Module PMR 109

CHAPTER 14 : TRANSFORMATIONS
1.

Example of transformation are

i.
translation
ii.
reflection
iii.
rotation
iv.
enlargement

A. TRANSLATION
1.

In a translation, all the points in a plane are moved in the same

direction through the same distance.

2.

Under a translation, the shapes, sizes and orientations of the object

and the image are the same.

3.

A translation is described in the form where:

b
i.
a represents the horizontal movement ( + a refers to the right
movements ; - a refers to the left movements )
ii.
b represents the vertical movement ( + b refers upward
movements ; - b refers downward movements)

4.

Example of translations:

means
Translation
2
moved 4units to the left
followed by 2 units upwards.

(b)

2 units
upwards

object

5 units
to the right

image
image
object
4 units
to the left

B. REFLECTION
Statistics

means
Translation
3
moved 5 units to the right
followed by 3 units
downwards.

109

3 units
downwards

(a)

Module PMR 110

1.

In a reflection, all the points in a plane are flipped over in the same
plane at a straight line known as the axis of reflection.

2.

Under a reflection :
(a)
the shape and size of the object and the image are the same.
(b)
the object and image formed the mirror image of each other.

3.

The axis of reflection is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining

an object point to its corresponding image.

4.

Example of reflections:
(a)

Reflection in x-axis.

(b)

Reflection in the line AB

6
4

A
image

-4

-2

image

object

-2
-4

object

Axis of reflection

Axis of reflection

C. ROTATION

Statistics

110

Module PMR 111

1.

In a rotation, all the points in a plane are rotated about a fixed point
(known as centre of rotation ) in the same direction through the same
angle.

2.

The direction of rotation can be :

(a)

3.

clockwise

(b)

anticlockwise

Under a rotation :
(a)
(b)

the shape and size of the object and the image are the same.
the centre of rotation is the only point that does not change
position.
(a)
the distances of the object and its image from the centre of
rotation
are the same
4.

Example of rotations:
(a)

Rotation through 90o clockwise

about the point O

Rotation through 90o

anticlockwise about (-2,

(b)

2)
y

clockwise
rotation

centre of
rotation

image

centre of
rotation
O

-4

-2
object

object

0
-2
-4

image

(c)

Rotation

centre of O
rotation
through
180o about

Statistics

the centre A
111

object

image

anticlockwise
rotation

Module PMR 112

5.

The image of a rotation through 90o clockwise is exactly the image of a

rotation through 270o anticlockwise.

6.

The image of rotation through 180o clockwise and anticlockwise is

exactly the same.

7.

To find the centre of rotation when object and its image are given,
construct two perpendicular bisectors of two points on the object and
their corresponding points on the image.
The centre of rotation is the intersection point of the two perpendicular
bisectors.
For example:
Perpendicular
bisector of CC

Perpendicular
bisector of AA

A
A

C
B

C
Intersection point
(centre of rotation)

D. ENLARGEMENT
1.

In an enlargement, all the points in a plane are moved from a fixed

point ( known as centre of enlargement) following a constant ratio.

Statistics

112

Module PMR 113

2.

The constant ratio is known as the scale factor.

3.

Scale factor, k = Length of corresponding side of the object

4.

Under an enlargement:

Length of side of the image

(a)
(b)

object and its image are similar

corresponding sides are parallel

5.

Example of enlargement:

(a)

Enlargement at the centre O and

centre scale factor 2
scale factor

(b)

Enlargement at the
(-3,2) and

1
2
y

A
B

centre of
enlargement

image

-4

object
C

-4

Enlargement at the centre T and scale

factor 3
R

P
Q
R

Statistics

113
T

0
-2

O
centre of
enlargement

(c)

-2

centre of
enlargement

object

2 image
2

Module PMR 114

DESCRIBING A TRANFORMATION
(a)

Translation
b
Example :

(i)Translation
5

(b)

Reflection in the line ( axis of reflection )

Example:
(i)
Reflection in the line AB

(c)

Rotation through (angle of rotation) (direction of rotation) about

(centre of rotation)
Example:
(i)
Rotation through 90o clockwise about (1,3)

(d)

Enlargement at centre (centre of enlargement) with scale factor

_______
Example:
(i)
Enlargement at centre O with scale factor 2.

Common Errors
Question
In the diagram below, ABCD
is the image of ABCD in
transformation H. Describe in
full transformation H
Statistics

Errors
A few example of
answers are :

(a)
2

114

Correct Steps

Translation
2

Module PMR 115

(b)

A
D
C

B
D
C

(c) Translation
4

4
2

(A) TRANSLATION

1)

DRAW THE IMAGE OF TRANSLATION

2)
3)

Statistics

115

Module PMR 116

Translation
2

Translation
4

Translation

0

5

4)

5)

6)

Translation
4

Translation
1

7)

8)

Translation

9)

Translation
0

Translation
4

Translation
3

1)

A
A
Statistics

A
STATING THE TRANSLATION
2)

3)
116

Module PMR 117

Translation
1

4)

5)

6)

A
A
A

7)

8)

9)

A
A
A

(B) ROTATION
DRAWING THE IMAGE OF ROTATION
i).

Clockwise rotation of 90o

about the point (5,5)
Statistics

o
ii). Anticlockwise rotation of 90
about the point (6,3)

117

Module PMR 118

1)

1)
8

A
4

2)

2)
8

A
6

A
3)

3).

Statistics

118

Module PMR 119

DRAW THE IMAGE OF ROTATION

iii).

