3
Herpeto
Number
%
24
100.0
8
33.3
13
54.2
3
12.5
Fish
Number
185
100.0
874
100.0
64
100.0
1
11
21
21
130
1
0.5
5.9
11.4
11.4
70.3
0.5
3
6
26
26
813
0.3
0.7
3.0
3.0
93.0
1
3
7
4
39
10
1.6
4.7
10.9
6.3
60.9
15.6
59
4
5
11
16
23
100.0
6.8
8.5
18.6
27.1
39.0
313
7
6
53
112
101
100.0
2.2
1.9
16.9
35.8
32.3
0.0
35
100.0
35
100.0
1
6
28
2.9
17.1
80.0
1
10
23
1
2.9
28.6
65.7
2.9
34
10.9
Source: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (Biodiversity Profile Nepal,1996 and Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book, 2007).
- 102 -
Plant Species
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Wild
Aconitum balangrense Lauener
Aconitum bisma (Buch.-Ham.) Rapaics
Aconitum ferox Wall.ex Seringe
Aconitum gammiei Stapf
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.
Aconitum laciniatum (Bruhl) Stapf
Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl)Stapf
Allium hypsistum Stearn
Allium przerwalskianum Regel
Alstonia neruufolia D.Don
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.
Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart.ex.Schott
Arnebia benthamii (Wall.ex G.Don) I.M Johnston
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze
Corydalis megacalyx Loudlow
Crateva unilocularis Buch.-Ham.
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don)Soo
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Delphinium himalayai Munz
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K.Schum.
Ephedra intermedia Schrenk and Meyer
Ephemerantha macraei (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt and Summerh.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don
Gloriosa superba Linn.
Heracleum lallii C. Norman
Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss.
Lilium nepalense D.Don
Maharanga bicolor (Wall.ex G.Don )A.DC.
Maharanga emodi (Wall. )A.DC.
Meconopsis dhwojii G.Taylor ex Hay
Michelia champaca Linn.
Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia (Pennell) Hong
Operculina turpethum (L.)S.Manso
Oroxylum indicum(L.)Kurz
Otochilus porrectus Lindl.
Paeonia emodi Wall.
Panax psedo-ginseng Wall.
Paris polyphylla Smith
Piper longum Linn.
Pistacia chinensis Bunge subsp. integerrima(J.L.Stewart) Rech.f.
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre
Pterocapus marsupium Roxb.
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)Benth.ex Kurz
Rheum australe D.Don
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle
Rheum nobile Hook.f. and Thoms.
Rubia manjith Roxb.ex Fleming
Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.ex Fleming ) Karstrn
Swertia multicaulis D.Don
Taxus baccata Linn.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Nepali Name
Khayar
Bikh
Bikh
Seto bikh
Bikh
Atis
Bikh
Bikh
Jimbu
Jimbu
Chhatiwan
Sarpako makai
Mahaarangi
Sataawari
Paakhandbed
Palas
Siplikaan
Kalo Musali
Paanchaunle
Satisaal
Atis
Bhyaakur
Rudrakshya
Somlataa
Jiwanti
Kaakoli
Dhupjadi
Khiraule
Mahaarangi
Mahaarangi
Chaamp
Jataamansi
Kutaki
Nisoth
Tatelo
Chandra
Mangan
Satuwaa
Pipalaa
Kaakarsingi
Laghupatra
Karengi
Bijayasaal
Sarpagandhaa
Padamchal
Padamchaal
Amalbetas
Majitho
Bhaale chiraaito
Chiraaito
Sarmaaguru
Lauth Salla
Gurjo
Sugandhawaal
Threat Category
CAMP
IUCN
T
EN
DD
DD
T
T
V
R
T
V
T
V
V
EN
R
V
R
LC
V
V
T
V
EN
EN
EN
R
V
EN
V
V
EN
T
V
EN
V
V
EN
EN
NT
DD
DD
DD
K
NT
CR
EN
V
V
V
EN
EN
EN
V
V
V
V
V
R
V
V
DD
K
CR
CR
EN
V
V
NT
V
R
V
EN
V
V
DD
EN
V
V
Note: CR = Critically endangered, DD= Data deficient, EN= Endangered, K= Insufficiently Known, NT= Nearly threatened,
V= Vulnerable, R= Rare and T= Threatened.
Source: Department of Plant Resources,Plants of Nepal : Fact Sheet,2006
- 103 -
Table 7.12 : Threatened Species in the SAARC Member Countries (Taxonomic Group), 2011
Species
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Molluscs
Other
Invertibrates
Plants
Total
Afghanistan
11
14
1
1
5
0
Bangladesh
34
30
21
1
18
0
Bhutan
27
18
2
1
3
0
India
94
78
30
71
212
6
Maldives
2
0
3
0
18
0
Nepal
31
31
8
3
7
1
Pakistan
23
27
10
0
34
0
Sri
Lanka
29
15
11
55
44
0
1
3
2
16
1
9
116
312
39
0
2
9
15
4
120
285
36
122
61
919
62
92
113
559
Dalbergia latifolia
Juglans regia
Michelia champaca
Pterocarpus
marsupium
Shorea robusta
Local Name
Potential Use
Panchaunle
Tonic
Kutki*
Medicine
Okharko bokra
Medicine
Talispatra
Medicine
Sugandakokila
Jhyaau
Jatamansi
Sarpagandha
Lauth salla
Sugandhawal
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
khayar
Simal
Medicine
Medicine
Rose Wood
Walnut
Golden Champa
Satisaal
Okhar
chaamp
Timber
Timber
medicine , timber
Bijayasal
Timber
Common sal
Saal
Timber
Note: * Recently the ban has been lifted for products legally harvested from sustainably managed forests.
Source: Department of Plant Resources,2006
- 104 -
Table 7.14 : Protected Faunal Species included in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act,1973
S.N.
Scientific Name
Local Name
English Name
IUCN
Mammals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Status
CITES
Appendix
Sus salvanius
Ailurus cervicapra
Antilope cervicapra
Bos gaurus
Bos mutus
Bubalus arnee
Canis lupus
Caprotgus hispidus
Cervus duvauceli
Elephas maximus
Felis lynx
Hyanena hyaena
Macaca assamensis
Manis crassicaudata
Manis pentadactyla
Sano bandel
Habrey
Krishnasar
Gauri gai
Yak nak
Arna
Bwanso
Hispid Kharayo
Barasinghe
Hatti
Banbiralo
Hundar
Asamese rato bander
Salak
Salak
Pigmy hog
Red panda
Black buck
Gaur bison
Wild yak
Wild water buffalo
Gray wolf
Hispid hare
Swamp deer
Asiatic elephant
Lynx
Striped hyena
Asamese monkey
Indian pangolin
Chinese pangolin
Ex
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Birds
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Moschus chrysogaster
Ovis ammon
Panthera tigris
Panthera uncia
Pontholops hodgsoni
Neofelis nebulosa
Platanista gangetica
Prionailurus bengolensis
Prionodon pardicolor
Rhinoceros unicarnis
Tetrocerus quadricornis
Ursus arctos
Kasturi mriga
Nayan
Bagh
Hiunchituwa
Chiru
Dwanshe chituwa
Souns
Chari bagh
Silu
Gainda
Chauk
Himali rato bhalu
E
I
E
E
Buceros bicornis
Catreus wallichii
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Grus grus
Eupodotisbengalensis
Lophophorus impejanus
Sypheotides indica
Thulo dhanes
Cheer
Seto stork (saras )
Kalo stork
Saras
Khar major
Danfe
Sano khar major
9
Reptiles
1
2
Tragopan satyra
Munal
Crimson-horned pheasant
Gavialis gangeticus
Python molurus
Ghadial gohi
Azingar
Gharial
Asiatic rock python
E
V
I
I
Varanus flavescens
Sun gohori
V
V
E
E
V
E
E
E
E
E
I
I
III Nep
I
I
III Nep
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
V
V
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
III Nep
I
I
I
II
II
I
I
III
III Nep
Note: Common name pangolin refers for two main species, as suggested by Bio-diversity Profile Project, 1995.
I = Indeterminate, E = endangered, V = vulnerable, Ex= extinct
Source: Ministry of Population and Environment ( State of the Environment, Nepal, 2001) and Department of National park and wildlife
conservation, 2001/02
- 105 -
Table 7.15 : National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Area of Nepal
S.N.
Protected Area
Year of
Area
Physiographic
Declaration ( sq. km)
Zone
Conservation Focus
National Parks
1
2
3
4
1973
1976
1976
1976
932
1710
106
1148
1984
6
7
8
1984
Bardia National Park
1976 , 1984
Makalu Barun National Park
1991
Shivapuri Nagarjun National
9 Park
2002
159
Banke
National
Park
10
2010
550
Total
10853
Wildlife Reserves
1976
305
1 Shuklaphanta Wildfife Reserve
Koshi
Tappu
Wildlife
Reserve
1976
175
2
1984
499
3 Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Total
979
Hunting Reserve
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
1987
1325
1
Total
1325
Conservation Area
Annapurna Conservation Area
1992
7629
1
Kanchanjunga Conservation
1997
2035
2 Area
1998
1663
3 Manasalu Conservation Area
krishnasar
Conservation
Area
2009
16.95
4
Gaurisankar Conservation
2010
2179
5 Area
2010
1903
6 Api Nampa Conservation Area
Total
15425.95
Grand Total
Tarai / Siwalik
High Mountain
High Mountain
High Mountain
Mid hills
Tarai
Tarai
Tarai
Tarai / Siwalik
Middle
Mountain
Blue sheep
Middle
Mountain
Middle
Mountain
High Mountain
Tarai
High Mountain
High Mountain
28582.95
- 106 -
Table 7.16 : Number of Districts and VDCs with Buffer Zone of Nepal
S.N.
1
Buffer zones
Chitwan National Park
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Declared Year
1996
1996
2010
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
2005
2006
2006
2010
District
4
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
3
2
4
4
32
VDCs
37
17
4
34
11
12
3
16
12
11
9
21
14
201
Location/District
Koshi
Chitwan
Kailali
Kapilvastu
Solukhumbo
Rasuwa
Dolpa
Mugu
Mai Pokhari
Ilam
Inclusion Date
17.12.1987
13.08.2003
13.08.2003
13.08.2003
23.09.2007
23.09.2007
23.09.2007
23.09.2007
28.10.2008
- 107 -
Area (ha.)
17500
3200
2563
225
7770
1030
494
1583
Elevation (masl)
75-81
286
205
197
4700-5000
4000-4700
3611.5
2990
90
2100
World Heritage
Hanumandhoka Durbar Square
Patan Darbar Square
Bhaktapur Darbar Square
Pashupatinath Temple
Swayambhunath Stupa
Bouddhanath Stupa
Changunarayan Temple
Chitwan National Park
Sagarmatha National Park
Place of Establishment
Kathmandu
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Kathmandu
Kathmandu
Bhaktapur
Chitwan
Solukhumbhu
Existed Year
613 A.D.
1565 A.D.
1427 A.D .
5th Century
5th Century
5th Century
306 A.D.
1974 A.D.
1976 A.D.
Lumbini
Rupandehi
1997 A.D.
Name of Peak
Mount Everest (Sagarmatha)
Elevation (masl)
8848
Latitude
Longitude
86055'31"
27 59'17''
Mount Kanchenjunga
8586
27 42'09"
88009'25"
Mount Lhotse
8516
27057'45"
86056'03"
8505
27 45'15"
88008'25"
Mount Makalu
8463
27053'23"
87005'20"
Mount Cho-Oyu
8201
28 05'37"
86039'43"
Mount Dhaulagiri
8167
28041'46"
83029'43"
Mount Manaslu
8163
28 32'58"
84033'43"
Mount Annapurna I
8091
27051'42"
86051'50"
- 108 -
Birds
Reptiles
Fishes
Total
Year
2008/09
2009/10
Species
31
33
Number
212
221
Species
52
51
Number
270
232
Species
10
10
Number
23
24
Species
17
14
Number
364
418
Species
110
108
Number
869
895
2010/11
34
197
58
434
10
24
14
199
116
854
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Name of Garden
National botanical garden
Maipokhari botanical garden
Dhanush botanical garden
Vrindaban botanical garden
Daman botanical garden
Tistung botanical garden
Dhakeri botanical garden
Mulpani botanical garden
Dhitalchor botanical garden
Deoria botanical garden
Godawari, Kailali
- 109 -
Area (ha.)
85
1.5
120
96
65
60
5
5.7
4
100
Elevation
(masl)
1515
2200
NA
500
2140
1700
130
2000
2500
110
Established Year
1962
1962
1998
1962
1962
1962
1990
1990
1990
1998
100
NA
1998
District
S.N.
