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CE 201 - Surveying
Lecture 1
Introduction to the course

Where we need it?

Fundamental to all civil engineering activities
Engineering projects cannot commence
without survey data - design and execution of
projects
They include construction of buildings,
bridges, roads and roadways, pipelines, dams,
ports, and harbors
Also in important in delimitation of land and
property
Collect data for planning, designing, and an
integral part of execution of engineering
projects

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What it means?
Locating points on a surface as well
as above or below it.
It essentially involves locating a point
or finding its coordinates

Surveying techniques are used to

collect accurate data for planning,
designing, and the precise realization
of a project on ground.

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Recent advancements in surveying

instrumentations
Conventional instruments such as chains,
tapes, compass, levels for measuring
horizontal and vertical distances
Versatile digital instruments such as digital
levels, theodolites, electromagnetic distance
measuring devices (EDMs) and total stations
Remote
sensing
and
satellite-based
positioning systems

What does surveying mean to civil

engineers?

The art of determining the relative

positions of points on the surface
of the earth
********
What does relative position
mean?

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Relative position
Relative position means location with respect
to a reference point, obtained by measuring distances,
both horizontal and vertical, and angles or directions

Objectives of surveying
Enables us to acquire data on the relative positions,
horizontal distances, and elevations of points
These data are then used for operations such as
preparing plans, maps, land records, layout of
engineering works, calculating areas and volumes
Collect and record data on the relative positions of points
on the surface if the earth
Compute areas and volumes using this data
Prepare plans, maps required for various activities
Lay out using survey data of the various engineering works
in correct positions

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Conventional instruments

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Accessories

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Accessories

Levelling

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Automatic digital instruments

Total Station

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Digital levels, Theodolites

A glance over different surveys

According to the purpose and place surveys
can be classified

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Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Reconnaissance

To get an idea about the terrain, its difficult and special features. No
instruments are used

Preliminary surveys

Detailed in scope. Prominent features can be located on a map

Engineering surveys

Very detailed features required to locate engineering projects roads, bldgs.

Geographical surveys Geographical maps for national boundaries, land use, contours, resources
Mine surveys

Include both surface and underground surveys, special techniques to

transfer surface data to underground, general layout of the mines,
underground map for tunnel, shaft designs

Route surveys

For locating roads, railway networks, earth work cutting and banking

Location surveys

To locate points in the grounds based on the plans prepared

Geological surveys

Surface and sub-surface surveys are conducted to locate ore and mineral
deposits, fold and faults

Defense surveys

Aerial surveys conducted by military establishment to locate strategic

positions in the enemy area.

Archaeological
surveys

Conducted to locate relics of antiquity, civilizations, etc.

Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Reconnaissance

To get an idea about the terrain, its difficult and special features. No
instruments are used

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Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Preliminary surveys

Detailed in scope. Prominent features can be located on a map

Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Engineering surveys

Very detailed features required to locate engineering projects roads, bldgs.

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Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Geographical surveys Geographical maps for national boundaries, land use, contours, resources

Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Mine surveys

Include both surface and underground surveys, special techniques to

transfer surface data to underground, general layout of the mines,
underground map for tunnel, shaft designs

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Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Route surveys

For locating roads, railway networks, earth work cutting and banking

Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Location surveys

To locate points in the grounds based on the plans prepared

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Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Geological surveys

Surface and sub-surface surveys are conducted to locate ore and mineral
deposits, fold and faults

Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Defense surveys

Aerial surveys conducted by military establishment to locate strategic

positions in the enemy area.

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Purpose based survey

Method

What and why?

Archaeological
surveys

Conducted to locate relics of antiquity, civilizations, etc.

Place based survey

Method

What and why?

Land survey

For partitioning of land, determine their areas, locate boundaries of

properties, topo surveys to locate important features like buildings, rivers,
dams, cadastral surveys for agricultural fields, houses, other property, city
surveys for exact locations of the features.

Hydrographic survey

Deals with water bodies, lakes, streams, rivers, coastal areas, data to design
water navigation system, determine shorelines, for structures built in waters

Aerial survey

Takes photographs of the surface of the earth in overlapping strips of land.

Extensive areas can be covered. Also known as photogrammetric survey.
Expensive and used for large projects

Underground survey

In case of mines and tunnels. Done by transferring ground points to the

underground level and conducting surveys of tunnels, caves, mines, etc.

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Place based survey

Method

What and why?

Land survey

For partitioning of land, determine their areas, locate boundaries of

properties, topo surveys to locate important features like buildings, rivers,
dams, cadastral surveys for agricultural fields, houses, other property, city
surveys for exact locations of the features.

Place based survey

Method

What and why?

Hydrographic survey

Deals with water bodies, lakes, streams, rivers, coastal areas, data to design
water navigation system, determine shorelines, for structures built in waters

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Place based survey

Method

What and why?

Aerial survey

Takes photographs of the surface of the earth in overlapping strips of land.

Extensive areas can be covered. Also known as photogrammetric survey.
Expensive and used for large projects

Place based survey

Method

What and why?

Underground survey

In case of mines and tunnels. Done by transferring ground points to the

underground level and conducting surveys of tunnels, caves, mines, etc.

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Satellite-based survey

Significance
Surveying is a core subject for Civil Engineers
It is the starting point for many projects
Several projects, for example, transportation
systems such as roads and railways, buildings,
bridges, dams and so on have to start with
surveying as the basic operation
Knowledge of surveying is thus fundamental
and very useful to the civil engineering
professionals

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