Clockwise rotation of 90o

about the point (4,3)

Rotation of 180o
about the point (5,5)

iv)..

1).

1). 8

a)

2).

2).

8
6
6

A
4

Statistics

119

Module PMR 120

3).

3).
8

2
8

DETERMINE THE CENTRE OF ROTATION

Clockwise rotation of 90o

i).
1).

2).

D
C

2 Statistics

120

Module PMR 121

(a)Centre of rotation =
.....

(b)Centre of rotation =

4).

3).

A
8

A
D

C
B
D

A
4

(c) Centre of rotation =

5).

6).

B
D

(d) Centre of rotation =

D
2

B
2

D
Statistics
2

121
4

(e)Centre of rotation =

D
C'

A
B
2

(f)Centre of rotation =

Module PMR 122

TO FIND THE CENTRE OF ROTATION

Anticlockwise rotation of 90o

ii)..
1).

2).

a)

b)

A
C

(b)
4).

A
6
8

A
D
C

B
D

2
4

2
4

B
Statistics

D
E
C (e)Centre
D
EB Aof
A rotation
B
C
=
2

A
2

4
6

6
8

4
6

Centre of rotation = ..
D

(a) Centre of rotation = ..

B

3).

122

B
C'

2
8
(f)Centre
of4 rotation 6=
D

Module PMR 123

(c) Centre of rotation =

(d)

Centre of rotation =

(C) REFLECTION
DRAWING THE IMAGE OF REFLECTION
1)
.

2)

3)

A
A

Statistics

123

Module PMR 124

4)

5)

6)

A
A

7)

8)

9)

A
A
A

DETERMINE THE AXIS OF REFLECTION

1)

2)

M
L

3)

M
K
J

J
K

5)
P
P
Statistics

L
M

4)

K
J

124

Module PMR 125

6)
8

7)
A

8)

(D) ENLARGEMENT
DETERMINE THE SCALE FACTOR AND CENTRE OF ENLARGEMENT

Scale factor = ..
Statistics

Scale factor = ..
125

Module PMR 126

Centre of enlargement =.

Centre of enlargement =

A
4

A
2

2
2

Scale factor = ..
Centre of enlargement = .

Scale factor =
Centre of enlargement =

Statistics

Scale factor = ..
Centre of enlargement =

126

Scale factor =
Centre of enlargement =

Module PMR 127

DRAW THE IMAGE OF ENLARGEMENT

i). Scale factor 2, about (2,3)

1)

ii). Scale factor 3, about (8,4)

1)

2
8

2)

2)

Statistics

127

2
2

Module PMR 128

3)

3)

1)

DESCRIBE
A TRANSFORMATION
6
8
2
2)

8
6

Translation
2

3)

8
6

5)8

6)8
A

4)8

A
2

Statistics
2

128
2

Module PMR 129

7)

9)

8)

A
2

DESCRIBE A TRANSFORMATION 12)

11)

10)
8

13)

A
4

A
A

Statistics
2

15)

14)
8

4
2

129

A
2

Module PMR 130

16)

17)
8

18)

A
2

DRAWING CONGRUENT POLYGON

Starting from line KL, draw polygon JKLMNP which is congruent to polygon
ABCDEF
(1)

(2)

F
E

(3)

(4)

B
E

C
F

C
K

J
Statistics

130

Module PMR 131

(5)

(6)

F
A

B C
J

K
PMR past year questions
2004
1). In Diagram 2, P is the image of P under transformation K.
y
12
10
8

6
4
2
0

4
2
6
Describe in full transformation K.
Answer :

10

12

x
[ 2 marks ]

2). Diagram 3 in the answer space shows polygon HIJKLM and straight line PQ
drawn on a grid of equal squares. Starting from line PQ, draw polygon
STUVW which is congruent to polygon HIJKLM.
Statistics

131

Module PMR 132

L
K
J

I
S

T
[ 2 marks ]
2005
3). Diagram 3 in the answer space shows two quadrilaterals, ABCD and FGHI,
drawn on a grid of equal squares. FGHI is the image of ABCD under a
reflection. On the diagram in the answer space, draw the axis of reflection.
[ 2 marks ]
Answer:
B
A
C

H
G
I

4). Diagram 4 shows three triangles, A, B and C, which are drawn on a

y
Cartesian plane.
10
B

8
A

6
4
Statistics

132

Module PMR 133

-4

-2

(a)

C is the image of A under a rotation of 90o. State

(i)
the direction of the rotation,
(ii)
the coordinates of the centre of the rotation.

(b)

B is the image of A under transformation T. Describe in full

transformation T.
[ 4 marks ]

Answer:
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
2006
5). Diagram 1 shows two polygons, P and P, drawn on a grid of equal squares
with sides of I unit.

P is the image of P under transformation M.

Describe in full transformation M.
[ 2 marks ]
Answer:

Statistics

133

Module PMR 134

6). Diagram 2 in the answer space shows object H and straight line JK drawn
on
a grid of equal squares. On Diagram 2 in the answer space, draw the image
of H under a reflection in the straight line JK.
[ 2 marks ]
Answer:
K

J
2007
7). Diagram 1 in the answerNspace shows quadrilateral PQRS. RS is the image
of RS under a reflection in the straight line MN.
On Diagram 1 in the answer space, S
complete the image of quadrilateral
PQRS
Answer:

S
R
R

Statistics

134

Module PMR 135

8). Diagram 1 in the answer space shows two quadrilaterals JKLM and JKLM,
drawn on a grid of equal squares. JKLM is the image of JKLM under an
enlargement. On Diagram 2 in the answer space, mark P as the centre of
enlargement.
Answer:

K
J

M
M

Statistics

135

Module PMR 136

2008
9). Diagram 3 space shows two quadrilaterals JKLM and JKLM, drawn on a
Cartesian plane. JKLM is the image of JKLM under transformation H.