1
2
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
4
5
6
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
7
8
Dhankuta
Terhathum
9 Sankhuwasabha
10 Bhojpur
11 Solukhumbu
12 Okhaldhunga
13 Khotang
14 Udayapur
15 Saptari
16 Siraha
17
18
19
20
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Metallic Minerals
Arsenic,Copper,Iron,Lead,
Tantalum-Noibium
Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper,Gold,
Lead, Nickel,Silver, Tungsten,Zinc
Copper
Copper
Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper
24 Kavrepalanchowk
31
32
33
34
35
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
36 Gorkha
Aquamarine/Beryl,
Kyanite,
Quartz,Tourmaline Granite,Limestone
Aquamarine/Beryl
Granite
Clay,Dolomite,Magnesite,
Mica, Pegmatite
Granite, Limestone
Gold,Uranium
Copper,Gold
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,Cadmiu
m, Cobalt, Lead,Lithium,
Mercury,Silver,Zinc
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,Cadmiu
m, Cobalt, Copper,Gold,
Iron,Lead,Mercury,Silver,Zinc
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper,
Gold, Iron, Lead,Mercury,
Molybdenum,Silver,TantalumNoibium,Tin,Tungsten,Uranium,Zinc
Copper,Gold,Iron,Uranium
Bismuth,Copper,Gold,TantalumNoibium
Mica,Pegmatite
Coal
Granite,Limestone
Magnesite,Ocher,Pyrite,Talc
Magnesite, Mica, Ocher,
Pegmatite,Pyrite,Talc
Aquamarine/Beryl
Clay,Dolomite
Slate
Quartzite,Slate
Quartzite,Slate
Granite,Limestone,
Marble, Slate
Granite,Limestone,
Marble
Barite,Clay,Ocher
Clay
Clay,Mica,Pegmatite,Pyrite,
Sillimanite
Graphite,Mica,Pegmatite
Aquamarine/Beryl
,Tourmaline
Quartz
Limestone
Slate
Mica,Pegmatite,Pyrite
Ruby-Sapphire,
Tourmaline
Slate
Geothermal
Hot Springs
Coal
Coal,Oil and
Gas
Geothermal
Hot Springs
Corundum,Mica,Pyrite,Talc
Silica sand
Clay
Talc
Slate
Feldspar,Pyrite
Granite,Syenite
37 Lamjung
38 Tanahu
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead,Zinc
Common Salt
Pyrite,Talc
39 Syangja
Copper
Pyrite
40 Kaski
Tourmaline
Coal,
Geothermal
Hot Springs
Copper,Iron
30 Dhading
Clay,Phosphorite
Coal
Limestone,Marble,
Quartzite
Limestone
23 Sindhupalchok
29 Rasuwa
Phosphorite
Copper,Lead,Tantalum-Noibium,
Barite,Feldspar,Garnet,
Tungsten,Zinc
Graphite, Pegmatite
Copper,Gold
Mica,Talc
Bismuth,Copper,Lead,Molybdenum,
Zinc
Copper
21 Ramechhap
22 Dolakha
27 Kathmandu
28 Nuwakot
Fuel Minerals
and Thermal
Springs
Coal,Oil and
Gas
Mica
Lead,Nickel,Uranium,Zinc
Arsenic,Chromium,Cobalt,Copper,
Iron, Nickel, Titanium
Copper,Tungsten
25 Lalitpur
26 Bhaktapur
Non-Metallic Minerals
Chemicals,Fertilizers,
Insulators, Ceramics,
Construction
Refractories and Abrasives Germ Minerals
Materials
Aquamarine/Beryl,
Corundum,Garnet,Graphite, Quartz ,
Mica
Tourmaline
Granite,Marble
Garnet
Tourmaline
Corundum,Graphite,Mica,
Pyrite
Tourmaline
Coal
Coal
Coal
Geothermal
Hot Springs
Tourmaline
Slate
Limestone,Quartzite,
Slate
Geothermal
Hot Springs
Talc
- 110 -
District
41
42
Manang
Mustang
43
44
45
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
46
47
48
49
50
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
51
52
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
53
54
55
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
56
57
58
59
60
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
61
62
Jajarkot
Dolpa
63
64
65
66
67
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
68
69
70
71
72
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Metallic Minerals
Gold
Common Salt
Copper,Gold,Iron
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead
Copper,Iron,Lead,Zinc
Cobalt,Copper,Iron, Lead, Silver,
Zinc
Copper,Iron,Silver
Copper,Iron
Talc
Construction Materials
Granite
Granite,Gypsum,Slate
Talc
Slate
Quartzite
Slate
Dolomite,Magnesite
Slate
Limestone,Slate
Barite,Clay,Dolomite
Barite,Phosphorite
Limestone
Limestone
Barite
Gypsum
Calcite
Limestone
Coal
Geothermal Hot
Springs,Oil and
Gas
Coal
Coal
Coal,Geotherm
al Hot
Springs,Oil and
Gas
Clay,Phosphorite
Limestone
Copper,Gold,Iron
Barite,Clay,Dolomite,Talc
Basic rock,Limestone
Basic rock,Granite,Slate Oil and Gas
Iron
Iron
Aquamarine/Beryl,Kyanit
e, Tourmaline
Common Salt
Granite
Basic rock
Copper,Iron,Lead,Zinc
Iron,Lead,Zinc
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead,Uranium
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,Gold,
Iron,Lead, Lithium, Molybdenum,
Nickel,Tin, Uranium, Zinc
Gold,Lead,Uranium
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lithium,Tin
Gold
74
Baitadi
75
Darchaula
Copper,Gold,Iron,Uranium
Dadeldhura
Germ Minerals
Aquamarine/Beryl ,
Tourmaline
Fuel Minerals
and Thermal
Springs
Copper,Lead
Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper,Gold,
Lead, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silver,Tin, Tungsten, Zinc
Copper, Gold,Iron, Lead,
Uranium, Zinc
73
Chemicals,Fertilizers,
Insulators , Ceramics,
Refractories and Abrasives
Pyrite
Common Salt
Geothermal Hot
Springs
Granite
Granite
Basic rock
Phosphorite
Magnesite, Mica,
Pegmatite,Phosphorite,Pyrite
Mica,Pegmatite,Pyrite
Mica,Pegmatite
Aquamarine/Beryl
Kyanite
Aquamarine/Beryl
Granite
Dolomite,Magnesite,
Phosphorite
Dolomite,Magnesite,Pyrite
- 111 -
Basic rock,Limestone
Basic
rock,Quartzite,Slate
Geothermal Hot
Springs
Chapter VIII
Waste
Municipality
Amargadhi
Byas
Baglung
Banepa
Bhadrapur
Bhaktapur
Bharatpur
Bhimeswor
Bidur
Biratagar
Birendranagar
Birganj
Butawal
Damak
Dasharathchanda
Dhangadhi
Dhankuta
Dharan
Dhulikhel
Dipayal/Silgadhi
Guleriya
Gaur
Hetauda
Ilam
Inruwa
Itahari
Jaleshwor
Jankpur
Kapilbastu
Kalaiya
Kathmandu
Kamalamai
Khadbari
Kirtipur
Lekhnath
Lahan
Lalitpur
Madhyapur Thimi
Mahendranagar
Malangawa
Mechigar
Narayan
Nepalgunj
Panuti
Pokhara
Prithbinarayan
Putalibazar
Rajbiraj
Ramgram
Ratnangar
Siraha
Siddharthanagar
Tansen
Tikapur
Tribhuwannagar
Triyuga
Tulsipur
Waling
- 115 -
Table 8.2 : Solid Waste Generation and Disposal Cost by Districts Headquarter of VDC
Quantity (mt.) per annual
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Terhathum
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Ramechhap
Sindhupalchok
Rasuwa
Dhading
Lamjung
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Gulmi
Arghakhachi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
VDC
Fungling
Phidim
Myanlung
Bhojpur
Salleri
Okhaldhunga
Diktel
Manthali
Chautara
Dunche
Nilakantha
Besisahar
Chame
Mustang
Arthunge
Shiwalaya
Tamghas
Sandhikhark
khalanga
Liwang
Khalanga
Khalanga
khalanga
Dunai
Chandannath
Manma
Shree Nagar
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Mangalsen
Darchula
Khalanga
2008/09
541.0
NA
NA
3.7
8.0
60.0
20.0
NA
NA
NA
300.0
186.0
29.0
NA
NA
50.0
NA
416.0
NA
NA
25.0
NA
12.0
NA
1.0
NA
NA
NA
4.7
NA
NA
2009/10
418.0
0.7
3.3
100.0
304.0
138.0
87.0
NA
NA
NA
540.0
1080.0
247.0
0.1
82.6
175.0
10.0
110.0
56.0
38.0
51.0
NA
21.0
NA
20.0
NA
NA
NA
31.0
15.0
NA
2010/11
72.0
NA
1204.5
5.0
10.0
72.0
NA
1440.0
199.0
NA
NA
115.0
NA
NA
NA
365.0
1000.0
110.0
50.0
648.0
52.0
NA
22.0
NA
90.0
33.0
61.0
NA
31.0
13.0
NA
2008/09
444
92
120
60
60
77
10
NA
NA
NA
189
2530
56
NA
NA
629
500
400
NA
NA
NA
NA
24
NA
66
NA
NA
NA
96
NA
NA
2009/10
392
659
120
42
321
155
NA
NA
NA
NA
366
2530
150
NA
495
245
500
690
NA
106
150
96
38.5
NA
50
66
NA
41
96
20
NA
2010/11
207
60
785
NA
188
95
NA
524
150
NA
NA
304
NA
NA
NA
604
500
700
NA
240
50
10
39
NA
75
NA
45
NA
91
55
NA
NA
NA
365.0
48
96
258
- 116 -
168
110
21
299
21
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
kg/day/p
175
110
21
306
30
246
30
0
30
30
336
0.30
2005
175
110
21
306
32
248
30
0
30
30
338
0.30
2006
9.0
6.0
Wood
Plastic
Textile/Cloth
1.0
0.0
9.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
9.0
69.0
2001
Source : Municipalities
3.0
2.8
2.0
3.4
Others
4.0
Construction Material
Medical waste
0.0
2.9
1.9
1.9
8.8
0.1
0.9
0.9
5.6
74.2
2009
3.0
2.9
1.9
1.9
8.8
0.1
0.9
0.1
5.7
74.2
2006
Glass
16.0
9.0
75.0
2005
Inert
1.0
0.0
Leather
Metal
1.0
2.0
Rubber
3.0
Paper
2000
74.0
Waste Material
Organic
Kirtipur
90.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
4.3
0.9
3.0
9.2
0.1
0.5
8.5
70.9
2005
91.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
3.0
9.0
1.0
9.0
69.0
2006
Kathmandu
3.1
4.5
5.4
0.4
2.3
10.8
1.2
9.0
63.2
2009
- 117 -
5.3
1.6
0.9
3.6
11.4
0.6
0.3
8.8
67.5
2004
17.1
15.4
67.5
2005
5.6
1.3
0.9
3.6
11.4
0.6
0.2
0.2
8.8
67.5
2006
Lalitpur
2.0
2.5
2.8
0.0
1.7
5.1
10.0
1.0
0.0
1.7
13.2
60.6
2009
Year
51.3
0.1
1.3
21.1
0.1
1.7
3.2
0.1
2.4
171
110
21
302
41
253
30
0
30
30
343
18.6
3.0
6.4
75.0
2005
2.5
11.1
1.5
0.3
3.0
3.4
3.3
195
110
21
326
28
261
31
0
31
31
354
1.1
12.1
2.1
0.4
3.4
6.5
0.2
0.3
2.8
71.0
2009
0.30
2008
75.0
2006
Bhaktapur
0.30
2007
70.2
2003
Table 8.4 : Daily Solid Waste Generation in Municipalities of Kathmandu Valley by Type of Waste
0.25
200
30
30
30
30
320
2004
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
Unit
Sources
Household Waste
Commercial Waste
Institutional Waste
Street Waste
Waste from VDCs
Total
Waste Collection System
Roadside Collection
Door to door Collection
Container Collection
Total
Un-collected Waste
Waste Generation
47.2
0.2
0.2
1.3
12.0
0.3
2.3
8.3
0.6
4.9
70.1
2003
192
110
21
323
42
269
32
0
32
32
365
5.0
20.0
75.0
2005
9.0
2.0
1.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
6.0
274
110
21
405
30
300
45
0
45
45
435
7.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
2.0
6.0
75.0
2009
0.30
2010
75.0
2006
Thimi
0.30
2009
2
3
6
7
8
Sub Total
Directorate of Horticulture Development ,Kritipur
Methyl Bromide(MB)
Plant Pathology division NARC,Khumaltar
Methyl Bromide(MB)
0.32
1.20
3.20
1.20
6.80
0.50
7.40
22.50
0.50
1.20
0.40
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
50.90
14.473
3.879
0.155
0.727
4.761
3.711
3.711
0.31
0.01
21 cylinder of 50 kg.wt.
22 cylinder of 50 kg. wt.
1.65
75.815 m.ton.+43 cylinder of 50 kgwt MB
- 118 -
Municipality
Amargadhi
Baglung
Banepa
Bhadrapur
Bhaktapur
Bharatpur
Bhimdatta
Bhimeshwor
Bidur
Biratnagar
Birendranagar
Birgunj
Butwal
Byas
Damak
Dasharathchanda
Dhangadhi
Dhankuta
Dharan
Dhulikhel
Dipayal
Gaur
Ghorahi
Gorkha
Gulariya
Hetauda
Ilam
Inaruwa
Itahari
Jaleshwor
Janakpur
Kalaiya
Kamalami
Kapilvastu
Kathmandu
Khandbari
Kirtipur
Lahan
Lalitpur
Lekhnath
Madhyapur Thimi
Malangawa
Mechinagar
Narayan
Nepalgunj
Panauti
Pokhara
Putalibazar
Rajbiraj
Ramgram
Ratnanagar
Siddharthanagar
Siraha
Tansen
Tikapur
Triyuga
Tulsipur
Waling
Total
Population
Urban Population per
2011P
km. Sewerage service
22544
501
31046
1148
28237
27415
18608
25
83893
3107
139790
3898
102762
34254
24217
499
25934
723
205442
411
59273
3952
137976
2156
119710
368
45122
384
74843
2495
17363
638
104801
6641
28916
4179
118755
1403
16406
1562
25887
1126
35349
2357
65731
2672
33890
3684
57326
5566
90593
3484
19054
381
29999
1053
74360
586
23231
1787
99560
3562
43888
1464
41054
1579
30887
2087
1006656
763
27103
18069
66070
4029
34350
3195
223285
3388
59244
16975
84259
4856
25199
4200
57622
3033
22142
44284
76053
1268
28570
2945
263477
2474
31280
2280
39181
1911
27988
1866
45698
2368
64579
1602
29785
1986
32037
11361
50782
11285
70435
3531
59357
3335
24188
7983
4525787
1026
P=Preliminary
Source : Ministry of Local Development and Central Bureau of Statistics (population Census2011,Preliminary Report)
- 119 -
Table 8.7 : Waste Generation by Type from Selected Hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley
Wastes by Type (kg/day)
Hospital
Bir Hospital
Om Hospital
TU Teaching Hospital
Patan Hospital
Maternity Home
Total
General
521
221
456
304
251
1752
Hazardous
120
31
105
70
26
352
Sharps
60
16
53
35
16
179
General
74.0
83.0
74.0
74.0
86.0
77.0
Hazardous
17.0
11.0
17.0
17.0
9.0
15.0
Sharps
9.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
5.0
8.0
Source: World Health Organization and Nepal Health Research Council-2005 (National Health Care Waste Management Guidelines).
Table 8.8 : Emission Guidelines for Hospital / Medical / Infectious Waste by Incinerator
Pollutant
Medium
(>91-227kg/h)
69 mg/ m3
40ppmv
Large
(>227 kg/h)
125 mg/m
Total CCD/CCF or
2.3mg /m3 TEQ
100 ppmv or
93 % reduction
125 mg/m3
Total CCD/CCF or
2.3mg/m3 TEQ
100 ppmv or
93 % reduction
125 mg/m3
Total CCD/CCF or
2.3mg/m3 TEQ
100 ppmv or
93 % reduction
55 ppmv
250 ppmv
55 ppmv
250 ppmv
55 ppmv
250 ppmv
Lead
3
1.2 mg/m or
70 % reduction
1.2 mg/m3 or
70 % reduction
1.2 mg/m3 or
70 % reduction
Cadmium
0.16 mg/m3 or
65 % reduction
0.16 mg/m3 or
65 % reduction
0.16 mg/m3 or
65 % reduction
0.55 mg/m3 or
0.55 mg/m3 or
0.55 mg/m3 or
85 % reduction
85 % reduction
85 % reduction
Particular matter
Carbon monoxide (Co)
Small
(<=91 kg/h)
115 mg m3
40 ppmv
3
Dioxins / furans
Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen oxides
Mercury
Source: World Health Organization (Safe Management of Wastes from Health Care Activities and
National Health Care Waste Management Guidelines, 2002).
- 120 -
Chapter IX
Human Settlements
19.3
18.6
20.0
28.8
13.3
2.2
28456
27410
29398
42378
19539
3276
-
16
19
16
15
9
16
39
20
Number of
District
75
22095022
4525787
5834182
9713702
4945190
3584386
2543349
1795354
11475001
13350454
Total
26,620,809
P= Preliminary
2011(P)
Census year
1911
1920
1930
1941
1952-54
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
26,620,809
Total Population
5,638,749
5,573,788
5,532,574
6,283,649
8,256,625
9,412,996
11,555,983
15,022,839
18,491,097
23,151,423
- 123 -
-64,961
41,214
7,51,075
19,72,976
11,56,371
21,42,987
34,66,856
34,68,258
46,60,326
3469386
Population Change
11479240
2214138
3028277
4845570
2639195
1854227
1326109
923963
5987306
6782109
Female
13,693,378
1.40
-0.13
-0.07
1.16
2.27
1.64
2.05
2.62
2.08
2.25
1.03
3.38
0.88
1.90
0.79
1.74
1.49
0.62
1.13
1.75
Annual
Growth
Rate
(%)
1.4
60
31
42
34
26
33
31
92
104
93
100
87
93
92
94
92
97
Sex Ratio
(males per
100 females)
94
49.5
Doubling Time
83.00
17.00
21.92
36.49
18.58
13.46
9.55
6.74
43.11
50.15
Population
(%)
100.00
10615782
2311649
2805905
4868132
2305995
1730159
1217240
871391
5487695
6568345
Male
12,927,431
Table 9.2 : Population Size, Growth Rate and Doubling Time, 1911 2011
97.8
35.2
41.7
23.1
51817
61345
34019
143905
Area
(%)
100.0
Area
(sq.km.)
147181
P= Preliminary
Rural
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid -western
Far- western
Place of Residence
Urban
Area
Population 2011(P)
Table 9.1 : Areas and Population by Ecological Belt, Development Region and Place of Residence, Nepal, 2011
154
1381
205
354
168
85
130
35
187
392
Population
Density
(persons /
sq. km.)
181
Mountain
Hill
Mountain + Hill
Tarai
Total
1961-1971
1.85
2.39
2.05
1971-1981
1981-1991
1991-2001
1.35
1.02
1.57
1.65
1.61
1.97
1.61
1.52
1.91
4.11
2.75
2.62
2.62
2.08
2.25
2001-2011(P)
0.62
1.13
1.06
1.75
1.40
P= Preliminary
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.4 : Area and Population Density by Ecological Belt & Development Region, Nepal, 1981-2011
Eco-Belt /Regions
Mountain
Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Hill
Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Tarai
Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Nepal
Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Area sq. km
1981
1991
2001
2011(P)
Area sq. km
1981
1991
2001
2011(P)
Area sq. km
1981
1991
2001
2011(P)
Area sq.km.
