Second International Symposium on Fishing Vessel Energy Efficiency

E-Fishing, Vigo, Spain, May 2012

Energy audits of fishing vessels: lessons learned and the way

forward
Oihane C. Basurko, Gorka Gabia, Zigor Uriondo
Marine Research Division, AZTI-Tecnalia, Sukarrieta, Spain.

AbstractCommercial fishing activities are strongly fueldependent. Consequently, the dramatic increase in the price of
diesel fuel has impacted negatively on the economic incomes of
fishing. Moreover, the overexploitation of north-Atlantic
fisheries, over many decades, has caused international regulatory
bodies to establish more restrictive catch quotas, on certain
commercial fisheries. Both the fuel dependency and the
restrictive catch limitation have brought the Basque commercial
fishing industry to its survival limit. To examine the situation,
an energy audit methodology for fishing vessels has been
developed, with two objectives: a) to make shipowners aware of
the way fuel is consumed in their activities; b) help shipowners to
reduce their fuel bill. This contribution provides an overview of
the methodology, together with the steps undertaken for energy
audits. Three fishing vessels (a stern trawler, a live bait purse
seiner, and a troller have been studied, for developing this
methodology. The methodology uses a combination of
commercial tools, such as GESTOIL (an onboard fuel
consumption management system) to collect and assess data. The
energy audit has served to highlight the areas of major
consumption and potential savings; it provides also a list of
recommendations to shipowners, for changes in the operational
patterns of a ship. Likewise, structural changes to increase the
fuel efficiency of a vessel. In order to improve the efficiency of
future energy audits, the experience gained and the difficulties
undergone are presented.
Keywords: Energy audits, fishing vessels, energy consumption,
best practice, experience learned.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Traditional fishing has been the economic driver for many

coastal communities in the Basque Country. The increase in the
fuel price, the stock decline, occupational risks of fishing,
together with the possibilities of establishing a different future
for newer generations, are some of the reasons that have made
fishing arrive to its survival limits, in many parts of Europe.
Fishing gears have evolved throughout recorded history;
ships, nowadays, are more technological than ever before.
Examples are the mechanisation of gear handling, improved

performances of vessels and motorization, computer processing

for gear design, navigation aids, and fish detection technologies
[1]. Shipowners have invested greatly in updating their ships
with new technology; this has helped to fish more efficiently
and increase the comfort and safety onboard. Despite fishing
more efficiently, more technology usually implies a major fueldependency. This pattern has evolved in the fishing sector to
account for about 1.2% of the global oil consumption; which
entails approximately 134 million tonnes of CO2 emission into
the atmosphere [2]. Whilst no mention has been made in policy
or international agreements, such as in the Kyoto protocol, with
regards to Greenhouse Gas emission from fishing, the
quantities consumed and emitted by the sector are considerable.
This conclusion may make policy-makers consider fishing in
their future policies, as one of the strategies to combat
atmospheric pollution.
The fishing sector needs to cope with all of these
challenges, present a solid behaviour and become proactive in
response to the rise in the fuel price. This objective requires
good energy management, including monitoring the engines
and the energy consumption, redesigning ships, and
reinvention of the way fuel is consumed onboard [3]. However
presently, the bunker purchased is usually the only registry a
fishing vessel maintains of their fuel consumption. Therefore,
energy audits may play an important role in this approach,
since they can detail how energy is consumed within a vessel.
Likewise, an audit may highlight the areas of major
consumption and potential savings, including structural
changes and operational practices.
Research and experiences are growing within the published
literature in this regard [4-10]. Nonetheless, more work is
required since few have implemented energy efficient
measures onboard. The present contribution provides: the main
results of an energy audit of three vessels (stern trawler, purse
seiner, and a troller); likewise, the methodology developed in

AZTI-Tecnalia to undertake energy audits on fishing vessels

and guide auditors on the process; and the experience gained
and the difficulties undergone. The contribution ends with a list
of recommendations for undertaking efficient energy audits.
II.

ENERGY AUDIT OF THREE FISHING VESSELS

Three
Basque
fishing
vessels
were
audited,
comprehensively, during a year. The main details of the vessels
analysed are listed in Table 1. The fishing gears analysed are
representative of the main fishing gears used in the Basque
fishing fleet: a stern trawler, a troller, and a purse seiner
(operating with two fishing modalities: the purse seine and the
life bait purse seine).
TABLE 1. DETAILS OF THE VESSELS
Vessel 1
Fishing gear
Length
overall (m)
Length at
waterline
Displacement
(dwt)
Displacement
(GT)
Construction
year
Hull material

Trawling nets

Vessel 2
Purse seine and life
bait purse seine

Vessel 3
Trolling line*

39

37

25.9

33.4

30

20

239.1

149

66.4

432

231

84.2

2008

2004

1995

Steel

Steel

Steel

Base port

Ondarroa

Orio

Bermeo

Main engine

1030kW 8cyl.
800rpm

1060kW 16cyl.
1600rpm

3 of 1500 rpm:

3 of 1500rpm:

493 kW 12cyl.
1800rpm
2 of 1500rpm:

Auxiliary
engines

2 of 515kW,
1 of 59 kW,
a shaft generator

420kW,
170kW,
112kW

Crew size

11

Target
species

Mixed fisheries

15
Anchovy, mackerel,
horse-mackerel,
sardine (purse
seiner); Tuna (Life
bait p.s.)

Fishery

The Atlantic, VIVII-AVIIIabd

zones

The Atlantic, A1
and A2 zones

The Atlantic,
VII-VIII zones

Fishing
period

Mid-Sept. until
mid-July

Spring and winter

(purse seine),
Summer and autumn
(life bait p.s.)