6
K

4
2

L
M

0
-2

6 M 8

-4

Describe in full transformation H.

Statistics

10

136

Module PMR 137

10). Diagram 4 in the answer space shows trapezium ABCD drawn on a grid of
equal squares. CD is the image of CD under a rotation 180 o about the
point
P. On Diagram 4, complete the image of trapezium ABCD.
Answer:
A

D
C

P
C

11). Diagram 5 in the answer space shows quadrilaterals ABCD and straight
line
EF drawn on a grid of equal squares. Stating from the line EF, draw
quadrilateral EFGH which is congruent to quadrilateral ABCD.
Answer :

C
D

A
B

Statistics

137
E

Module PMR 138

CHAPTER 14 : TRANSFORMATIONS
CHAPTER 14 TRANSFORMATIONS
ANSWERS
(A)
TRANSLATION
DRAW THE IMAGE OF TRANSLATION

6
4

A
2

a)

A
2

8
6

Statistics

A
138

4
2

A
4

Module PMR 139

STATING THE TRANSLATION

5

(1)

Translation
1

(4)

Translation
3

(7)

Translation
4
ROTATION

(B)

Statistics

(2)

Translation
4

(3)

Translation
0

(5)

Translation
2

(6)

Translation
3

(8)

Translation
0

(9)

Translation

6
4

139

Module PMR 140

DRAWING THE IMAGE OF ROTATION

i.1)8

ii.1)8
A
A

A
4

A
6

A
4

2
8

A
DRAWING 2THE IMAGE
OF
4
6 ROTATION
8
iii .1).

iv. 1)

8
68

46
8

24
6

24
6

Statistics

68

140

2
4

A
2A
2 A4 4

6A6

88

A22

46
8

2
4

A
44 A

66

A 88

Module PMR 141

TO FIND THE CENTRE OF ROTATION

1.
(1)
(6,3)
(2)
(4,4)

2.

(3)

(7,3)

(4)

(2,3)

(5)

(6,4)

(6)

(0,4)

(1)
(3)
(5)

(5,2)
(7,5)
(6,5)

(2)
(4)
(6)

(4,3)
(8,8)
(9,6)

(C)
REFLECTION
DRAW THE IMAGE OF REFLECTION
1
)

2
)

A
Statistics

3
)
A

A
141

Module PMR 142

6)

5
) A
A

A
A

A
A

7
)

8
)

9
)
A
A

A
A

DETERMINE THE AXIS OF REFLECTION

1

M
L

M
K
J

L
5

J
K
P

P
Statistics

L
M

K
J

142

Module PMR 143

7
A

(D)

8 8

ENLARGEMENT

DETERMINE THE SCALE FACTOR AND CENTRE OF ENLARGEMENT

(1) scale factor = 2
(2) scale factor = 3
Centre of enlargement = (8,7)
Centre of enlargement = (2,3)
(3) scale factor =

1
2

1
2

(4) scale factor =

Centre of enlargement = (7,9)

Centre of enlargement = (2,7)

(5) scale factor = 2

1
3

(6) scale factor =

Centre of enlargement = (5,3)

Centre of enlargement = (4,0)

8

8
DRAWING
THE IMAGE OF ENLARGEMENT

Statistics

BA

B
A

A
B

143

A
B

2
22

44

66

88

Module PMR 144

8
6

2
2

DESCRIBE A TRANSFORMATION

1. Translation of
2
2. Enlargement with centre (2,3) and scale factor 2

3. Rotation of 90o anticlockwise about (6,5)

4. Reflection in the line x = 5
5. Rotation of 90o anticlockwise about (3,4)
2

6. Translation of
0

7. Enlargement with centre (1,3) and scale factor 2

Statistics

144

Module PMR 145

8. Translation of
3
9. Rotation of 90o clockwise about (1,5)

10. Reflection in the line y=x

11. Reflection in the line y=4
3

12. Translation of
4

13. Translation of
2

2
3

14. Enlargement with centre (0,6) and scale factor

15. Rotation of 90o anticlockwise about (7,1)
4

16. Translation of
4
17. Rotation of 90o clockwise about (2,5)

18. Reflection in the line x = 5

DRAWING CONGRUENT POLYGON

(1)

(2)

F
E

M N
K

(3)

E
Statistics

(4)

J
B

C
D
J

F
D

C
J

K
145

P
N
(6)

Module PMR 146

(5)

F
B
J

A
L K

C
B

P
M

2004
1).

M is a translation of
6

2).

F
E

D
B

P
S
Q

2005
3).

A
B
C

Statistics

D
D

146
A

Module PMR 147

4).

(a)

(i)
(ii)

The direction of the rotation is clockwise

The coordinates of the centre of the rotation is (2,4)

(b)

M is the translation of
2

2006
5).
6).

Transformation L is a translation of
2

M
P

N
2007
7).

8).
N
S

P
Q

R
P

Statistics

147

Module PMR 148

2008
9).

10).

Transformation H is a reflection in the x-axis

11).