1981
Eastern
10438
32.41
34.4
38.47
37.84
10749
116.94
132.95
152.87
151.02
7269
290.7
365.72
453.93
524.95
28456
130.32
Central
6277
65.82
75.03
88.39
83.07
11805
178.6
226.98
300.1
376.38
9328
255.97
325.18
421.75
509.12
27410
179.1
Western
5819
3.43
3.37
4.22
3.49
18319
117.41
132.15
152.47
154.58
5260
182.11
252.87
333.32
397.93
29398
106.43
Mid Western
21351
11.35
12.2
14.48
18.42
13710
76.03
88.95
107.44
124.96
7317
91.67
127.14
168.22
201.97
42378
46.14
Far Western
7932
36.42
41.95
50.15
58.65
6762
89.37
99.18
118.15
127.70
4845
88.23
139.62
205.28
250.69
19539
67.56
Total
51817
25.14
27.85
32.57
34.65
61345
116.76
137.25
167.11
187.06
34019
192.71
253.58
329.59
392.38
147181
102.01
1991
156.25
225.61
128.26
56.87
85.95
125.63
2001
187.82
293.02
155.49
71.1
112.15
157.3
2011(P)
205.02
354.39
168.22
84.58
130.17
180.87
- 124 -
Table 9.5 : Percentage distribution of Households by types of Ownership of House/housing unit in used,
Nepal, 1991-2001
Year
Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
1991 Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
2001
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
Households Owned Rented
3328721
92.6
4.7
Others
0.1
Not Stated
0.5
274135
1558493
1496093
95.2
92.0
92.8
2.2
5.6
4.1
1.7
1.4
1.9
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.5
821762
1115428
690160
415846
285525
4174374
91.7
91.5
93.2
95.1
94.8
88.3
4.9
6.4
4.3
2.1
2.1
8.9
2
1
1.8
1.9
2.3
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
2.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.5
0
285213
1951191
1937970
92.7
85.5
90.3
4
11.8
6.7
2.6
2.2
2.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0
0
0
1000358
1465753
863045
479817
365401
88.9
88.9
84.3
89.1
92.9
94.5
60.9
93.4
7.6
7.6
13.3
8.1
4.4
2.9
34.8
4
3
3.0
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.3
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.7
2.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
664507
3509867
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics, Population Census,1991 and 2001: National Report and Selected Urban Tables)
Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
1991 Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
2001
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
Households
3328721
274135
1558493
1496093
32.4
34.7
10.4
47.3
33.1
12.2
19.2
31
75.2
1.1
1.2
2.2
821762
1115428
690160
415846
285525
4174374
6.3
26.9
31.7
17
49.3
36.6
25.1
17.9
26.8
40.8
23
29.2
65.4
53.6
39.4
41
26.9
33.5
3.2
1.6
2.1
1.2
0.8
0.7
285213
1951191
1937970
44.8
51.1
20.8
41.6
30.8
25.7
13
17.6
52.4
0.6
0.5
1
1000358
1465753
863045
479817
365401
14.3
41.8
52.3
27
52.5
33
26.9
26
38.4
23.7
51.7
30.6
21.1
34
23.2
1
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
664507
3509867
68.2
30.6
16.1
31.7
15.2
36.9
0.4
0.8
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics, Population Census,1991 and 2001: National Report and Selected Urban Tables)
- 125 -
Table 9.7 : Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Lighting facilities, Nepal, 2001
Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
Households
4,174,457
Not
Stated
1.0
285,213
1,951,191
1,938,053
21.3
42.8
38.7
65.8
53.4
59.7
0.0
0.2
0.2
12.2
2.8
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.2
1,000,441
1,465,753
863,045
479,817
365,401
30.3
52.6
42.4
25.1
22.8
68.1
45.8
55.7
62.8
68.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.7
10.7
7.0
0.7
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.4
664507
82.5
31.2
16.1
64.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.6
1.0
1.0
3509950
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001:National Report and Selected Urban Tables)
Table 9.8 : Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Main Fuel Used for Cooking, Nepal, 2001
Area
Total
Households
Kerosene
LP
Gas
Bio
Gas
Cow
Dung
others
Not
Stated
Nepal
4174458
65.6
13.5
7.7
1.7
10.0
0.7
0.9
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
285229
1950822
1938407
94.8
3.2
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.7
71.8
55.1
15.9
12.7
8.8
7.6
1.9
1.7
0.1
21.3
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.1
Eastern
Central
1000362
1465813
65.9
55.1
64.8
80.1
9.8
19.1
13.0
11.2
4.3
11.1
10.2
4.3
1.2
1.2
3.4
1.1
17.5
11.3
7.6
2.1
0.6
1.3
0.3
0.2
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.1
89.7
5.5
1.8
1.5
0.1
0.3
1.2
32.9
33.8
27.1
1.8
2.5
1.0
0.9
71.8
9.7
4.0
1.6
11.4
0.6
0.9
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural
863049
479817
365417
664400
3510058
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001:National Report and Selected Urban Tables)
- 126 -
Table 9.9 : Distribution of House, Household and Average Household size ,Nepal, 2011
Population
2011(P)
Area
Number of
House
Average
household
Size
Number of
Household
Average
household
per house
Average person
per house
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development
Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
26620809
4,767,196
5,659,984
4.7
1.19
5.6
1795354
11475001
13350454
338,138
2,138,254
2,290,804
379,098
2,644,024
2,636,862
4.74
4.34
5.06
1.12
1.24
1.15
5.3
5.4
5.8
5834182
9713702
4945190
3584386
2543349
1,140,554
1,609,389
948,763
647,000
421,490
1,280,543
2,079,757
1,102,854
714,760
482,070
4.56
4.67
4.48
5.01
5.28
1.12
1.29
1.16
1.10
1.14
5.1
6.0
5.2
5.5
6.0
4525787
725,002
1,116,447
4.05
1.54
6.2
Rural
22095022
4,042,194
4,543,537
4.86
1.12
5.5
P=Preliminary
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2011,Preliminary Report)
Area
Total House
2-3
4+
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
3,598,212
90.17
8.48
1.35
253,006
1,667,410
1,677,796
90.54
90.28
90.02
8.82
8.17
8.73
0.64
1.55
1.25
898,616
1,175,867
776,788
439,906
307,035
92.74
86.65
92.39
93.36
85.99
6.36
10.86
6.85
6.13
13.04
0.91
2.49
0.76
0.51
0.97
436,533
75.14
18.68
6.18
Rural
3,161,679
92.25
7.07
0.68
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (2003), Special Tabulation National Population Census, 2001.
- 127 -
Table 9.11 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2011
Population 2011(P)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
District
Total
Male
Taplejung
128,547 61,442
Panchthar
198,362 93,884
Ilam
295,824 144,125
Jhapa
810,636 385,284
Morang
964,709 466,803
Sunsari
751,125 365,927
Dhankuta
164,133 76,980
Terhathum
101,709 47,357
Sankhuwasabha
159,649 75,973
Bhojpur
183,918 86,663
Solukhumbu
106,772 51,885
Okhaldhunga
148,320 68,893
Khotang
209,130 98,860
Udayapur
321,962 151,649
Saptari
646,250 316,888
Siraha
643,136 313,292
Dhanusa
768,404 383,711
Mahottari
646,405 320,886
Sarlahi
768,649 388,872
Sindhuli
294,621 141,573
Ramechhap
205,312 94,925
Dolakha
188,186 88,163
Sindhupalchok
289,455 139,602
Kavrepalanchowk 389,959 186,544
Lalitpur
466,784 237,114
Bhaktapur
303,027 154,006
Kathmandu
1,740,977 909,786
Nuwakot
278,761 134,071
Rasuwa
43,798 21,775
Dhading
336,250 157,928
Makwanpur
427,494 210,564
Rautahat
696,221 354,909
Bara
701,037 358,144
Parsa
601,701 313,270
Chitawan
566,661 272,289
Gorkha
269,388 120,541
Lamjung
169,104 77,505
Tanahu
330,581 147,411
Syangja
288,040 125,872
Kaski
490,429 235,576
Manang
6,527
3,664
Mustang
13,799
7,317
Myagdi
113,731 51,656
Parbat
147,076 65,357
Baglung
270,009 119,021
Gulmi
283,577 122,818
Palpa
269,372 119,167
Nawalparasi
635,793 300,650
Rupandehi
886,706 436,318
Kapilbastu
570,612 284,813
Sex
Annual
Ratio
Growth
(males
Female Rate
per 100
(%)
females)
67,105
-0.47
92
104,478
-0.18
90
151,699
0.45
95
425,352
1.64
91
497,906
1.35
94
385,198
1.83
95
87,153
-0.14
88
54,352
-1.06
87
83,676
0.03
91
97,255
-0.99
89
54,887
-0.09
95
79,427
-0.55
87
110,270
-1.01
90
170,313
1.13
89
329,362
1.25
96
329,844
1.17
95
384,693
1.35
100
325,519
1.55
99
379,777
1.90
102
153,048
0.52
93
110,387
-0.34
86
100,023
-0.82
88
149,853
-0.55
93
203,415
0.11
92
229,670
3.23
103
149,021
2.96
103
831,191
4.76
109
144,690
-0.34
93
22,023
-0.21
99
178,322
-0.07
89
216,930
0.85
97
341,312
2.45
104
342,893
2.26
104
288,431
1.91
109
294,372
1.83
92
148,847
-0.67
81
91,599
-0.46
85
183,170
0.48
80
162,168
-0.97
78
254,853
2.54
92
2,863
-3.84
128
6,482
-0.82
113
62,075
-0.06
83
81,719
-0.71
80
150,988
0.04
79
160,759
-0.45
76
150,205
0.03
79
335,143
1.22
90
450,388
2.24
97
285,799
1.69
100
- 128 -
Population
Number
Average Area
Number of
Density
of
Household
in
Household
(persons /
House
Size
Sq.km.
sq.km.)
25,812
41,424
63,421
168,622
193,728
141,514
34,074
21,015
34,095
39,188
24,140
31,741
41,337
66,054
108,127
106,262
126,037
103,953
121,094
54,375
42,326
42,918
63,868
78,560
73,643
50,086
242,274
58,450
9,165
71,591
79,620
90,724
98,545
89,212
112,948
61,110
38,430
70,992
62,735
93,413
1,363
3,102
24,127
31,527
57,474
62,704
54,819
117,370
140,964
84,301
27,761
44,773
66,458
188,085
220,851
166,627
38,146
22,409
36,883
40,720
25,367
32,847
42,649
70,799
129,885
126,283
148,283
122,099
139,980
58,270
45,036
48,414
69,600
86,605
114,443
73,084
469,145
61,950
9,942
77,510
89,550
109,976
114,691
108,341
132,838
67,204
44,068
82,036
70,519
130,878
1,495
3,488
28,024
36,037
63,565
67,920
62,967
131,651
170,077
94,571
4.63
4.43
4.45
4.31
4.37
4.51
4.30
4.54
4.33
4.52
4.21
4.52
4.90
4.55
4.98
5.09
5.18
5.29
5.49
5.06
4.56
3.89
4.16
4.50
4.08
4.15
3.71
4.50
4.41
4.34
4.77
6.33
6.11
5.55
4.27
4.01
3.84
4.03
4.08
3.75
4.37
3.96
4.06
4.08
4.25
4.18
4.28
4.83
5.21
6.03
3,646
1,241
1,703
1,606
1,855
1257
891
679
3,480
1,507
3,312
1,074
1,591
2,063
1,363
1,188
1,180
1,002
1,259
2,491
1,546
2,191
2542
1396
385
119
395
1,121
1,544
1,926
2,426
1,126
1,190
1,353
2,218
3,610
1,692
1,546
1,164
2,017
2,246
3,573
2,297
494
1,784
1,149
1,373
2,162
1,360
1,738
35
160
174
505
520
598
184
150
46
122
32
138
131
156
474
541
651
645
611
118
133
86
114
279
1212
2546
4408
249
28
175
176
618
589
445
255
75
100
214
247
243
3
4
50
298
151
247
196
294
652
328
Table 9.11 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2011
(contd...)
Population 2011(P)
Annual
Growth
Rate
(%)
Sex
Population
Ratio
Average
Number Number of
Area in
Density
(males
Household
of House Household
Sq.km. (persons /
per 100
Size
sq.km.)
females)
S.N.
District
51
Arghakhanchi
200,446
88,309
112,137
-0.39
79
44,332
48,354
4.15
1,193
168
52
Pyuthan
235,165
103,459
131,706
1.01
79
45,642
49,472
4.75
1,309
180
53
Rolpa
227,075
104,654
122,421
0.78
85
42,121
44,377
5.12
1,879
121
54
Rukum
210,878
101,090
109,788
1.13
92
39,076
42,333
4.98
2,877
73
55
Salyan
243,575
116,615
126,960
1.32
92
44,456
46,813
5.20
1,462
167
56
Dang
557,852
264,110
293,742
1.88
90
110,677
122,614
4.55
2,955
189
57
Banke
493,017
245,004
248,013
2.45
99
81,960
96,330
5.12
2,337
211
58
Bardiya
426,946
205,096
221,850
1.10
92
79,197
84,207
5.07
2,025
211
59
Surkhet
360,104
177,612
182,492
2.22
97
67,536
75,294
4.78
2,451
147
60
Dailekh
263,835
128,281
135,554
1.58
95
46,035
51,301
5.14
1,502
176
61
Jajarkot
172,565
86,082
86,483
2.46
100
28,439
31,334
5.51
2,230
77
62
Dolpa
36,701
18,033
18,668
2.17
97
6,440
7,621
4.82
7,889
63
Jumla
108,734
54,790
53,944
1.95
102
18,328
19,415
5.60
2,531
43
64
Kalikot
141,620
71,196
70,424
2.94
101
19,347
24,477
5.79
1,741
81
65
Mugu
55,311
28,197
27,114
2.30
104
9,310
9,678
5.72
3,535
16
66
Humla
51,008
25,940
25,068
2.28
103
8,436
9,494
5.37
5,655
67
Bajura
135,506
65,893
69,613
2.20
95
19,415
24,874
5.45
2,188
62
68
Bajhang
196,277
93,912
102,365
1.61
92
29,451
34,787
5.64
3,422
57
69
Achham
258,022
120,367
137,655
1.09
87
38,723
50,264
5.13
1,680
154
70
Doti
211,827
97,007
114,820
0.23
84
33,092
42,414
4.99
2,025
105
71
Kailali
770,279
378,970
391,309
2.22
97
137,929
146,431
5.26
3,235
238
72
Kanchanpur
444,315
213,109
231,206
1.62
92
77,640
83,042
5.35
1,610
276
73
Dadeldhura
141,543
66,358
75,185
1.15
88
23,666
27,649
5.12
1,538
92
74
Baitadi
252,116
118,015
134,101
0.73
88
38,626
46,807
5.39
1,519
166
75
Darchaula
133,464
63,609
69,855
0.90
91
22,948
25,802
5.17
2,322
57
1.40
94 4,767,196
5,659,984
4.70 147,181
181
Nepal
Total
Male
Female
- 129 -
Table 9.12 : Area and Urban Population and Density by Municipality, 2011
Population 2011(P)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Municipality
Area
(sq.km.)