D
B

P
C

D
H
A

CHAPTER 8 :STATISTICS

1.1 Data a collection of information or facts.

Data can be collected by Counting, Measuring, Observation, Interview or
Questionnaires. The data collected should be recorded in Frequency Table
by using a tally chart. A tally chart shown below :
eg 1 : Tally Chart
Mark
48
53
60
65
72
Statistics

Tally Marks

148

Module PMR 149

1.2 Frequency the number of times a certain number, measurement, score

or item occurs. Frequency can be easily obtained by using a tally chart
shown by eg 1 and a frequency table is used to organize a set of data.
The frequency table can be constructed either vertically or horizontally that
shown below.
eg 2 : Frequency Table
Mark
48
53
60
65
72

Frequency
5
7
4
5
3

Mark
Frequency

48
5

53
7

60
4

65
5

72
3

1.3 The ways to represent and interpret data :

A. Pictograms
- represents data in the form of a picture diagram, use a picture or a
symbol that is easily understood.
eg 3 :
Group A
Group B
Group C
represents 10 students

B.

Bar Charts
- represents data using vertical or horizontal bars. It is a frequency
diagram using rectangles of equal width.
eg 4 :

Statistics

149

Module PMR 150

School
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Number of
Classrooms

- A dual bar chart can be constructed to represent two sets of data in the
same chart by using separate bars or single bar.
eg 5 :
School

School
140
120

100
100

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

C.

Number of
Classrooms

Number of
Classrooms

Sale of chocolate cakes

Line Graphs
- used to represent changes in data over a period of time. The data is
first represented by points. Then line segments are drawn to join the
points.
eg 6 :
100
80
60
40
20
0

D.

M T W T F S S

Days

Pie chart
- a circle, divided into sectors of various sizes, used for illustration and
comparison of different categories of data.
For a quantity P, the angle of the sector representing P is

Statistics

150

Module PMR 151

Frequency of P
360
Total frequency
= Frequency of P 360

Angle of sector =

eg 7 : Type of Food Sold in A Day

Fried Rice

Curry
Noodle

60o

Noodle
Soup

40o

140o

Fried Noodle

1.4 Mode, Median and Mean.

A Mode the value or item which occurs most frequently or highest
frequency. The mode can determine from a given set of data, a
frequency table, a pictogram, a bar chart, a line graph or pie chart.
eg8 : 7, 4, 3, 4, 8, 7, 5, 4, 3
mode = 4 ( frequency=3 )
B Median the middle value when all the data are arranged in an increasing or
decreasing order. If the number of values is odd, then the median is
the middle value. If the number of values is even, then the median
is the mean of the two middle values.
eg 9a : 10g, 12g, 18g, 10g, 16g
10, 10, 12, 16, 18
Median = 12g

eg 9b : 10, 12, 18, 10, 16,14

10, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18
Median = (12+14) 2 = 13

eg 9c :
Score
Frequenc
y

1
4

2
6

3
7

4
1

5
3

Total frequency = 4+6+7+1+3 = 21

Median
= Number of the 11th score
=3
eg 9d :
Score
1
2
3
4
5
Frequenc
4
6
7
0
3
y
Total frequency
= 4+6+7+0+3 = 20
Median
= Number of the 10th and 11th score
=
Statistics

23
5
=
= 2.5
2
2

151

Module PMR 152

C Mean is the arithmetic average of a set of data.

Mean = sum of all the values of data
total number of data
eg 10a : 5, 2, 6, 3, 4, 6, 5, 2, 3
5 263 465 23
9
36
=
=4
9

mean =

eg 10b :
Price (RM)
Frequency

15
3

20
4

25
2

30
4

35
3

(15 3) (20 4) (25 2) (30 4)) (35 3)

3 4 2 43
45 80 50 120 105
=
16
400
=
= RM25
16

Mean =

Example 1:
Day
Absentees

Exercise 1:
Mon Tue Wed Thu
10
7
12
13

The frequency table shows the

number of absentees on four
particular school days. Based on the
information given, find
a) the day with the highest number
of absentees.
Solution
a) Thursday

Grade
Frequency

A
3

B
8

C
14

The table shows the distribution of

grades obtained by 40 students in
the PMR.
a) How many students obtained
either grade A or grade B?
b) If the grade E is the failing grade,
find the number of students who
passed.

b) the day with the lowest number of

absentees.
Solution
b) Tuesday
Example 2 :

c) Which grade has the highest

frequency?

Number of Tourists to an Island Resort

1999
Statistics

D
9

152

E
6

Module PMR 153

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Represents 2000 tourist
The pictogram above shows the number of tourist to an island resort from
1999 to 2004.
a) Which year had the highest number of tourist?
Solution :
a) Year 2004
b) Find the total number of tourist for the two years which had the same
number of tourist.
Solution :
b) The two years were 2000 and 2002.
Total number of tourists for 2000 and 2002
= 2(10x2000)
= 40 000
c) What was the total number of tourists for the six years?
Solution :
c) Total number of symbols
= 8+10+9+10+4+14
= 55
Total number of tourists = 55 x 2000
= 110 000
d) If each tourist spent an average of RM600 during their stay, calculate the
total amount of money spent by tourist on the island in 2001.
Solution :
d) Number of tourists in 2001 = 9 x 2000
= 18 000
Amount spent = 18 000 x 600
= RM 10 800 000
Exercise 2 :
Monday
Tuesday
Statistics

153

Module PMR 154

Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Represents 60 bowls
The pictogram shows the number of the bowls of noodles sold in a school
canteen from Monday to Friday.
a) Which day has the highest sales?

b) If the profit from each bowl of noodles sold is RM0.20, find the total profit
for the five days.

c) Find the difference in the profits obtained from the sales on Monday and
Friday.

Example 3 :
Sales Figures of Watches for Five
Shops
Sales Figur e s of Watche s for Fiv e Shops
450

Sales of Ice Cream for Six Days

Day
Sat

Fri

Thurs

400
350
Numbe r
of
watche s

Wed

300
250

Tue

200
150

Mon

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120 130 Value (RM)

50
A

C
Shop

Exercise 3:

Statistics

The vertical bar chart given shows

the sales figures of watches for five
shops in December.
a) What was the difference in
number of watches sold between
the shops with the highest and
the lowest sales?
Solution :
154

Module PMR 155

a) Difference = 450 - 175

= 275 watches
b) If Shop E had an increase in
sales of 20% the following month,
while Shop A sold 30 fewer
watches, what was the total sales
for the two shops?

b) How much more did he sell on

Wednesday compare to
Monday?

Solution :
b) Shop E :
120% of 400 = 480 watches
Shop A :
250 30 = 220 watches
Total sales for the two shops
= 480 + 220
= 700 watches

c) Calculate his total sales for six

days.

c) If the average value of a watch

was RM150, calculate the total
value of the watches sold by all
five shops in December.
Solution :
c) Total number of watches
= 250+ 175+ 450+ 325+ 400
= 1600 watches

d) If his total profit from his ice

cream sales was 15%, calculate
the vendors profit on Thursday.

Total value = 1600 x 150

= RM240 000

The horizontal bar chart above

shows the sales of an ice cream
vendor for six days.
a) On which day did he sell the
most ice cream?

Example 4 :

Statistics

155

Module PMR 156

M age sh's Be st 400 m Times

Exercise 4 :

59
58

Numbe r of Employee s in Ne wTech

Company from 1999 to 2004

57
56
55
54
Time
(se c)

400

53

350

52
51

300

50

250
Numbe r of
e mployee s 200

49
48
47

150

46

100

45
1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

50

Year

The line graph given shows

Mageshs best times for the 400m
track event over a period of 6 years.
a) From which year onwards did he
run below 55 seconds?
Solution :
a) From 2001 onwards.

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Ye ar

The line graph above shows the

number of employees in NewTech
Company from 1999 to 2004.
a) How many employees were there
in 1999?

b) What was his improvement in

time after 6 years of training?
Solution :
b) Improvement
= Slowest time Fastest time
= 57.5 49
c) What was his percentage
improvement in time from 2002 to
2004?
Solution :
Difference in time
= 52 - 49
= 3 seconds

b) When was there the greatest

increase in the number of
employees ?

c) How many more employees were

there in 2004 compared to 2001?

Percentage improvement in time

=

3
100 %
52

= 5.77%

Example 5 :
Statistics

156

2004

Module PMR 157

Exercise 5 :
Total Car Sales in Malaysia in 2003
tea
milk

cof f ee

Others
56.3
Proton
166.7

chocolate

Perodua

All the Form 3 students took part in a

survey on their favourite hot drinks.
The results were shown in the pie
chart above.
a) Which drink was least preferred
by the Form 3 students?
Solutions :
a) Milk was least preferred by Form
3 students.
b) Which was the most popular
drink among the Form 3
students?
Solutions :
Tea was the most popular drink
among the students.
c) How many percent of
students like hot chocolate?

Hy undai

Given that Perodua cars took up

of the nations total car sales and

Hyundais sales was RM21.5 billion.
a) Find the angle of the sector for
i)
Perodua cars.
ii)
Hyundai cars.

b) How much was the total car sales

in 2003?

the
c) How much was the sales of
Proton cars in 2003?

Solutions :
b) Percentage of students who like
hot chocolate
= 90o
360o
X 100%
= 25%

Example 6:
Statistics

1
3

157

Module PMR 158

Mr Song bought a basket of

watermelons with RM150. He sold
them according to their quantities as
shown in the table below.
Price
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
(RM)
x
Number
42
12
10
of fruits
The total sales for all the
watermelons was RM207.

d) Find the mean price of the

remaining watermelons, if Mr
Song had only sold 70 fruits with
a collection of RM141.
Solution :
d) Number of fruit remaining
= 100 70
= 30
Mean price of the remaining
watermelon :

a) Find the value of x.

Solution :
a) Total sales = 42 x 1.50 + 12 x
2.00 + x x 2.50 + 10 x 3.00
207 = 117 +2.5x
2.5 x = 207 117
x = 90/2.5
= 36
b) Find the mean, mode and
median of the price of the
watermelons.
Solution :
b) Total number of fruits
= 42+12+36+10
= 100

207 141
30

= RM 2.20
Exercise 6 :
The table below shows the
performance of a group of students
in a test.
Scores
Frequenc
y

6
2

7
4

8
x

9
5

10
2

Total collection

Mean = Total number of fruits

=

RM 207
100

= RM 2.07
Mode = RM1.50
2.00 2.00

Median =

a) Given that the modal score is 8

and the mean score is greater
than the mode, find the least
possible value for x. Hence, find
its mean.
.

= RM2.00
c) Among the mean, mode and
median, which is suitable to be
used for representing the price of
the watermelons?
Solution :
c) Mode is not suitable as there are
58 fruits costing more than
RM1.50. Therefore, mean and
median are both suitable to be
used for represent the price of
the watermelon.

b) If another 6 students joined the

group and the scores obtained
are
9, 10, 9, 10, 9, 10
Find the mode, median and
mean of the score.