Amargadhi
138.95
Baglung
18.35
Banepa
5.56
Bhadrapur
10.56
Bhaktapur
6.56
Bharatpur
162.16
Bhimdatta
171.24
Bhimeshwor
65.04
Bidur
33.48
Biratnagar
58.48
Birendranagar
34.95
Birgunj
21.17
Butwal
69.28
Byas
60.02
Damak
70.63
Dasharathchanda
55.01
Dhangadhi
103.73
Dhankuta
48.21
Dharan
103.38
Dhulikhel
12.08
Dipayal
73.98
Gaur
21.53
Ghorahi
74.45
Gorkha
60.28
Gulariya
95.14
Hetauda
47.77
Ilam
26.63
Inaruwa
22.36
Itahari
42.37
Jaleshwor
15.49
Janakpur
24.61
Kalaiya
18.98
Kamalami
207.95
Kapilvastu
37.20
Kathmandu
49.45
Khandbari
91.03
Kirtipur
14.76
Lahan
20.23
Lalitpur
15.15
Lekhnath
77.45
Madhyapur Thimi
11.11
Malangawa
9.39
Mechinagar
55.72
Narayan
67.01
Nepalgunj
12.51
Panauti
31.73
Pokhara
55.22
Putalibazar
70.14
Rajbiraj
11.96
Ramgram
34.72
Ratnanagar
35.62
Siddharthanagar
36.03
Siraha
23.78
Tansen
21.72
Tikapur
67.11
Triyuga
319.88
Tulsipur
92.22
Waling
34.76
Total
3,276.28
P= Preliminary
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics
Population
2001
18,390
20,852
15,822
18,145
72,543
89,323
80,839
21,916
21,193
166,674
31,381
112,484
75,384
28,245
35,009
18,345
67,447
20,668
95,332
11,521
22,061
25,383
43,126
25,783
46,011
68,482
16,237
23,200
41,210
22,046
74,192
32,260
32,838
27,170
671,846
21,789
40,835
27,654
162,991
41,369
47,751
18,484
49,060
19,446
57,535
25,563
156,312
29,667
30,353
22,630
37,791
52,569
23,988
20,431
38,722
55,291
33,876
20,414
3,227,879
Number of
Household
4,923
7,970
6,547
4,288
19,273
36,928
20,366
6,565
6,235
47,819
12,675
30,962
31,565
12,688
18,502
3,833
21,837
7,352
28,681
3,519
5,680
5,708
16,953
8,882
11,609
21,075
4,788
6,408
18,705
4,123
22,679
7,128
9,582
5,213
277,789
7,226
21,854
6,904
58,127
15,692
21,758
4,513
13,774
4,800
15,498
6,061
71,440
8,352
8,470
5,007
10,784
13,487
6,586
9,003
10,565
16,660
14,960
6,076
1,116,447
Total
22,544
31,046
28,237
18,608
83,893
139,790
102,762
24,217
25,934
205,442
59,273
137,976
119,710
45,122
74,843
17,363
104,801
28,916
118,755
16,406
25,887
35,349
65,731
33,890
57,326
90,593
19,054
29,999
74,360
23,231
99,560
43,888
41,054
30,887
1,006,656
27,103
66,070
34,350
223,285
59,244
84,259
25,199
57,622
22,142
76,053
28,570
263,477
31,280
39,181
27,988
45,698
64,579
29,785
32,037
50,782
70,435
59,357
24,188
4,525,787
- 130 -
Male
11,184
14,926
13,998
9,284
42,947
69,626
51,565
11,833
12,793
105,343
33,824
74,913
59,656
20,872
35,568
8,257
54,770
14,552
57,615
8,598
13,138
18,779
32,338
15,888
29,604
47,121
9,494
15,626
35,816
11,792
52,763
23,123
20,413
15,597
532,728
13,210
36,726
17,605
116,082
27,127
43,643
13,052
27,922
10,619
40,494
13,876
132,428
14,278
20,435
14,671
22,275
32,836
14,623
15,262
25,164
33,261
28,770
10,946
2,311,649
Female
11,360
16,120
14,239
9,324
40,946
70,164
51,197
12,384
13,141
100,099
25,449
63,063
60,054
24,250
39,275
9,106
50,031
14,364
61,140
7,808
12,749
16,570
33,393
18,002
27,722
43,472
9,560
14,373
38,544
11,439
46,797
20,765
20,641
15,290
473,928
13,893
29,344
16,745
107,203
32,117
40,616
12,147
29,700
11,523
35,559
14,694
131,049
17,002
18,746
13,317
23,423
31,743
15,162
16,775
25,618
37,174
30,587
13,242
2,214,138
Annual
Population
Population
Growth Rate (%)
Density
2.04
162.25
3.98
1691.88
5.79
5078.60
0.25
1762.12
1.45
12788.57
4.48
862.05
2.40
600.11
1.00
372.34
2.02
774.61
2.09
3513.03
6.36
1695.94
2.04
6517.52
4.62
1727.92
4.68
751.78
7.60
1059.65
-0.55
315.63
4.41
1010.32
3.36
599.79
2.20
1148.72
3.53
1358.11
1.60
349.92
3.31
1641.85
4.21
882.89
2.73
562.21
2.20
602.54
2.80
1896.44
1.60
715.51
2.57
1341.64
5.90
1755.02
0.52
1499.74
2.94
4045.51
3.08
2312.33
2.23
197.42
1.28
830.30
4.04
20357.05
2.18
297.74
4.81
4476.29
2.17
1697.97
3.15
14738.28
3.59
764.93
5.68
7584.07
3.10
2683.60
1.61
1034.13
1.30
330.43
2.79
6079.38
1.11
900.41
5.22
4771.41
0.53
445.97
2.55
3276.00
2.12
806.11
1.90
1282.93
2.06
1792.37
2.16
1252.52
4.50
1475.00
2.71
756.70
2.42
220.19
5.61
643.65
1.70
695.86
3.38
1381.38
Number of District
1971 1981 1991
Population
2001
2011P
10,000-19,999
20,000-29,999
30,000-39,000
40,000-49,999
50,000-59,999
60,000-69,999
70,000-79,999
80,000-89,999
90,000-99,999
100,000-199,999
41
28
25
16
19
200,000-299,999
12
18
20
23
20
300,000-399,999
10
11
400,000-499999
500,000 or more
14
18
75
75
75
75
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011P
7,436
7,021
5,363
9,587
6,527
12,930
45,644
42,346
82,186
107,491
36,701
43,705
129,263
68,797
74,649
171,279
190,986
75
57,946
199,073
13,799
29,545
30,241
14,981
14,292
262,736
378,888
25,013
43,798
106,319
-
75,964
89,427
88,805
189,210
4,433,030
3,842,156
2,240,152
2,839,216
4,293,871
5,034,279
5,570,510
5,056,428
3,505,384
2,092,131
3,920,048
2,041,883
1,334,549
4,006,670
1,913,623
2,748,985
534,692
3,009,723
11,554,983 15,022,839 18,491,097
9,234,287
13,727,153
5,802,698
2,752,028
2,245,707
-
23,151,423
26,620,809
P= Preliminary
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population census 1971,1981,1991,2001 and 2011)
Population
1971
9
5
1
1
1981
7
13
2
1
1991
8
14
8
3
2001
8
34
11
5
2011P
4
27
17
10
1971
102638
149849
59049
150402
1981
90573
457569
173419
235160
1991
217901
293888
517419
666511
2001
136390
1032245
788937
1270307
2011P
71431
837722
1193980
2422654
16
23
33
58
58
461938
956721
1695719
3227879
4525787
- 131 -
2064
226
148
185
77
83
82
175
130
19
122
250
475
298
237
285
663
806
1179
593
780
1370
24853 10247
4159
458
413
606
1168
850
486
608
899
872
494
1203
868
432
732
753
1528
1564
1419
1843
1888
1610
47930
8969
800
1524
1491
1740
1629
1151
907
1291
978
829
1271
1798
1212
1477
1592
2263
3278
3594
3643
4524
1969
9768
121901
36
736
1588
1287
1975
3087
581
478
24050
1893
2115
2266
3049
3043
5261
2993
4139
2507
3647
5152
4374
2906
7079
4781
5114
5156
4741
6857
12268
8510
2323
232
884
584
66
138
31
128
145
115
- 132 -
7384
2359
856
1207
62
154
241
117
185
344
388
789
232
248
17
16
48
60
12
18
20
9
2
883634
35776
4954
8154
7608
8653
9401
13855
12633
12306
17090
19755
29291
38522
29404
26547
31093
45410
72568
69666
83334
168707
138907
64766
6769
788
548
262
1396
1814
2183
1257
1265
2248
2542
3519
3189
2485
2191
1374
635
2942
3297
4663
11460
7939
Total
6107 1178913
102
84248
1549
11524
358
14467
381
12861
372
16609
353
17414
58
23193
352
19110
51
20425
37
24139
102
28280
77
40995
86
49560
43
37610
58
39699
21
40531
- 55775
1535
88735
206
85739
202
102570
31
201787
133
163642
Tractor/
Crane/Dozer/Excavator/ Car/Jeep
Bus Minibus
Pickup Micro Tempo Motorcycle Power Others
Truck
/ Van
Tailor
Total
up to 1989/90
1990/91
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
Year
2357826
84248
95772
110239
123100
139709
157123
180316
199426
219851
243990
272270
313265
362825
400435
440134
480665
536440
625175
710914
813484
1015271
1178913
18491097
18937160
19393984
19861827
20340957
20831644
21331362
21843068
22367048
22903598
23151423
23701451
24249996
24797059
25342638
25886736
26427399
26966581
27504280
28043744
28584975
Cumulative
Population
Number
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
14
15
17
18
19
21
24
26
30
36
41
Vehicles
per 1000
Population
Table 9.16 :Total Strategic Road Network (SRN) Length ,Influenced Population of District in Nepal, 2011
S.N.
District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavrepalanchowk
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Total
Population
2011P
128,547
198,362
295,824
810,636
964,709
751,125
164,133
101,709
159,649
183,918
106,772
148,320
209,130
321,962
646,250
643,136
768,404
646,405
768,649
294,621
205,312
188,186
289,455
389,959
466,784
303,027
1,740,977
278,761
43,798
336,250
427,494
696,221
701,037
601,701
566,661
269,388
169,104
330,581
288,040
490,429
6,527
13,799
113,731
147,076
270,009
283,577
269,372
635,793
886,706
570,612
Type of Road
Total Area
in Sq.km.
3,646
1,241
1,703
1,606
1,855
1257
891
679
3,480
1,507
3,312
1,074
1,591
2,063
1,363
1,188
1,180
1,002
1,259
2,491
1,546
2,191
2542
1396
385
119
395
1,121
1,544
1,926
2,426
1,126
1,190
1,353
2,218
3,610
1,692
1,546
1,164
2,017
2,246
3,573
2,297
494
1,784
1,149
1,373
2,162
1,360
1,738
Black
Topped
0.00
34.86
108.75
139.92
150.52
115.03
76.68
8.42
47.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
90.86
135.00
111.93
104.15
99.79
58.22
42.50
2.00
86.68
107.31
111.09
61.37
81.50
149.59
94.71
0.00
114.88
174.97
71.83
83.34
30.61
136.25
23.84
19.17
118.09
97.94
87.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.11
6.34
44.54
108.59
151.07
130.19
139.97
- 133 -
Graveled
25.50
57.00
12.10
39.68
25.50
66.00
49.00
0.00
25.00
7.50
0.00
8.79
0.00
42.00
65.50
19.00
47.50
59.00
85.20
29.60
25.70
30.00
19.84
33.73
36.04
23.09
34.10
21.00
50.50
20.00
44.57
9.00
68.00
13.00
54.00
34.00
1.00
9.32
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
5.79
0.00
0.00
23.80
19.00
54.00
Earthen
7.60
107.00
127.10
17.00
40.20
10.00
9.00
76.25
62.00
108.50
37.20
62.91
196.76
111.00
46.00
14.00
43.50
26.50
38.00
129.90
49.30
20.00
69.10
4.30
33.20
7.00
37.20
25.00
15.70
30.20
70.20
7.00
16.00
2.00
39.00
119.40
51.87
34.08
57.00
20.50
29.00
59.00
21.00
26.50
89.00
79.00
39.00
29.00
14.50
29.00
Total
33.10
198.86
247.95
196.60
216.22
191.03
134.68
84.67
134.70
116.00
37.20
71.70
196.76
243.86
246.50
144.93
195.15
185.29
181.42
202.00
77.00
136.68
196.25
149.12
130.61
111.59
220.89
140.71
66.20
165.08
289.74
87.83
167.34
45.61
229.25
177.24
72.04
161.49
164.94
112.96
29.00
59.00
31.00
50.61
101.13
123.54
147.59
203.87
163.69
222.97
Road
Population
Density
Influenced
(km./100
per km. Road
sq.km.)
3884
1
997
16
1193
15
4123
12
4462
12
3932
15
1219
15
1201
12
1185
4
1586
8
2870
1
2069
7
1063
12
1320
12
2622
18
4438
12
3938
17
3489
18
4237
14
1459
8
2666
5
1377
6
1475
8
2615
11
3574
34
2716
94
7882
56
1981
13
662
4
2037
9
1475
12
7927
8
4189
14
13192
3
2472
10
1520
5
2347
4
2047
10
1746
14
4342
6
225
1
234
2
3669
1
2906
10
2670
6
2295
11
1825
11
3119
9
5417
12
2559
13
Table 9.16 :Total Strategic Road Network (SRN) Length ,Influenced Population of District in Nepal, 2011
(contd...)
Type of Road
S.N.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
District
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Nepal
Source:
Populat
ion
Influenc Road
ed per Density
km.
(km./100
Road
sq.km.)
1374
12
1466
12
1205
10
3580
2
1387
12
1544
12
2178
10
2019
10
1531
10
1080
16
1939
4
0
0
1279
3
1839
4
0
0
1700
1
3151
2
2491
2
2032
8
1417
7
2554
9
2859
10
1003
9
1394
12
1770
3
2457
Bhutanese Refugee
Tibetan Refugee
Year
2006(April)
2007(April)
2009(Auguest)
2010(Septmber)
2011(May)
1993
- 134 -
Male
54486
55217
48014
40987
34168
Female
52261
52965
46429
39526
32819
Total
106747
108182
94443
80513
66987
NA
NA
12540
Municipality
National
Highway
41
0
0
5
6
12.12
8
0
0
11
0
18
16
6.25
8
0
8
21
16
10
22
7
10.5
24
0
13
20
6
12
0
4.5
0
26.5
11
7
33.7
3.5
4.7
0
13
8.84
6
8
0
0
2.5
11.5
25
0
12
6
11
7
11.5
12
71
0
8
605.11
Total
Population
2011P
Amargadhi
116
22544
Baglung
103.24
31046
Banepa
33.71
28237
Bhadrapur
52.32
18608
Bhaktapur
38
83893
Bharatpur
469.6
139790
Bhimdatta
165.5
102762
Bhimeshwor
163.02
24217
Bidur
116.79
25934
Biratnagar
378.2
205442
Birendranagar
96.1
59273
Birgunj
191
137976
Butwal
615.35
119710
Byas
378
45122
Damak
104.78
74843
Dasharathchanda
70.1
17363
Dhangadhi
463.4
104801
Dhankuta
181
28916
Dharan
204.5
118755
Dhulikhel
59.5
16406
Dipayal
77
25887
Gaur
119
35349
Ghorahi
267.65
65731
Gorkha
217.2
33890
Gulariya
207.9
57326
Hetauda
184
90593
Ilam
149
19054
Inaruwa
98.5
29999
Itahari
417
74360
Jaleshwor
35
23231
Janakpur
129
99560
Kalaiya
111.12
43888
Kamalami
176
41054
Kapilvastu
71
30887
Kathmandu
947
1006656
Khandbari
173.6
27103
Kirtipur
75.4
66070
Lahan
96.9
34350
Lalitpur
76.28
223285
Lekhnath
213
59244
Madhyapur Thimi
46.3
84259
Malangawa
36
25199
Mechinagar
222
57622
Narayan
152
22142
Nepalgunj
130
76053
Panauti
92.75
28570
Pokhara
249.5
263477
Putalibazar
153.77
31280
Rajbiraj
66
39181
Ramgram
57.25
27988
Ratnanagar
456
45698
Siddharthanagar
129
64579
Siraha
46
29785
Tansen
64.51
32037
Tikapur
265.31
50782
Triyuga
411
70435
Tulsipur
153.5
59357
Waling
114.99
24188
Total
10687.54
4525787
P: Preliminary
Source : Ministry of Local Development and Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2011,Preliminary Report)
- 135 -
Urban
Population per
km Road
194
301
838
356
2208
298
621
149
222
543
617
722
195
119
714
248
226
160
581
276
336
297
246
156
276
492
128
305
178
664
772
395
233
435
1063
156
876
354
2927
278
1820
700
260
146
585
308
1056
203
594
489
100
501
648
497
191
171
387
210
423
Building
Code No.