Common Errors
Statistics

158

Module PMR 159

1. Obtaining information from a pictogram.

Group A
Group B
Represent 50 students
Errors
Total numbers of students
= 4+6
= 10

Correct Steps
Total numbers of students
= ( 4+6) x 50
= 10 x 50 = 500

2. Error in determining the mode in a frequency table.

Marks
Frequenc
y

0
3

1
4

2
3

Errors
The mode is 3.
The mode is 5.

3
1

4
5

Correct Steps
The mode is 4.

3. Error in determining the median of a set data.

Errors
Correct Steps
5, 2, 4, 8, 2, 3, 1 (data not rearrange
1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8
in order)
Median = 3
Median = 8
4.
Salary
Frequency

Less than
RM1000

RM1001 to
RM1500

RM1501 to
RM2000

RM2001 to
RM2500

More than
RM2500

14

118

10

The frequency table above shows the salaries of the staff in Super Home
Products Company. Find the number of staff whose salaries are less than
RM2000 per month.
Errors
Number of staff whose salaries are
less than RM2000 per month
= 14 + 118
= 132

Correct Steps
Number of staff whose salaries are
less than RM2000 per month
= 14 + 118 +10
= 142

5. The combined bar chart shows the sales figures for HIQ Bookstore from
January to April. Find the total number of non-fiction books sold.
Sales Figures from January to Apri l for HIQ bookstore
Month

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Number of
books

Statistics

159

Module PMR 160

Errors
Total number of non-fiction books
sold
= 100 + 130 + 100 + 110
= 440

Correct Steps
Total number of non-fiction books
sold
= 60 + 80 + 70 + 90
= 300

5. The table shows the distribution of the scores obtained in tossing a dice 30
times. Find the mean score of each toss.
Score
Frequency

1
5

2
4

Errors

3
6

4
8

5
3

6
4

Correct Steps
Mean =
1(5) 2(4) 3(6) 4(8) 5(3) 6( 4)
5 4683 4
= 3.4

1 2 3 4 5 6
Mean =
5 4 683 4

= 0.7

Extra Exercise
1 Mode :
a.
20 g, 50 g, 30 g, 70 g, 50 g,
40 g, 30 g, 60 g, 50 g, 60 g,
50 g, 60 g
Mode = _____ g
b.

15 mm, 18 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 15mm,

17 mm, 12 mm, 16mm, 15 mm, 13 mm,
14 mm, 15 mm
Mode = ______ mm

c.

4, 5, 6, 2, 1, 4, 6, 7, 5, 6
Mode =

d.
Number of matches played
Frequency

Mode = _______matches
e.
Height ( cm )

120

121

122

123

124

Frequency

Mode =
Statistics

cm
160

Module PMR 161

f.
Number Of goals

Frequency

Mode =

goals

2. Median
a.

4, 2, 5, 4, 7, 2, 1

c. 2kg, 4kg, 1kg, 5kg, 4kg, 2kg

Median =

b.

Median =

9, 2, 7, 1, 8, 9, 0

d. 30m, 10m, 30m, 10m, 40m

Median =

Median =

e.
Number Of goals

Frequency

Total frequency = 1 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 3 =
Median = Number of goals of the ___ th Frequency
=
goals
f.
Grade
Numbers of students

A
6

B
12

C
9

D
8

E
11

Total frequency = 6 + 12 + 9 + 8 + 11 =
Median =
3. Mean ;
a.
21, 30, 25, 27, 31, 34

b.

Mean =

Mean =

c.
Mass (g)
Frequency
Mean

Statistics

7 ,4 , 6 ,8 ,5 ,7 , 5

5
5

6
2

7
6

8
7

161

Module PMR 162

4. The pictogram in Diagram below shows the number of durians sold by

three fruits sellers. Calculate the total number of durians sold by three of
them.
Samad
Chong
Muthu
represents 10 durians
5.
Sale of chocolate cakes

100
80
60
40
20
0

M T W T F S S

Days

The line graph shows the sale of chocolate cakes in a week. Find the
difference between the highest sales and the lowest sales in the week.

6.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Day
Mon

Tue s

We d

Thur

Fri

The line graph shows the number of cars parked at Jeti Lumut over a
period of five days. Each car is charged RM 8 per day. What is the total
collection for the five days?
7

2 1 3 4 6 8 8 7 5 4
5 4 3 1 2 1 1 4 2 4
The data shows the scores obtained by 20 pupils in a game.
a) By using the data given, complete the following table.
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Frequency
b) State the mode

Statistics

162

Module PMR 163

8. The mean of 5, y, 2y, 3y, 12,12, 15, 20 is 11. Find the value of y.
9. Calculate the difference between mean and median of the numbers
5, 11, 20, 23, 15, 9, 3, 18.
10. Find the difference between mode and median of the numbers
4, 3, 5, 9, 9, 9, 3, 7, 9.
11. Given that the mean of 3, 5, 10, 2, x, 15, y is 8, find the value of x+y.
12. The pie chart shows the number of coloured balls in a store.
Green
White

Purple
12

6
10

Calculate the angle

Black of the sector which represents black balls.
13. Diagram below is a line graph which shows the number of residents in a
town from 1997 to 2004.

a) During which year did the number of residents increase the most?
b) How many residents were there in the town at the beginning of
2001?
c) Calculate the percentage increase of residents during the year 2002.
Statistics

163

Module PMR 164

Questions based on PMR Format

1. The pictogram below shows the number of cars sold by Syarikat Maju

Jaya from year 2004 to 2007.