NBC 000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
NBC 001
NBC 002
NBC 003
NBC 004
NBC 005
NBC 006
NBC 007
NBC 008
NBC 009
NBC 010
NBC 011
NBC 012
NBC 013
NBC 014
Materials Specifications
Unit Weight of Materials
Occupancy Load (Imposed Load)
Wind Load
Seismic Design of Building
Snow Load
Provisional Recommendation on First Safety
Site Consideration for Seismic Hazards
Masonry : Unreinforced
Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Steel
Timber
Aluminum
Construction Safety
16
17
NBC 201
NBC 202
18
NBC 203
19
NBC 204
20
21
NBC 205
NBC 206
22
NBC 207
23
NBC 208
Contents
- 136 -
Remarks
Building for Foreign Donor
Organizations
> 1000 sq.ft plinth area and more
than 3 flats. Building designer and
monitoring by Architecture
Engineer
Chapter X
Natural Disasters
Latitude
27.37
27.8
26.8
29.69
29.76
27.5
28.33
27.8
29.73
27.98
28.18
28.4
27.47
28.18
27.32
27.3
27.29
27.34
27.3
30.15
30.10
28.19
30.09
30.13
27.9
29.05
27.41
28.43
28.25
28.3
27.43
27.48
27.71
28.12
29.81
28.73
30.1
27.87
30.11
29.02
28.28
29.6
28.37
26.79
29.78
28.4
29.76
29.37
28.31
27.75
28.3
29.4
29.6
28.01
28.23
28.64
28.38
28.44
26.93
Longitude
86.53
86.53
86.25
81.76
81.53
87.52
83.33
85.91
80.96
85.73
85.29
83.01
87.71
85.29
87.99
87.99
87.92
87.92
88.03
81.86
81.91
84.39
81.9
82.03
88.04
81.4
87.8
84.42
84.54
84.55
87.35
87.36
86.36
85.18
82.05
83.11
81.81
87.94
81.91
82.15
84.4
81.51
83.97
86.08
81.52
81.52
83.11
81.34
83.09
86.36
84.51
81.38
81.65
86.77
84.37
85.71
82.32
83.17
85.79
Magnitude (ml)
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.3
4.1
5.0
4.8
4.4
4.1
4.5
4.8
5.4
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.0
6.0
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.1
4.6
4.1
4.1
4.6
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.8
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.5
4.7
4.4
05-Dec-10
18-Dec-10
29.57
28.18
81.699
84.79
4.2
4.1
- 139 -
Epicentre
Okhaldhunga
Taplejung
Siraha
Humla
Bajhang-Bajura border
Taplejung
Baglung
Sindhupalchowk
Darchula
Sindhupalchowk
Bajura
Baglung
Taplejung
Rasuwa
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Humla
Humla
Lamjung
Humla
Humla
Taplejung
Achham
Taplejung
Lamjung
Lamjung
Lamjung
Sankhuwasava
Sankhuwasava
Dolakha
Rasuwa
Humla
Rukum
Humla
Taplejung
Humla
Jajarkot
Lamjung
Bajura
Kaski
Dhanusa
Bajhang
Baglung
Bajura
Bajura
Baglung
Dolakha
Lamjung
Bajura
Bajura
Solukhumbu
Lamjung
Tibet
Salyan
Baglung
Mahottari
Bajura
Gorkha
Latitude
30.03
27.8
27.47
27.57
28.02
28.31
28.31
28.35
28.11
30
29.92
29.74
27.93
27.6
28.4
28.41
30.24
27.83
27.28
27.19
27.35
29.9
27.44
28.21
29.7
28.29
28.15
26.94
27.78
30.16
29.55
28.34
27.94
28.2
27.7
28.91
28.05
27.97
27.83
27.72
27.73
Longitude
81.97
85.94
87.01
87.01
85.24
83.8
83.78
83.96
82.74
80.81
80.54
80.37
85.61
88.03
82.55
82.66
81.48
87.35
87.3
86.76
86.35
81.31
86.27
84.31
81.34
83.96
82.53
86.6
88.32
81.81
81.68
83.66
85.55
84.93
86.1
81.68
85.34
82.86
88.13
88.09
88.16
Magnitude (ml)
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.1
5.7
4.1
4.1
5.2
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.3
5.0
4.0
4.9
4.0
4.4
5.0
6.8
4.7
4.2
4.0
4.1
5.0
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.9
4.6
30-Dec-11
29.62
81.53
4.0
- 140 -
Epicentre
Humla
Sindhupalchowk
Bhojpur-Sankhuwasabha border
Sankhuwasabha
Rasuwa
Kaski
Kaski
Kaski
Pyuthan
Darchula
Darchula
Darchula
Sindhupalchowk
Taplejung
Rolpa
Rolpa
Humla
Sankhuwasabha
Sankhuwasabha
Khotang
Khotang
Bajhang
Ramechhap
Lamjung
Bajhang
Kaski
Rolpa
Udayapur
Taplejung-Sikkim Border
Humla
Bajura
Parbat
Sindhupalchowk
Gorkha
Dolakha
Dailekh
Rasuwa
Pyuthan
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Bajura
Table 10.2 : Loss of Lives, Livestock and Other Effects by Type of Disaster,1983-2010
(Disasters: Flood, Cold, Landslide, Avalanches, Earthquake, Fire, Epidemic, Windstorm, Hailstone & Thunderbolt)
Number of People
Year
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Dead
579
941
1387
1512
881
1584
1716
913
971
1318
1524
765
873
895
1160
1190
1466
377
415
458
310
192
242
132
274
171
641
448
Injured
NA
NA
NA
NA
162
12538
3014
196
43
17
246
155
1937
1527
1120
117
146
162
132
287
160
220
153
88
144
55
117
261
Number
of
Livestock
Loss
248
3547
3399
6566
1852
2788
4240
867
642
1586
NA
1329
2053
2480
1191
1179
650
1017
665
2126
1125
888
955
10098
21861
7066
228
1526
Number
of House
Destroyed
12
10597
7166
3370
36220
108801
7648
6352
5510
13997
21911
3234
10275
30014
4825
15082
4304
6886
6103
19856
6819
4818
3169
3765
37984
13864
1050
23370
Number of
Affected
Family
NA
NA
NA
NA
97036
70197
NA
8462
6426
11535
90911
11701
134216
58329
46054
36987
17842
24900
15908
40935
11730
16997
4315
19023
117203
21600
3028
19026
- 141 -
Land
Affected
(Ha.)
NA
1242
1355
1315
18858
NA
NA
1132
283
135
NA
392
41867.26
6063.4
6063.4
326.89
182.4
889
NA
10078
2360
0
0
3396.84
513.65
21315
NA
200 no
Public
Infrastructure
NA
869
436
436
421
4365
NA
NA
39
66
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.88
2.85
Estimated
Loss (Million
NRs.)
240
49
23
23
2005
6099
4172
139
43
52
5189
184
1933
1579
410
1230
509
1141.5
526.65
525.56
989.93
341.09
387.21
392.31
1928.55
1633.28
420.25
1398.19
Table 10.3 : Loss of Lives and Frequency by Type of Disaster, 1983 - 2010
Earthquake
Windstorms,
Hailstorm &
Thunderbolt
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
293
363
420
315
391
328
680
307
93
71
1336
49
203
258
83
273
193
173
196
441
232
131
141
114
216
134
135
0
0
0
0
0
721
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
NA
28
57
63
20
45
47
34
75
49
23
22
26
38
6
62
10
18
15
40
16
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
20
0
0
0
0
0
43
4
12
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
21
NA
6
0
2
69
57
52
96
62
23
109
46
90
97
43
43
73
61
65
54
39
37
26
11
16
10
28
3
9
11
35
217
521
915
1101
426
427
879
503
725
128
100
626
520
494
951
840
1207
141
154
0
0
41
34
0
3
10
462
0
0
0
0
0
71
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
NA
0
0
579
941
1387
1512
881
1584
1716
913
971
318
1524
765
873
895
1160
1190
1466
377
415
458
310
192
242
132
274
171
641
2010
240
70
NA
69
36
NA
415
Year
- 142 -
Total
Cattle
5616
35
4
20
Buffalo
4982
31
11
14
Goat
7521
Sheep
481
Pig
314
363
360
52
46
219
134
2
44
34
2121
1039
1256
315
452
541
67
135
2
3088
42240
2103
14
1820
6992
65178
2277
731
4
25
453
4522
101
35
599
5110
126
36
80
98207
3712
173
16415
604
52
3203
569
16
2
3571
3759
43611
1944
15
211
7666
24788
7357
67
2029
21666
4220
14
1884
1805
2
1377
1103
6
4811
75
234
11
1170
4
104967
65522
297
15
11250
Mange
Marek's disease
Mastitis
Metritis
Milk fever
185028
62376
954
81677
383
Infertility
Intearinal helminthiasis
Khari disease
Liver fluke / Fascioliasis / Distomatosis
Poultry
129234
18324
19294
10733
290
587
57
119833
857
121406
122074
13201
1149
3981
7173
39869
7358
5345
7079
65
420
6950
77
354
3709
7
13
135
76
2
3
71589
26800
- 143 -
Cattle
Buffalo
Goat
Number of affected)
Pig
Poultry
52833
68640
252
487
3375
112615
841
349
7510
19939
150
196
295
37
305
182
41574
Sheep
2892
1997
4026
40762
39955
50077
37143
603
759
513
568
44185
85502
6178
2015
1783
36
4897
419
11336
4
21
2003
396
10559
11
8023
18
19
1
66
7912
1449
17552
8714
4
28
9
193
827
19870
19
801
14099
467
68
3
23
12
1554
6
1764
62
1339
19
189953
100
3217
3
144
15
6027
1213
13658
10779
1228
16922
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
135781
4557
170988
137444
5293
152492
4574
148693
3577
136719
2920
1169
NA
1341
NA
1531
14
1371
14
1019
6
791
4
NA
88
65
88
70
89
72
88
75
89
76
90
2.40
1.96
2.02
1.65
1.67
1.45
1.67
1.42
1.99
1.09
1.15
0.77
227
244
228
82
252
113
163
206
237
147
319
91
219
204
185
378
488
598
1258
436
1943
413
62
1196
5691
- 144 -
Appendices
Appendix I:
List of Environmental Related Policies, Acts and Rules
A) Instruments Having Environment Friendly Policies:
1. Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007(2063)
2. Environment Conservation Policy, 2044 (1988)
3. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2050 (1993)
4. Wildlife Protection, Fertility and Research Policy, 2060 (2004)
5. Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization)
6. Tenth Plan 2000/01
B) Acts Having Environment Friendly Provisions:
1. Ancient Monuments Protection Act,1956
2. Civil Aviation Act, 1958
3. Aquatic Animals Protection Act, 1960
4. Plant Protection Act, 1964
5. National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Act, 1973
6. Public Road Act, 1974
7. Trust Corporation Act, 1976
8. Tourism Act, 1978
9. Nature Conservation Trust Act, 1982
10. Soil & Watershed Conservation Act, 1982
11. Nepal Petroleum Act, 1983
12. Nepal Electricity Authority Act, 1984
13. Mines & Mineral Act, 1985
14. Pashupati Area Development Trust Act, 1987
15. Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987
16. Town Development Act, 1988
17. Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 1988
18. Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989
19. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990
20. Pesticides Act, 1991
21. Local Self-government Act 1992
22. Water Resources Act, 1992
23. Forest Act, 1993
24. Electricity Act, 1992
25. Motor Vehicle & Transportation Management Act, 1992
26. Labour Act, 1992
27. Industrial Enterprises Act, 1992
28. Nepal Tourism Board Act, 1996
29. Environment Protection Act, 1996
C) Rules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
- 147 -
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Source: Ministry of Population and Environment, State of the Environment, Nepal, 2001,
- 148 -
Appendix II:
Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 (SEEA 2003)
SEEA 2003 is a satellite system of the System of National Accounts that brings together economic and
environmental information in a common framework to measure the contribution of the environment to the
economy and the impact of the economy on the environment. It provides policy-makers with indicators and
descriptive statistics to monitor these interactions as well as a database for strategic planning and policy analysis
to identify more sustainable paths of development.
The SEEA 2003 comprises four categories of accounts:
x
Flow accounts for pollution, energy and materials (Chapters 3 and 4). These accounts provide
information at the industry level about the use of energy and materials as inputs to production and the generation
of pollutants and solid waste.
x
Environmental protection and resource management expenditure accounts (Chapters 5 and 6).
These accounts identify expenditures incurred by industry, government and households to protect the
environment or to manage natural resources. They take those elements of the existing SNA which are relevant to
the good management of the environment and show how the environment-related transactions can be made more
explicit.
x
Natural resource asset accounts (Chapters 7 and 8). These accounts record stocks and changes in
stocks of natural resources such as land, fish, forest, water and minerals.
x
Valuation of non-market flow and environmentally adjusted aggregates (Chapters 9 and 10). This
component presents non-market valuation techniques and their applicability in answering specific policy
questions. It discusses the calculation of several macroeconomic aggregates adjusted for depletion and
degradation costs and their advantages and disadvantages. It also considers adjustments concerning the socalled defensive expenditures.
The revision was undertaken under the joint responsibility of the United Nations, Eurostat, IMF, OECD and the
World Bank. Much of the work was done by the London Group on Environmental Accounting.
Source: United Nations, Statistics Division (Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003)
- 149 -
Appendix III:
List of Conventions Signed and/or Ratified by the Government of Nepal
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13(a)
13(b)
13(c)
14
15
16
17
18
19
Name of Convention
Ratification
10 Sept, 1996
2 May, 1994
13 Jan, 1997
31 Jul, 1994
23 Nov,1993
21 Feb, 1994
4 Jan,1990
17 Dec ,1975
17 Apr,1988
18 June, 1975
16 Sep,1975
12 Aug,1965
28 Dec, 1962
12 Aug,1965
27 Jan,1963
7 Oct, 1964
7 Oct, 1964
6 Jul, 1971
18 May, 1972
21 Jun,19785
20 Sept, 1978
3 Jul ,1990
6 Apr, 1994
4 Oct,1994
6 Jul, 1994
4 Oct,1994
6 Jul, 1994
4 Oct,1994
15 Aug, 1996
13 Jan, 1997
16 Sept,2005
10 Oct, 1967
14 Dec, 205
2006
2006
1 Jan,1973
2002
2002
Signed
1
2
3
4
- 150 -
10 Apr,1972
10 Dec,1982
29 Apr,1958
29 Apr,1958
Appendix IV:
United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities,
assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and encourages sustainable
development through sound environmental practices. It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference
on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in Nairobi,Kenya. UNEP also has six regional
offices and various country offices.
UNEP is the designated authority of the United Nations system in environmental issues at the global and regional
level. Its mandate is to coordinate the development of environmental policy consensus by keeping the global
environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of governments and the international
community for action. The mandate and objectives of UNEP emanate from United Nations General Assembly
resolution 2997 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972 and subsequent amendments adopted at UNCED in 1992, the
Nairobi Declaration on the Role and Mandate of UNEP, adopted at the Nineteenth Session of the UNEP
Governing Council, and the Malmo Ministerial Declaration of 31 May 2000.
Its activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It has
played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science
and information and illustrating the way those can work in conjunction with policy, working on the development
and implementation of policy with national governments and regional institution and working in conjunction with
environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). UNEP has also been active in funding and
implementing environmentally related development projects.