2004
2005
2006
2007
Represents 50 cars.
a) Number of cars sold in year 2006 = ______________

b) If 200 cars were sold in year 2005, complete the pictogram above.

2. The frequency table below shows the marks obtained by 40 students from

form 3 Budiman in the first round of a mathematics quiz.

Score

Number of
students

12

a) If students who get more than four marks will go on to the next round,
how many students never made to the second round?

b) Calculate the percentage of student that can go to the second round.

Statistics

164

Module PMR 165

3. The pie chart below shows the favourite colours chosen by a group of car

owners.

Tomato Re d
12
Golde n Ye llow
24

Lime Gre e n
8

Sky b lue
16

a) Find the angle of sector for cars with Golden Yellow colour.
b) Calculate the percentage of cars with Tomato Red colour.

4. The bar chart below shows number of books read by form one, form two

and form three students in SMK Sinar Mutiara for the past two months.
Num ber
of books

Nilam 2008
35
30
25
20

Sains

15

English

10
5
0

For m

a) Base on the bar chart above, complete the table below.

Form
Number of books

b) Find the difference between Science and English books read by all
students.

Statistics

165

Module PMR 166

5. 21 , 13, 16, 19, 11, 16, 16

Base on the data above, determine:

a) the mode

b) the median

6. The bar chart below shows the population of Kampung Selangkah,

Kampung Temai, Kampung Dusun and Kampung Air.

Number of resident
400

300

m ale

200

fe m ale
100

Kam pu ng Kam pu ng Kam pu ng Kam pu ng

Se langk ah Te m ai
Du s un
Air

a) Find the total number of male in all the four Kampung.

b) Find the percentage of female to the whole population?

Statistics

166

Module PMR 167

7.

Class

Raden Mayang Bahagia

Collection(RM)

200

300

Adil

Jujur

Iklas

250

100

310

50

Based on the table above, complete the bar charts below.

CLASS FUND

(RM)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

CLASS
Rad en

Mayan g

Bah agia

Adil

Iklas

Juju r

8.

Number of points

10

20

30

40

50

60

Number of students

The frequency table above shows the marks obtained by a group of

students in a marching competition.
a) Find the number of students involved in the event.

b) Find the mean point from the table.

Statistics

167

Module PMR 168

9.

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Represents 25 computers
a) The pictograph above shows the sale of computers by Syarikat Indah
Computer in five years . Complete the pictograph if the number of
computers sold in year 2003 were 100 sets.

b) Find the total number of computers sold in five years.

10.

Number of books

Number of students

The frequency table above shows the number of books read by students in
form 3 Bahagia of SMK Pekan under PROJEK NILAM.
a) Find the number of students involved in PROJEK NILAM.

b) Determine the mode.

Statistics

168

Module PMR 169

11. The following data shows the marks obtained by pupils in a mathematic

test:
23 27 26 27 22 22 22 23 26 25
24 23 27 27 26 23 22 22 25 25
22 27 26 26 26 25 24 24 23 22
Marks

22

23

24

25

26

27

Frequency
a) Complete the frequency table above based on the data given
b) Find the mode

12.

21, 26, 29, 27, 21, 25, 25, 26, 29, 28, 30, 33, 23,29
a) Find the mode

b) Find the median

13. The table below shows the marks obtained in an English test.

a)

Marks

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency

15

11

the number of frequency is 50, find the value of X

b) Determine the mode.

Statistics

169

Give
n
that

Module PMR 170

14. The Pie chart below shows the subjects most liked by a group of 36

students.
Entertainmen

Science

Geography
60.0

120.0

130.0

History

Mathematics

a) Find the number of students who like science .

b) Find the percentage of pupils who like history.

15. The horizontal bar chart below shows the number of vehicles sold by three

companies A, B and C.

Number of Vehicles
a). Calculate the number of vehicles sold by companies A and C.

b). Calculate the difference between the number of vans sold by companies
B and C.

Statistics

170

Module PMR 171

16. Diagram below is a line graph which shows the number of residents in
village X and village Y from 1998 to 2004.

Statistics

171

Module PMR 172

Statistics

172

Module PMR 173

Statistics

173

Module PMR 174

Statistics

174

Module PMR 175

Statistics

175

Module PMR 176

Statistics

176

Module PMR 177

Statistics

177

Module PMR 178

Y
X

a) In which year the difference in the number of residents between

village X and village Y is 1 500?

b) How many residents are there in village Y in the year 2002?

c) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of residents in

village X from 2000 to 2002.

PMR past year questions

Statistics

178

Module PMR 179

2004
1. The data in Diagram 5 shows marks obtained by 20 participants in a
quiz.
1
2

4
1

6
2

5
4

4
6

6
1

3
2

5
4

4
2

6
3

a) Using the data, complete the frequency table in the answer space.
b) State the mode.
[3 marks]
Answer :
a)
Marks
Frequency

b)
2. Table 1 shows the number of books in the reading corners of three
classes.
Class
Number of Books
Aman
75
Bestari
60
Cerdas
90
Table 1
The information for Bestari class is shown fully in the pictograph in the
answer space. Complete the pictograph to represent all the information
in Table 1.
[3
marks]
Answer :
Number of books in the reading corners
Aman
Bestari
Cerdas

Represents _______ books

2005
Statistics

179

Module PMR 180

3. Table 1 shows the number of students who play four types of games.
Types of games

Number of students

Ping-pong
Badminton
Hockey
Handball

8
15
25
12
Table 1

The information for badminton is shown fully in the pie chart in the
answer space.
Complete the pie chart to represent all the information in Table 1.
[5 marks]
Answer :

Badminton
90

2006
Statistics

180

Module PMR 181

4. Table 1 shows the profit made from the sales of nasi lemak at a stall
over 5 days.
Day
Profit (RM)

Monday

32

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

24

28

28

40
Table 1

On Diagram 4 in the answer space, draw a line graph to represent all

the information in Table 1. Use the scale 2 cm to RM8 on the vertical
axis.
[5 marks]
Answer :

Profit (RM )

40

32

24

16

Day
Mon

Tu e

We d

Th ur

Fr i

Diagram 4

5. Diagram 5 is a pie chart which shows the number of pupils in five

group who complete an assignment during a motivational camp.
Statistics

181

Module PMR 182

Tuah
10
Jebat
x

Lekiu
12
Lekir
8

Diagram 5

Kasturi
2x

It is given that the total number of pupils who complete the assignment
is 36.
a) Find the value of x.
b) Calculate the angle of the sector representing the Tuah group.
Show your working.
c) State the mode of your data.
[5 marks]
Answer :
a)
b)
c)
2007
6. Table 1 shows three activities participated by a group of 50 students.
Activities
Chess

Number of
students
24

Hockey

Choir

18
Table 1

a) Find the value of M

b) Hence , represent all the data by drawing a bar chart in the answer
space.
[4
marks]
Answer :
a)
b)
Statistics

182

Module PMR 183

Number of students
28

24

20

16

12

Activitie s

0
Cheess

Hockey

Choir

7. Diagram 3 shows the scores obtained by 15 Police Cadets in a

shooting competition.
1, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3
Diagram 3
a) Using the data, complete the frequency table in the answer space.
b) State the median.

[ 3 marks]

Answer :
Statistics

183

Module PMR 184

a)
Score
1
2
3
4

Frequency

b) Median =
2008
8. Table 15 in the answer space shows the number of gold medals
obtained by four schools in a sports competition. The information for
school L is shown fully in the pie chart in Diagram 15.
Complete
a) the angles of the sectors for school M and school N in Table 15.
b) the pie chart in Diagram 15 to represent all the information in Table
15.
[5 marks]
Answer:
a)
School

Angle of sector

Number of gold
medals
10

60

180o

20

30

b)

L
180o

Diagram 15
CHAPTER 8 : STATISTICS
ANSWERS
Statistics

184

300

Module PMR 185

Exercise 1
a. 11
b. 34
c. Grade C

3b. 6
3c. 6.75

Exercise 2
a. Monday
b. RM288
c. RM24

5. 80

4. 120

6. RM2000
7a.

Exercise 3
a. Saturday
b. RM 45
c. RM 530
d. RM11.25
Exercise 4
a. 25
b. between 2003 and 2004
c. 275
Exercise 5
ai. 120o
aii. 17o
b. RM 455.30
c. RM 210.80
Exercise 6.
a. x= 6
mean= 8.05
b. mode = 9
median = 9
mean = 8.4

Score
Frequency

8.

9.

10. 2
11. 21
12. 100o
13a. 1997 and 2000
13b. 28500
13c. 9

4
7
3
30m
17, 9 , 2
46, C

3a. 28
Statistics

2
3

7b. 4

Extra Exercise
1a. 50
1b. 15
1c. 6
1d. 2
1e. 121
1f. 3
2a.
2b.
2c.
2d.
2e.
2f.

1
4

185

1
11

3
2

4
5

5
2

6
1

7
1

8
2

Module PMR

Questions based on PMR Format

1. a) 250
b) 4 symbols drawn

9. a)
b)

2. a) 28 students
b) 30%

10. a) 31
b) 3

3. a)
b)

11. a) 7, 5 ,3, 4, 6, 5
b) 22

144
20%

Draw 2 symbols correctly

500 computers

4.

a) 45, 35, 45
b) 15

12. a) 29
b) 26.5

5.

a) 16
b) 16

13. a)
b)

6.

a) 650
b) 43.48

14. a) 12 students
b) 13.9%

7.

Draw the bars representing

Mayang, Adil and Jujur correctly

15. a) 200
b) 10

8.

a) 30
b) 34

16. a) year 2001

PMR Past Year Questions

1. a)
Marks
1
Frequency
3
b) 4

b) 4750
c) 60%

2
4

3
2

4
5

2. Number of books in the reading corners

Aman
Bestari

Transformations

13
30

234

5
2

6
4

Module PMR
Cerdas
Represents ___30____ books

3.
Ping
Pong

Badminton
48

150
Hockey

c1

90
72
Hand ball

4.

Transformations

235

Module PMR
Profit (RM )

40

32

24

16

Day
Mon

Tue

We d

Diagram 4

5. a) 2
b) 100o
c) Lekiu

6.
6.

a) 8
b)

Transformations

236

Th ur

Fr i

Module PMR
Numbe r of students
28

24

20

16

12

Activitie s

0
Cheess

Choir

Hockey

7. a)
Score
1
2
3
4
b)

Frequency
6
3
4
2

8. a) a)
School

Number of gold
medals

Angle of sector

10

300

60

180o

20

600

30

900

b)
K
30
M
L

60
180

90
N

Transformations

237