UNEP has aided in the development of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in
potentially harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways. The
World Meteorological Organization and the UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Structure
UNEP's Governing Council consists of a total of 58 member states which serve three-year terms. These seats are
allocated according to geographical regions. The Governing Council is the primary developer of policy guidelines
for UN environmental programs and plays a diplomatic role in promoting cooperation between UN member states
on environmental issues. The UNEP secretariat consists of 890 staff members, roughly 500 of which are
international staff while the remaining are hired locally. The Secretariat is the body which oversees the
implementation of UNEP policies and programs and is responsible for the annual budget which totals around
$105 million (US) and is almost entirely earned from member states. The implementation of UNEP's work is done
by the following 7 Divisions:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Executive Director
UNEP's current Executive Director is Achim Steiner, who succeeded previous director Klaus Tpfer in 2006. Dr
Tpfer served two consecutive terms, beginning in February 1998. On 15 March 2006, the former SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, Kofi Annan (currently Ban Ki Moon), nominated Achim Steiner, former Director
General of the IUCN to the position of Executive Director. One day later, the UN General Assembly followed
Annan's proposal and elected him [2]. However, the nomination raised questions regarding conflict of interest
after it was revealed that Steiner had (previous to his nomination by Annan) served as a judge on a panel that
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awarded the $500,000 Dubai prize to Mr. Annan. The London-based Financial Times reported that the
appointment "has prompted new questions about what standards should apply to senior U.N. officials to avoid
conflicts of interest". The position was held for 17 years (1975-1992) by Dr. Mostafa Kamal Tolba, who was
instrumental in bringing environmental considerations to the forefront of global thinking and action. Under his
leadership, UNEP's most widely acclaimed success - the historic 1987 agreement to protect the ozone layer - the
Montreal Protocol was negotiated.
During December 1972, the UN General Assembly unanimously elected Maurice Strong to head UNEP. Also
Secretary General of both the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which launched the
world environment movement, and the 1992 Earth Summit, Strong has played a critical role is globalizing the
environmental movement.
International Years
The year 2007 was declared (International) Year of the Dolphin by the United Nations and UNEP. The UN
Convention on Migratory Species, together with its specialized agreements on dolphin conservation ACCOBAMS
and ASCOBANS and the WDCS (Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society) have proposed 2007 as the Year of
the Dolphin ('YOD')) (International) Patron of the Year of the Dolphin is H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco, with
[2]
Special Ambassador to the cause being Nick Carter, of The Backstreet Boys. (See international observance and
list of environmental dates.)
Reports
UNEP publishes many reports, atlases and newsletters. For instance, the fourth Global Environment Outlook
(GEO-4) assessment is a comprehensive report on environment, development and human well-being, providing
analysis and information for policy makers and the concerned public. One of many points in the GEO-4 warns that
we are living far beyond our means. It notes that the human population is now so large that the amount of
resources needed to sustain it exceeds what is available. Humanitys environmental demand, or ecological
footprint, is 21.9 hectares per person while the Earths biological capacity is, on average, only 15.7 ha/person.
Famous World projects
UNEP has sponsored the development of solar loan programs, with attractive return rates, to buffer the initial
deployment costs and entice consumers to consider and purchase solar PV systems. The most famous example
is the solar loan program sponsored by UNEP helping 100,000 people finance solar power systems in India.[4]
Success in India's solar program has led to similar projects in other parts of developing world like Tunisia,
Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico.
UNEP sponsors the Marshlands project in Middle East that helps to protect the largest marshland in Middle East.
In 2001, UNEP alerted the international community to the destruction of the Marshlands when it released satellite
images showing that 90 percent of the Marshlands had already been lost. The UNEP "support for Environmental
Management of the Iraqi Marshland" commenced in August 2004, in order to manage the Marshland area in an
environmentally sound manner.[5]
Glaciers shrinking
Glaciers are shrinking at record rates and many could disappear within decades, the U.N. Environment Program
said on March 16, 2008. The scientists measuring the health of almost 30 glaciers around the world found that ice
loss reached record levels in 2006. On average, the glaciers shrank by 4.9 feet in 2006, the most recent year for
which data are available. The most severe loss was recorded at Norway's Breidalblikkbrea glacier, which shrank
10.2 feet in 2006. Glaciers lost an average of about a foot of ice a year between 1980 and 1999. But since the
turn of the millennium the average loss has increased to about 20 inches
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Appendix V:
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Agenda 21)
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14
June 1992,
Reaffirming the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm
on 16 June 1972, a/ and seeking to build upon it,
With the goal of establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of
cooperation among States, key sectors of societies and people,
Working towards international agreements which respect the interests of all and protect the integrity of the global
environmental and developmental system,
Recognizing the integral and interdependent nature of the Earth, our home,
Proclaims that:
Principle 1
Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and
productive life in harmony with nature.
Principle 2
States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the
sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies,
and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the
environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Principle 3
The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of
present and future generations.
Principle 4
In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the
development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
Principle 5
All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable
requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better
meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.
Principle 6
The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and those most
environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority. International actions in the field of environment and
development should also address the interests and needs of all countries.
Principle 7
States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of
the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have
common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear
in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global
environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command.
Principle 8
To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.
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Principle 9
States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity-building for sustainable development by improving
scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the
development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.
Principle 10
Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the
national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is
held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and
the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public
awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and
administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.
Principle 11
States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives and
priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they apply. Standards applied
by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in
particular developing countries.
Principle 12
States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to
economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental
degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or
unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with
environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental
measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an
international consensus.
Principle 13
States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other
environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop
further international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused
by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
Principle 14
States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any
activities and substances that cause severe environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human
health.
Principle 15
In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to
their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not
be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Principle 16
National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of
economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of
pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment.
Principle 17
Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are
likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent
national authority.
Principle 18
States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies that are likely to
produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States. Every effort shall be made by the
international community to help States so afflicted.
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Principle 19
States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to potentially affected States on activities
that may have a significant adverse transboundary environmental effect and shall consult with those States at an
early stage and in good faith.
Principle 20
Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participation is therefore
essential to achieve sustainable development.
Principle 21
The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in
order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all.
Principle 22
Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental
management and development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and
duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of
sustainable development.
Principle 23
The environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination and occupation shall be
protected.
Principle 24
Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law
providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as
necessary.
Principle 25
Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.
Principle 26
States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations.
Principle 27
States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfillment of the principles
embodied in this Declaration and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable
development.
Source: Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972 (United Nations publication,
Sales No. E.73.II.A.14 and corrigendum), chap. I.
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Appendix VI:
International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev 4
A. Agriculture, forestry and fishing
01 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities
02. Forestry and logging
03. Fishing and aquaculture
B. Mining and quarrying
05. Mining of coal and lignite
06. Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
07. Mining of metal ores
08. Other mining and quarrying
09. Mining support service activities
C.
Manufacturing
10. Manufacture of food products
11. Manufacturing of beverages
12. Manufacture of tobacco products
13. Manufacture of textiles
14. Manufacture of wearing apparel
15. Manufacture of leather and related products
16. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles and straw and plaiting materials
17. Manufacture of paper and paper products
18. Printing and reproduction of recorded media
19. Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
20. Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
21. Manufacture of pharmaceuticals medicinal chemical and botanical products
22. Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
23. Manufacture of other non - metallic mineral products
24. Manufacturer of basic metals
25. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
26. Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
27. Manufacture of electrical equipment
28. Manufacture of machinery and equipment n .e .c
29. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi - trailers
30. Manufacture of other transport equipment
31. Manufacture of furniture
32. Other manufacturing
33. Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
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- 157 -
- 158 -
Appendix VII:
Central Product Classification (CPC), Ver. 2
0. Agriculture, forestry and fishery products
01 Products of agriculture, horticulture and market gardening
02 Live animals and animal products (excluding meat)
03 Forestry and logging products
04 Fish and other fishing products
1. Ores and minerals; electricity, gas and water
11 Coal and lignite; peat
12 Crude petroleum and natural gas
13 Uranium and thorium ores and concentrates
14 Metal ores
15 Stone, sand and clay
16 Other minerals
17 Electricity, town gas, steam and hot water
18 Natural water
2. Food products, beverages and tobacco; textiles, apparel and leather products
21 Meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and fats
22 Dairy products and egg products
23 Grain mill products, starches and starch products; other food products
24 Beverages
25 Tobacco products
26 Yarn and thread; woven and tufted textile fabrics
27 Textile articles other than apparel
28 Knitted or crocheted fabrics; wearing apparel
29 Leather and leather products; footwear
3. Other transportable goods, except metal products, machinery and equipment
31 Products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials
32 Pulp, paper and paper products; printed matter and related articles
33 Coke oven products; refined petroleum products; nuclear fuel
34 Basic chemicals
35 Other chemical products; man-made fibers
36 Rubber and plastics products
37 Glass and glass products and other nonmetallic products n.e.c.
38 Furniture; other transportable goods n.e.c.
39 Wastes or scraps
4. Metal products, machinery and equipment
41 Basic metals
42 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
43 General-purpose machinery
44 Special-purpose machinery
45 Office, accounting and computing machinery
46 Electrical machinery and apparatus
47 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
48 Medical appliances, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
49 Transport equipment
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Appendix VIII:
Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG)
01 - General public services
01.1 - Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs
01.2 - Foreign economic aid
01.3 - General services
01.4 - Basic research
01.5 - R&D General public services
01.6 - General public services n.e.c.
01.7 - Public debt transactions
01.8 - Transfers of a general character between different levels of government
02 - Defence
02.1 - Military defence
02.2 - Civil defence
02.3 - Foreign military aid
02.4 - R&D Defence
02.5 - Defence n.e.c.
03 - Public order and safety
03.1 - Police services
03.2 - Fire-protection services
03.3 - Law courts
03.4 - Prisons
03.5 - R&D Public order and safety
03.6 - Public order and safety n.e.c.
04 - Economic affairs
04.1 - General economic, commercial and labour affairs
04.2 - Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
04.3 - Fuel and energy
04.4 - Mining, manufacturing and construction
04.5 - Transport
04.6 - Communication
04.7 - Other industries
04.8 - R&D Economic affairs
04.9 - Economic affairs n.e.c.
05 - Environmental protection
05.1 - Waste management
05.2 - Waste water management
05.3 - Pollution abatement
05.4 - Protection of biodiversity and landscape
05.5 - R&D Environnemental protection
05.6 - Environnemental protection n.e.c.
06 - Housing and community amenities
06.1 - Housing development
06.2 - Community development
06.3 - Water supply
06.4 - Street lighting
06.5 - R&D Housing and community amenities
06.6 - Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
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07 - Health
07.1 - Medical products, appliances and equipment
07.2 - Outpatient services
07.3 - Hospital services
07.4 - Public health services
07.5 - R&D Health
07.6 - Health n.e.c.
08 - Recreation, culture and religion
08.1 - Recreational and sporting services
08.2 - Cultural services
08.3 - Broadcasting and publishing services
08.4 - Religious and other community services
08.5 - R&D Recreation, culture and religion
08.6 - Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c.
09 - Education
09.1 - Pre-primary and primary education
09.2 - Secondary education
09.3 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
09.4 - Tertiary education
09.5 - Education not definable by level
09.6 - Subsidiary services to education
09.7 - R&D Education
09.8 - Education n.e.c.
10 - Social protection
10.1 - Sickness and disability
10.2 - Old age
10.3 - Survivors
10.4 - Family and children
10.5 - Unemployment
10.6 - Housing
10.7 - Social exclusion n.e.c.
10.8 - R&D Social protection
10.9 - Social protection n.e.c.
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Appendix IX:
Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP)
01-12 - Individual consumption expenditure of households
01 - Food and non-alcoholic beverages
01.1 - Food
01.2 - Non-alcoholic beverages
02 - Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics
02.1 - Alcoholic beverages
02.2 - Tobacco
02.3 - Narcotics
03 - Clothing and footwear
03.1 - Clothing
03.2 - Footwear
04 - Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
04.1 - Actual rentals for housing
04.2 - Imputed rentals for housing
04.3 - Maintenance and repair of the dwelling
04.4 - Water supply and miscellaneous services relating to the dwelling
04.5 - Electricity, gas and other fuels
05 - Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance
05.1 - Furniture and furnishings, carpets and other floor coverings
05.2 - Household textiles
05.3 - Household appliances
05.4 - Glassware, tableware and household utensils
05.5 - Tools and equipment for house and garden
05.6 - Goods and services for routine household maintenance
06 - Health
06.1 - Medical products, appliances and equipment
06.2 - Outpatient services
06.3 - Hospital services
07 - Transport
07.1 - Purchase of vehicles
07.2 - Operation of personal transport equipment
07.3 - Transport services
08 - Communication
08.1 - Postal services
08.2 - Telephone and telefax equipment
08.3 - Telephone and telefax services
09 - Recreation and culture
09.1 - Audio-visual, photographic and information processing equipment
09.2 - Other major durables for recreation and culture
09.3 - Other recreational items and equipment, gardens and pets
09.4 - Recreational and cultural services
09.5 - Newspapers, books and stationery
09.6 - Package holidays
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10 - Education
10.1 - Pre-primary and primary education
10.2 - Secondary education
10.3 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
10.4 - Tertiary education
10.5 - Education not definable by level
11 - Restaurants and hotels
11.1 - Catering services
11.2 - Accommodation services
12 - Miscellaneous goods and services
12.1 - Personal care
12.2 - Prostitution
12.3 - Personal effects n.e.c.
12.4 - Social protection
12.5 - Insurance
12.6 - Financial services n.e.c.
12.7 - Other services n.e.c.
13 - Individual consumption expenditure of non-profit institutions serving
households (NPISHs)
13.1 - Housing
13.2 - Health
13.3 - Recreation and culture
13.4 - Education
13.5 - Social protection
13.6 - Other services
14 - Individual consumption expenditure of general government
14.1 - Housing
14.2 - Health
14.3 - Recreation and culture
14.4 - Education
14.5 - Social protection
Source: United Nations Statistics Division
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Appendix X:
Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions (COPNI)
01 - Housing
01.0 - Housing
02 - Health
02.1 - Medical products, appliances and equipment
02.2 - Outpatient services
02.3 - Hospital services
02.4 - Public health services
02.5 - R&D Health
02.6 - Other health services
03 - Recreation and culture
03.1 - Recreational and sporting services
03.2 - Cultural services
04 - Education
04.1 - Pre-primary and primary education
04.2 - Secondary education
04.3 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
04.4 - Tertiary education
04.5 - Education not definable by level
04.6 - R&D Education
04.7 - Other educational services
05 - Social protection
05.1 - Social protection services
05.2 - R&D Social protection
06 - Religion
06.0 - Religion
07 - Political parties, labour and professional organizations
07.1 - Services of political parties
07.2 - Services of labour organizations
07.3 - Services of professional organizations
08 - Environmental protection
08.1 - Environmental protection services
08.2 - R&D Environmental protection
09 - Services n.e.c.
09.1 - Services n.e.c.
09.2 - R&D Services n.e.c.
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Appendix XI:
Classification of the Outlays of Producers according to Purpose (COPP)
01 Outlays on Infrastructure
01.1 Outlays on Road and Land Construction and Improvement
01.2 Outlays on Engineering and Related Technological work
01.3 Outlays on Information Management
02 Outlays on Research and Development
02.1 Outlays on Research and Experimental Development on Natural Science and
Engineering
02.2 Outlays on Research and Experimental Development on Social Science and
Humanities
03 Outlays on Environmental Protection
03.1 Outlays on Protection of Ambient Air and Climate
03.2 Outlays on Waste Water Management
02.3 Outlays on Waste Management
03.4 Outlays Protection of Soil and Ground Water
03.5 Outlays on protection of Noise and Vibration Abatement
03.6 Outlays on protection of biodiversity and landscape
03.7 Outlays on Environmental protection n.e.c.
04 Outlays on Marketing
04.1 Outlays on Direct Sales Efforts
04.2 Outlays on Advertising
04.3 Outlays on Marketing n.e.c
05 Outlays on Human Resource Development
05.1 Outlays on Education and Training
05.2 Outlays on Health
05.3 Outlays on Social Services
06 Outlays on Current Production Programs, Administration and Management
06.1 Outlays on Current Production Programs
06.2 Outlays on External Transportation
06.3 Outlays on Safety and Security
06.4 Outlays on Management and Administration
Source: United Nations Statistics Division
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Appendix XII:
SEEA Asset Classification
EA.1 Natural resources
EA.11 Mineral and energy resources
EA.111 Fossil fuels (cubic meters, tons, tons of oil equivalent, joules)
EA.112 Metallic minerals (tons)
EA.113 Non-metallic minerals (tons)
EA.12 Soil resources (cubic meters, tons) Not applicable
EA.121 Agricultural
EA.122 Non-agricultural
EA.13 Water resources (cubic meters)
EA.131 Surface water Not applicable
EA.132 Groundwater
EA.14 Biological resources
EA.141 Timber resources (cubic meters)
EA.142 Crop and plant resources, other than timber (cubic meters, tons, number)
EA.143 Aquatic resources (tons, number)
EA.144 Animal resources, other than aquatic (number)
EA.2 Land and surface water (hectares) of which, recreational land
EA.21 Land underlying buildings and structures
EA.211 In urban areas
EA.212 Outside urban areas
EA.22 Agricultural land and associated surface water
EA.221 Cultivated land
EA.222 Pasture land
EA.223 Other agricultural land
EA.23 Wooded land and associated surface water
EA.231 Forested land
EA.232 Other wooded land
EA.24 Major water bodies
EA.241 Lakes
EA.242 Rivers
EA.243 Wetlands
EA.244 Artificial reservoirs
EA.25 Other land (Part of AN.2119)
EA.251 Prairie and grassland
EA.252 Tundra
EA.253 Sparsely vegetated/barren land
EA.254 Permanent snow and ice
EA.3 Ecosystems [14, 15] Not applicable
EA.31 Terrestrial ecosystems
EA.311 Urban ecosystems
EA.312 Agricultural ecosystems
EA.313 Forest ecosystems
EA.314 Prairie and grassland ecosystems
EA.315 Tundra ecosystems
EA.316 Dry land ecosystems
EA.317 Other terrestrial ecosystems
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- 168 -
Appendix XIII:
Classification of Environmental Protection Activities and Expenditure (CEPA 2000)
1. Protection of ambient air and climate
1.1 Prevention of air pollution through in-process modifications
1.1.1 For the protection of ambient air
1.1.2 For the protection of climate and ozone layer
1.2 Treatment of exhaust gases and ventilation air
1.2.1 For the protection of ambient air
1.2.2 For the protection of climate and ozone layer
1.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
1.4 Other activities
2. Waste-water management
2.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications
2.2 Sewerage networks
2.3 Waste-water treatment
2.4 Treatment of cooling water
2.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
2.6 Other activities
3. Waste management
3.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications
3.2 Collection and transport
3.3 Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste
3.3.1 Thermal treatment
3.3.2 Landfill
3.3.3 Other treatment and disposal
3.4 Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste
3.4.1 Incineration
3.4.2 Landfill
3.4.3 Other treatment and disposal
3.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
3.6 Other activities
4. Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water
4.1 Prevention of pollutant infiltration
4.2 Cleaning up of soil and water bodies
4.3 Protection of soil from erosion and other physical degradation
4.4 Prevention and remediation of soil salinity
4.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
4.6 Other activities
5. Noise and vibration abatement (excluding workplace protection)
5.1 Preventive in-process modifications at the source
5.1.1 Road and rail traffic
5.1.2 Air traffic
5.1.3 Industrial and other noise
5.2. Construction of anti-noise/anti-vibration facilities
5.2.1 Road and rail traffic
5.2.2 Air traffic
5.2.3 Industrial and other noise
5.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
5.4 Other activities
6. Protection of biodiversity and landscape
6.1 Protection of species
6.2 Protection of natural and semi-natural landscapes
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- 170 -
Appendix XIV:
MDG Indicators
All indicators should be disaggregated by sex and urban/rural as far as possible.
Effective 15 January 2008
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day
whose income is less than one dollar a day
1.2 Poverty gap ratio
1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed
for all, including women and young people
1.5 Employment-to-population ratio
1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day
1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total
employment
Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age
who suffer from hunger
1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy
consumption
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the
maternal mortality ratio
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
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Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria
of malaria and other major diseases
6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated
bednets
6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with
appropriate anti-malarial drugs
6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly
observed treatment short course
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest
country policies and programmes and reverse the loss 7.2 CO emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
2
of environmental resources
7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a
significant reduction in the rate of loss
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least
developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and
small island developing States.
Official development assistance (ODA)
8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage
of OECD/DAC donors gross national income
8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC
Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least developed
donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health
countries
care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC
Includes:
tariff and quota free access for the least developed
donors that is untied
countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt relief
8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of
for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and
their gross national incomes
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more
generous ODA for countries committed to poverty
8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of
reduction
their gross national incomes
Market access
Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing
8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and
countries and small island developing States (through
excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed
the Programme of Action for the Sustainable
countries, admitted free of duty
Development of Small Island Developing States and
8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural
the outcome of the twenty-second special session of
products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
the General Assembly)
8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of
their gross domestic product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
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Debt sustainability
Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision
developing countries through national and international measures in
points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points
order to make debt sustainable in the long term
(cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the 8.14Telephone lines per 100 population
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population
communications
8.16 Internet users per 100 population
The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of State
and Government, in September 2000 (http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm) and from further agreement by member states
at the 2005 World Summit (Resolution adopted by the General Assembly - A/RES/60/1,
http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/60/1). The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They
represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries to create an environment at the national and global
levels alike which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty.
i
For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available.
The actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the
four characteristics: (a) lack of access to improved water supply; (b) lack of access to improved sanitation; (c) overcrowding (3 or more persons per room);
and (d) dwellings
made of non-durable material.
ii
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Appendix: XV
Glossary
Abiotic: non- living, e.g. rocks or minerals.
Abatement: technology applied or measure taken to reduce pollution and/or its impacts on the environment. The
most commonly used technologies are scrubbers, noise mufflers, filters, incinerators, waste-water treatment
facilities and composting of wastes.
Agenda 21: the plan of action to achieve sustainable development that was adopted by world leaders at the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992.
Algae: simple non-vascular plants with unicellular organs of reproduction. Algae are found in fresh and salt water.
They range from unicellular forms, usually microscopic, to multi cellular forms up to 30 m in length.
Afforestation: artificial establishment of forests by planting or seeding in an area of non-forest land.
Acidification: increase of hydrogen ions, usually expressed as the pH value of environmental media.
Airborne Disease: disease that is generally transmitted by nasopharyngeal discharges and by respiratory
secretions, through coughing and sneezing, though it may also be conveyed through close contact. Respiratory
diseases include the common childhood infections, measles, whooping cough, chickenpox, mumps, diphtheria
and acute sore throat, as well as diseases of the respiratory tract, influenza and other acute viral infections, the
pneumonias, and pulmonary tuberculosis (WHO, 1992).
Air Pollution: the presence of contaminant of pollutant substances in the air that do not disperse properly and
that interferes with human health of welfare, or produces other harmful environmental effects.
Air Pollution Index (API) : quantitative measure that describes ambient air quality. The index is obtained by
combining figures for various air pollutants into a single measurement.
Air Quality Standards: levels of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a
specified time in a defined area.
Air Pollutants: substances in air that could, at high enough concentrations, harm human beings, animals,
vegetation or material. Air pollutants may thus include forms of matter of almost any natural or artificial
composition capable of being airborne. They may consist of solid particles, liquid droplets or gases, or
combinations of these forms. See also hazardous air pollutants.
Acid Precipitation / Rain: any form of precipitation (rain, snow, hail or fog) whose acidity has been increased
through the uptake of acid pollutants from the air.
Alternate Energy: energy sources other than the traditional forest product and commercial energy items. They
are: Direct Solar Insulation, Wind, Micro-hydro, Geothermal, Bio-gas plants.
Assets: Assets are entities that must be owned by some unit, or units, and which economic benefits are derived
by their owner(s) by holding or using them over the period of time.
Ambient: surrounding, environmental.
Annual Average: average of concentrations measured over one year.
Annual Rainfall (mm): total rainfall in a year
Average Daily Sunshine Hours: average of daily sunshine hours measured over one year.
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Acidity: acidity as applied to water is defined as the quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react with hydroxyl
ions. The determination of acidity may provide an index of the severity of pollution or may indicate the probable
behavior of water in treatment processes.
Alkalinity: the alkalinity of a solution may be defined as the capacity for solutes it contains to react with and
neutralize acid. In water the alkalinity is produced by the dissolved carbon dioxide species, bicarbonate and
carbonate. There are three types of alkalinity methyl-orange alkalinity, total alkalinity, and phenolphthalein
alkalinity.
Ammonia: the term ammonia includes the non-ionized ammonia molecule and ionized ammonium ion species.
Ammonia in water is an indicator of possible bacterial, sewage and animal waste pollution. No health related
guidance value for drinking water has been set by WHO but concentration above 1.5 mg/l creates odour and taste
problems.
Aquifer: underground geologic formation, or group of formation, containing ground water that can supply wells
and springs.
Amphibians: class of cold-blooded vertebrates comprising frogs. They live both in water and on land. Most
amphibians have to become temporarily aquatic for the purpose of reproduction.
Angiosperm: flowering plants, which produce one or more seeds enclosed in a fruit.
Bacteria: single- celled micro-organisms. Some are useful in pollution control because they break down the
organic matter in water and land. Other bacteria may cause disease.
Baseline: The baseline (or reference) is any datum against which change is measured. It might be a current
baseline in which case it presents observable present-day condition. It might also be a future baseline ,which is
a projected future set of condition excluding the driving facer of interest Alternative interpretation of the reference
conditions can give rise to multiple baseline.
Base Period: the period that provides the weights for an index is described as the base period
Biodiversity: the range of genetic differences, species difference and ecosystem difference in a given area.
Biomass: total living weight (generally in dry weight) of all living organisms in a particular area or habitat. It is
sometimes expressed as weight per unit area of land or per unit volume of water.
Bryophytes: non-vascular and non-flowering plants comprising mosses and liverworts, widely distributed on
moist soil and rocks.
Biological diversity: the variety of life forms: the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they
contain, and the ecosystems they form. It is usually considered at three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity
and ecosystems diversity.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): the biochemical oxygen demand is the mass of dissolved molecular
oxygen, which is needed by micro organisms for the aerobic oxidation of organic substances to CO2 and water.
Generally in water analysis BOD is determined at 20oc with 5 days incubation period. It depends on the amount
of organic substances present in water and is useful in expressing stream pollution load. Generally, effluents
having BOD value greater than 4 mg/l are not allowed to be discharged into water courses.
Bio-gas: mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in the ratio of 7:3 that is produced by the treatment of animal
dung, industrial wastes and crop residues. It is used as an alternative source of energy.
Biogeography: the scientific study of the geographic distribution of organisms.
Biota: All the organisms, including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms in a given area.
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Chromosome: body found in the nucleus of living cells, composed mainly of DNA and protein, in a linear
sequence of genes, Exchange of genes during sexual reproduction is facilitated by splitting of chromosomes
during fertilization.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): It is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. A
colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas, which results from fossil fuel combustion and burning of materials, and is
normally a part of ambient air.
Carbon Monoxide (CO): It is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen. It
is a colorless and odorless gas formed whenever carbon or substances containing carbon are burned with an
insufficient air supply (incomplete fuel combustion). It is poisonous to all warm-blooded animals and to many other
forms of life. Automobile - exhaust gases contain harmful quantities of carbon monoxide.
Catchments Area: area from which rainwater drains into river system, lakes and seas.
Climate: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather or more rigorously as the statistical
description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to
thousands of millions of years. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature,
precipitation and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state including a statistical description of the climate
system. The classical period of time is 30 years, as defined the World Meteorological (WMO).
Climate change: Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using
statistical test) by changed in the mean and /or the variability of its properties, and that persists or extended
period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes of external forcing,
or to persistent anthropogenic change in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
Community Soil: It is a practice of managing the conservation of soil erosion or soil quality by community
participation.
Consumption: consumption is an activity in which institutional units use up goods or service, consumption can be
either intermediate or final
Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs): inert, non-toxic and easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, airconditioning, packaging and insulation or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed
in the lower atmosphere, they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone.
They are also among the greenhouse gases that may affect climate change. See also aerosol propellant.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen
equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.
It is a measure of the total amount of oxygen required for oxidation of waste to CO2 and water and is used to
determine pollution or oxidizable material loads quickly.
Coliform: coli form organisms are defined as Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non- sporing bacteria capable of
growing in the presence of bile salts or other surface - active agents and of fermenting lactose within 48 hours at
35-37oC. This group of bacteria includes organisms originating from intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and
also from soil and vegetation. Its presence in water indicates probable contamination from human waste. Recent
health related WHO guideline value for drinking water does not permit the presence of even a single coliform
bacterium in drinking water.
Color: the term color is used to mean true color, that is, the color of water from which turbidity has been removed.
Color in water may result from the presence of natural metallic ions (iron & manganese) humus and peat
materials, plankton, weeds, and industrial wastes.
Dicotyledon: flowering plants with two seed leaves in embryo plant. Includes many forest and fruit trees, food
plants and ornamentals.
Decibel (dB): unit of sound measurement on a logarithmic scale, with sound approximately doubling in loudness
for every increase of 10 decibels.
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Environmental Impact: direct effect of socio-economic activities and natural events on the components of the
environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): analytical process that systematically examines the possible
environmental consequences of the implementation of projects, programmes and policies.
Environmental Indicator: parameter, or a value derived from parameters that points to, provides information
about and/or describes the state of the environment, and has a significance extending beyond that directly
associated with any given parametric value. The term may encompass indicators of environmental pressures,
conditions and responses (OECD, 1994).
Environmental Media: abiotic components of the natural environment, namely, air, water and land.
Environmental Protection: any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media through
preventing the emission of pollutants or reducing the presence of polluting substances in environmental media.
Environmental taxes: a tax whose tax base is in physical unit (or a proxy of it) that has a proven negative impact
on the environment.
Environmental Statistics: statistics that describe the state and trends of the environment, covering the media of
the natural environment (air/climate, water, land/soil) the biota within the media and human settlement.
Environment statistics are integrative in nature, measuring human activities and natural events that affect the
environment, the impacts of these activities and events, social responses to environment impacts and the quality
and availability of natural assets. Broad definition includes environmental indicators, indices and accounting.
Environmental Accounting: the term usually refers to environment auditing, but may also include the costing of
environmental impacts caused by the corporation.
Ecology: totality or pattern of relationships between organisms and their environment.
Exotic: species introduced from one locality to another locality.
Ecosystem: a dynamic complex of plant, animal, fungal and microorganism communities unit.
Ecological processes: which play an essential part in maintaining ecosystem integrity. Four fundamental
ecological processes are the cycling of water, the cycling of nutrients, the flow of energy, and biodiversity ( as an
expression of the process of evolution).
Emission: discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources such as smokestacks, other vents,
surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities and mobile sources, for example, motor vehicles, locomotives
and aircraft.
Endemic Disease: disease that is only, or regularly, found among a specified population or in a specified locality.
Effluent: liquid waste product (whether treated or untreated) discharged from an industrial process or human
activity that is discharged into the environment.
Eutrophication: when water bodies like lakes, reservoirs streams, & estuaries receive effluents rich in nutrients
(phosphorous and nitrogen) growth of water plants (algae) is stimulated as a result of which deoxygenating of the
water, major ecological changes, increase in turbidity, increase in rate of sedimentation occur. An insidious form
of water pollution that causes progressive deterioration of water resources on a wide
scale by the overabundance of plant life as a result of over enrichment with the nutrients is known as
Eutrophication.
Earthquake: sudden shaking or trembling of the earth caused by faulting or volcanic activity.
Ecoregion / eco-zone: homogeneous area of one or more ecosystems that interact with relatively self-contained
human activities.
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Erosion: wearing away of the land by running water, rainfall, wind, ice or other geological agents, including such
processes as detachment, entrainment, suspension, transportation and mass movement. Geologically, erosion is
defined as the process that slowly shapes hillsides, allowing the formation of soil cover from the weathering of
rocks and from alluvial and colluvial deposits. Erosion is often intensified by land-clearing human activities related
to farming, resident and industrial development and it has as effect increasing run-offs, decline of arable layers,
siltation in lakes, lagoons and oceans.
Environmental Disease: disease that is, at least in part, caused or aggravated by living conditions, climate and
water supply or other environmental conditions. Environmental factors that may affect health include
psychological, biological, physical and accident-related factors. Environmental diseases include in particular
communicable diseases, such as respiratory diseases, and vector-borne diseases such as malaria,
schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis. See also airborne disease and waterborne disease.
Epidemic: widespread outbreak of a disease that affects a large number of individuals at a particular time.
Enrollment Ratio ( gross ): the ratio of the number of students, regardless of age, enrolled at a particular level of
education to population of specified age.
Enrollment Ratio ( net ): the ratio of the number of students specified age enrolled in a level of education to total
population of that age for the level.
Endangered: plant and animal species which are under threat and likely to become extinct if casual factors
continue operating. They may be abundant over their range but are endangered because of such factors as
habitat deterioration, trade or the onset of disease.
Endemic: plants or animals prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality, region or people.
Extinct Species: the endangered or threatened plant and animal species lost for ever because of their habitat
being destroyed through a change in land use or some use for them resulted in mass slaughter/over use or
export.
Family: a taxonomic group of genera, which have certain characteristics in common.
Fauna: all of the animals found in a given area.
Flora: all of the plants found in a given area.
Fungi: simple plants including moulds and mushrooms with thread like cells and without green chlorophyll. Fungi
have no roots, stem, or leaves like flowering plants and ferns.
Forested Land: these are areas of forest vegetation, having at least of ten percent crown covers, which also
includes small pockets of plantation and burned areas.
Faecal Coliform: faucal coli forms are that part of the coli form group which is present in the intestines and
faeces of warm-blooded animals. These bacteria are capable of producing gas from lactose and form blue
colonies within 24 hours when incubated at 44.5oC 0.2oC on M-FC medium. It should be nil in potable water
according to WHO guideline.
Global Warming: phenomenon believed to occur as a result of the build-up of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. It has been identified by many scientists as a major global environmental threat. See also
greenhouse effect.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): gross domestic product is a measure of net aggregate of the total value of
output produced within the boundary of a country or territory in a specified period of time.
Greenhouse Effect: warming of the earth's atmosphere caused by a build-up of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse or trace gases that act like a pane of glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to pass through and
heat the earth but preventing a counterbalancing loss of heat radiation.
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Genus (genera). a category used in the classification of organisms that consists of a number of closely related
species.
Gene: hereditary factor, transmitted from generation to generation of plants and animals, that is responsible for
the determination of a particular characteristic, for example, color, height or sex.
Gymnosperm: Plants that have naked seeds, which form an intermediate group between the cryptogams and the
angiosperms. Examples: cicadas and conifers. They are primitive seed plants with many fossil representatives.
Gross National Product (GNP): gross national product is the sum of GDP and net factor income from abroad.
Gross Saving: gross saving is gross disposable income less final consumption expenditure
Green GDP: popular term for environmentally adjusted gross domestic product. See also environmentally
adjusted net domestic product.
Herbs: plant with soft stem that dies down to the ground after each season's growth, as distinguished from shrubs
and trees. Also any plant used as a medicine or seasoning, e.g. thyme, surpentine.
Herbarium Identification: collection of preserved plant specimens for scientific study or research and reference
purposes.
Hydroxyl Ion: a hydroxyl ion consists of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen and carries one unit of
negative charge.
Habitat: the place type of site where an organism naturally occurs.
Human Settlements: integrative concept that comprises (a) physical components of shelter and infrastructure
and (b) services to which the physical elements provide support, that is to say, community services such as
education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.
Hardness: this is the property of water, which prevents lather formation with soap and produces scale in
pipelines. It is due mainly to dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. Carbonate hardness (temporary hardness) is
due to the presence of these metals associated with bicarbonate while non-carbonate hardness (permanent
hardness) is due to the presence of these metals associated with sulphate/chloride or nitrate.
Hazardous Waste: hazardous wastes include toxic chemicals, biological and medical wastes, flammable wastes,
corrosive wastes, radioactive wastes, and explosives. They usually are produced in industrial operations or in
technical institutions.
Hazen: the Hazen scale, which is also known as platinum-cobalt units, is generally used in the determination of
color in water samples
Hydrological cycle: water cycle, involving the exchange of water between the atmosphere, water-bodies, the
Earth's crust and living organisms. Operates on a global to microcosm level.
Homology: the condition of being homologous. Homologous refers to organs of structures deriving from the
same evolutionary origins. For example, the forelimb of a quadruped, the human arm and the wing of a bird are
said to be homologous.
Industrial Wastes: solid, liquid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
Infant Mortality Rate: the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births during a
year.
Incinerator: furnace for burning wastes under controlled conditions.
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Lichens: species formed from the symbiotic association of algae and fungi. Commonly occur on tree - trunks, old
walls, on the ground, exposed rocks. They are the primary colonizers of bare areas.
Landslide: downward mass movement of earth or rock on unstable slopes.
Land Use / Classification: land categories, reflecting quality classes, capability classes or grade, depending
upon the characteristics of the land and/or its potential for agricultural use.
Land Degradation: reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed
cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest or woodlands resulting from natural processes, land uses or
other human activities and habitation patterns such as land contamination, soil erosion and the destruction of the
vegetation cover.
Land Affected by Desertification (man made): the area of land which is in the degrading process by the
removal of forest vegetation, grassland vegetation and other natural resources.
Lead (Pb): a heavy metal whose compounds are highly poisonous to health. It is used enormous quantities in
storage batteries, paints, sheathing electric cables, lining pipes etc. Lead compound is the chief constituent of
gasoline and is considered a significant contributor to air pollution.
Life Expectancy at Birth: the expected number of years for a new born baby would live if prevailing patterns of
mortality at the time of its birth would remain the same throughout its life.
Labour Force Participation: the ratio of population who are employed and seeking employment in the age group
15-64 to total population in working age.
Literacy Rate: percent literate population 6 years and above. " Literate Person " is the one who can read and
write with understanding simple notes of every day life
Monocotyledons: flowering plants having single seed leaf (cotyledon) in the seed.
Major Anions: anions generally found in significant concentrations in natural waters are known as major anions.
These include ions of carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, and chloride.
Major Cations: cations generally found in significant concentrations in natural waters are known as major
cations. These include ions of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium.
Methane (CH4): colorless and odorless gas composed of one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen. It is
non-poisonous and flammable gaseous hydrocarbon created by anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds.
It occurs in natural gas, as fire damp in coal mines, and as a product of decomposition in swamps.
Mercury: heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed.
Monthly Average Wind Speed (km/hr): average of the daily wind speed in a month.
Monthly Mean Temperature: it is the mean temperature of the month calculated from all daily means of months,
where daily mean temperature is the average mean of maximum and minimum temperature in a day.
Monthly Rainfall (mm): total rainfall in each month of a year.
Maternal mortality Rate: the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy related causes per 1,00,000
live births.
National Park: A legally established area for the conservation, management and utilization of flora and fauna,
and landscape, together with natural environment.
Nutrient: substance, element or compound necessary for the growth and development of plants and animals.
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National Accounting: physical and monetary accounts of environmental assets and the costs of their depletion
and degradation;
Natural Resources: natural assets (raw materials) occurring in nature that can be used for economic production
or consumption. See also renewable natural resources and non-renewable natural resources.
Nitrogen Oxides (Nox): these are compounds of nitrogen and oxygen combined in various ratios. The major
human-caused source of NO2 is fuel combustion in motor vehicles, utility and industrial boilers. The gas is toxic in
high concentrations, a lung irritant and lowering resistance to respiratory infection. It is a major contributor to acid
deposition and the formation of ground level ozone in troposphere.
Natural Disaster: sudden calamitous such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, cyclones and
landslide, of ongoing misfortune as in conditions of processes such as drought and desertification.
Noise: audible sound from traffic, construction and so on that may generate unpleasant and harmful effects
(hearing loss). It is measured in decibels.
Normal: The name given to the average value over a period of years of any meteorological element such as
pressure, temperature, rainfall, etc. World Meteorological Organization defined the average period as 30 years.
Currently 1971-2000 is as the normal period.
Noise Pollution: sound of excessive levels that may be detrimental to human health.
Nutrients: Nutrients include phosphorous, nitrogen, carbon, and silica in their various chemical forms. The
degree of eutrophication in lakes is dependent largely on nutrient concentrations in the lake waters.
Nitrates: already cover in Water Resources component. In the context of soil, it is nitrogenous fertilizer in the
form of nitrate.
N.P.K. Content in Soil: N.P.K. stands for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium compounds, which are also
called nutrients as these compounds are essential for growing crops and, hence, are added to soil in the form of
fertilizers.
Ozone (O3): pungent, colorless, toxic gas that contains three atoms of oxygen in each molecule. It occurs
naturally at a concentration of about 0.01 parts per million (p.p.m.) of air. Levels of 0.1 p.p.m. are considered to be
toxic. In the stratosphere, ozone provides a protective layer shielding the earth from the harmful effects of
ultraviolet radiation on human beings and other biota. In the troposphere, it is a major component of
photochemical smog, which seriously affects the human respiratory system.
Other Lands: this refers to his land type which is catch-all for other uses of land and may include rocky areas,
lakes, ponds, water ways or settlements etc.
Ozone Depletion: destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, where it shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet
radiation. Its destruction is caused by chemical reactions in which oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and
bromine act as catalysts.
Organism: any living plant, animal or human being.
Organic Constituents: there are the substances found in water which have originated from organic sources or
which have organic nature (e.g. hydrocarbons, pesticides etc.).
Pesticide: any substance or mixture of substances that is used to prevent, destroy or control pests - including
vectors of human or animal disease, and unwanted species of plants or animals. Pesticides may cause harm
during, or otherwise interfere with, the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural
commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs - or that may be administered to animals so as to
control insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies.
Popualtion-land ratio : a measure to express population pressure on land i.e. population divided by land area
(sq. km.).
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Protected Area: a legally established area for achieving specific conservation objectives.
Pteridophytes: non-flowering vascular plants with root stem and leave e.g. ferns, horsetails. Widely distributed
group attaining its development in the tropics.
Peak Daily Average: the highest 24-hour (daily) average concentration level of average daily concentration
levels measured over one year.
Peak 1-Hour Average: the highest one-hour average concentration of all one-hour average concentrations
monitored for one year.
Peak 8-Hour Average: The highest 8-hour average of all 8-hour average concentrations measured over one
year. p.p.m./p.p.b./p.p.t. (parts per million/parts per billion/parts per trillion), measures of the concentrations of
pollutants in air, water, soil, human tissue, food or other products.
pH Value: measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid. A pH value in the range of 0 to 7 indicates acidity, a pH
value in the range of 7 to 14 indicates alkalinity, and a pH value of 7 signifies neutrality.
Pollutant: substance that is present in concentrations that may harm organisms (humans, plants and animals) or
exceed an environmental quality standard.
Pollution: 1. presence of substances and heat in environmental media (air, water, land) whose nature, location,
or quantity produces undesirable environmental effects; 2. activity that generates pollutants.
pH: It is used as a measuring unit of the intensity of acidity or alkalinity of a sample. In other words, the pH is
defined as the negative logarithm of molar hydrogen-ion activity or hydrogen-ion concentration (in dilute
solutions).
Population Density: total number of inhabitants per square unit of surface area.
Price: The price of a goods or service is the value of one unit of a particular goods or service.
Production: Production is a physical process, carried out under the responsibility, control and management of an
institutional unit, in which labour and assets are used to transform inputs of goods and service into output of other
goods and service.
Potable Water: water that is safe for drinking and cooking according to defined standards.
Pollution Abatement: technology applied or measure taken to reduce pollution and/or its impacts on the
environment. The most commonly used technologies are scrubbers, noise mufflers, filters, incinerators, wastewater treatment facilities and composting of wastes.
Recombination: the rearrangement of genes that occurs when reproductive cells
Red Data Book: a document containing information on threatened, rare or endangered species in a given habitat.
Residual: amount of a pollutant that remains in the environment after a natural or technological process has
taken place.
Richter Scale: scale with a range extending from 0 to 10 for measuring the strength of an earthquake.
Rare Species: species occurring in small populations throughout its range. They are sparsely distributed over a
large area. They may be endangered or threatened with extinction if their regeneration or reproduction is slow.
Relative Humidity: It is defined as a ratio of actual water vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure and is
expressed in percentage. It is the measure of the water vapor content in the air.
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Sustainable Development: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). It
assumes the conservation of natural assets for future growth and development
System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA): satellite system of the System of
National Accounts (SNA) proposed by the United Nations (1993a) for the incorporation of environment concerns
(environmental costs, benefits and assets) into national accounts.
Shrub: low, perennial woody plants with several permanent stems branching from or near ground rather than
single trunk, usually less than 6 m high at maturity.
Selection: natural selection is the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic
types belonging to the same populations.
Species: a group of organisms capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other
species.
Sanitation: improvement of environmental conditions in households that affect human health by means of
drainage and disposal of sewage and refuse.
Sewage: organic wastes and wastes water produce by residential and commercial establishments.
Sulphate (SO4): sulphate ion consists of one atom of sulphur and four atoms of oxygen and carries two negative
charge. Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere ultimately gets converted into sulphate particles, and it combines with
moisture in the air to form sulphuric acid (precursor to acid rain).
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): A heavy, pungent with suffocating odour, colourless gas formed primarily by the
combustion of fossil fuels such as gas, petroleum and coal. It constitutes one of the most troublesome air
pollutants. In moist air it is slowly oxidized to sulphuric acid. It is harmful to human beings and vegetation and
contributes to acidity in rain. It may be responsible for the decay of buildings and monuments.
Suspended Solid Particles or Suspended Particulate Matter: It consists of particles of a wide range of sizes
varying from greater than 100 m to less than 0.1 m. Particles larger than 10 m mainly consists of dust, coarse dirt
and fly ashes which settle rapidly. Small particles less than 10 m remain much longer in the air as Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM). Human - caused sources include a variety of combustion sources (vehicles, dryers),
wood stoves, field burning, and dusts from mining, roads and construction. It causes breathing and respiratory
symptoms (diseases) and premature mortality. Other effects are soiling and corrosion of building materials.
Soil pH: Already covered in Water Resources component. pH is measured in the aqueous extract of the soil.
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) Component: Already covered in Water Resources.
Solid Waste: useless and sometimes hazardous material with low liquid content. Solid wastes include municipal
garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and animal
husbandry operations and other connected activities, demolition wastes and mining residues.
Solid Waste Disposal: ultimate disposition or placement of refuse that is not salvaged or recycled.
Saving: saving is a disposal income less final consumption expenditure (or adjusted disposable income less
actual final consumption )
Solid Waste Management: supervised handling of waste material from generation at the source through the
recovery processes to disposal.
Tolerance: 1. ability of an organism to endure unfavorable environmental conditions; 2. amount of a chemical in
food considered safe for humans or animals.
Threatened: species having low fecundity (offspring production rate) or prone to extinction in human-dominated
landscapes.
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References
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, Reports
Central Bureau of Statistics, A Compendium on Environmental Statistics 1994
Central Bureau of Statistics, A Compendium on Environmental Statistics, 1998
Central Bureau of Statistics, A Report on Water survey of Katmandu 2005
Central Bureau of Statistics, Census of Manufacturing Establishments, 1991/92- 2001/02
Central Bureau of Statistics, Environment Statistics of Nepal, 2005
Central Bureau of Statistics, Four Monthly Statistical Bulletins
Central Bureau of Statistics, National Accounts of Nepal
Central Bureau of Statistics, National Sample Census of Agriculture, 1991/92 and 2001/02
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics, 1996
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal in Figures
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Labour Force Survey, 1998/99
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Living Standards Survey, 1995/96 - 2010/11
Central Bureau of Statistics, Population Census (National Report), 2001
Central Bureau of Statistics, Population Monograph of Nepal, 1985,1995 and 2002/03 ( Volume I & II )
Central Bureau of Statistics, Report on the Household Consumption Survey of Rural Nepal, 2000/2001
Central Bureau of Statistics, Seminar on Environment Statistics (Collection of Seminar Papers), 2004
Central Bureau of Statistics, Status of Poverty, Calorie Consumption and Malnutrition of Nepal 2003/04
Department of Education, Educational Statistics of Nepal, at a Glance
Department of Forest and Search, Forest Research of Nepal, 1987-1998
Department of Forest, Hamro Ban
Department of Health Survey, Annual Reports
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Weather Summary of Nepal
Department of Industry, Industrial Statistics
Department of Information, Heritage Sites of Nepal in World Heritage List, 2002
Department of Information, Kingdom of Nepal, 1999
Department of Mines and Geology , Mining Statistics
Department of Mines and Geology, Mineral Resources of Nepal.2004
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