Summer and
autumn

Downtime
period

Beginning of
July until midSeptember

Mid-December until
mid-February

Mid-March
until beginning
of June

32kW,
20kW,
a shaft
generator
5

Tuna

*Vessel 3 combines three fishing modalities during a year: trolling line, gillnet
and vertical lines. In this contribution, only the results of the trolling line are
presented.

For the data collection, flow-meters, a portable electric

power logger, energy meters and the GESTOIL system (an

onboard fuel consumption management system) were used. All

of the equipment was installed and fixed onboard, with the
exception of the portable electric power logger that was used
sporadically. The electrical power logger was used for three
outputs: (1) to measure the power consumption of a particular
piece of equipment or machinery; (2) to register the energy
patterns of a particular piece of equipment or machinery, for
that it was left onboard for the duration of a particular fishing
voyage; (3) to check the quality of the electrical load and
network (including the rate of harmonics and unbalance).
Energy consumption of the main engine and the operational
profiles of the vessel were collected with the GESTOIL
system. The operational profiles of the auxiliary engines were
estimated from the data collected with the portable power
logger and the fixed energy meter. The analysis included also
the identification of the activity patterns, engine loads, engine
usage patterns, and their associated energy consumption for
each of the activities onboard. Such activities include: energy
consumed while sailing; finding fish; fishing (e.g. for trawling
it meant energy consumed during letting the net out, trawling,
tacking the net), and whilst in port.
Data
regarding
the
energy-consuming
equipment/machinery onboard were provided by skippers and
chief engineers. These data were completed with onboard
measurement of selected equipment/machinery, such as the
refrigeration and freezing system, water pumps and the lighting
by the electrical power logger.
III.

RESULTS

A. Performance indicators
Performance indicators are listed in Table 2. The detailed
report and results are available in [11]. An interesting indicator
in energy efficiency is the fuel use coefficient which provides
results in terms of litres of fuel consumed, per tonne of fish
landed [10, 12]. Vessel 3 is the smallest in dimension, capacity
and crew size amongst the three vessels. Purse seine is the most
efficient of all the fishing gear studied, since it presents the best
indicator in relation to the litres of fuel consumed, for the fish
landed, i.e. 98 L/t. Considering tuna as a target species, the
results indicate that trolling line and the life bait purse seine
present a similar energy performance indicator (1080L/t and
1136 L/t, respectively). Further whilst, purse seining for
pelagic species is the least energy-intensive of the three, the
trawling is the most energy-intensive. The most realistic
comparison would arise, however, when two vessels operating
in the same fisheries and using the same fishing gear are
compared. The results obtained are similar with the ones
presented in [10] for the same target species and gear used.
Regarding the fuel costs compared with the total costs of
the vessel, trolling is the one presenting the lowest ratio (15.3%
in comparison to the 30-40% for the other gears).

TABLE 2. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR OF THE VESSELS AUDITED (1 YEAR PERIOD)

Vessel 1
Gear

Purse seine

Life bait purse seine

Trolling line

224

89

91

100

Mon-Sat (6 d/voyage)

0.8 day/voyage

15 days/voyage

20 day/voyage

841896
L/yr
Fuel
consumption
L/h

Vessel 3

Stern trawl nets

Days at sea (days/yr)

Average voyage pattern

Vessel 2

Main

66600
Aux.

Sail.

Fish.

Elec.

22.4 %

65.5%

178.4

162.2

L fuel/tn fish
landed

Main

135150
Aux.

Main

49751
Aux.

Main

Aux.

Sail.

Fish.

Elec.

Sail.

Fish.

Elec.

Sail.

Fish.

Elec.

9.3 %

68.9%

15.1%

16.0%

81.8%

5.3%

12.9%

58.4%

30.6%

11 %

87.46*

6.3*

102.5

5.5

35.89

21.70

1646 L/t

146 L/t

1080 L/t

1136 L/t

Average RPM

789

686

1083*

600*

1150

600

1000

1200

Average speed (kn)

10.4

4.01

9.5*

0.9*

> 6.5

Engine usage (h/voyage)

26.1

93.3

12.0*

1.7*

190

45

117

258

Income (/yr)
Fish landed (tonnes)

1550717

320830

429333

198268

511.5

455.8

125. 2

43.8

% fuel consumption regarding

39.3%
33.7%
38.4%
annual costs
Main: Main engine
Aux.: Auxiliary engines
Sail. : % of energy consumed for sailing to, from or in between fishing grounds
Fish: % of energy consumed during fishing activities (such as letting out and tacking the net, trawling, trolling)
Elec.: % of energy consumed to power the machinery onboard
*target species: anchovy. Manoeuvring time has been omitted

All of the fishing gears, with the exception of the trawling,

consume the most fuel while sailing (Table 2): the purse seine
and the life bait purse seine more than the 80% of the total fuel
consumption by the vessel, and the trolling lines approximately
the 60% of the total. In contrast, in trawling more than the 60%
is consumed whilst fishing. These percentages present a strong
impact on the energy efficient measures that will be
formulated, to reduce the energy consumption. Thus, it is clear,
that energy efficient measures should be formulated
considering the vessel, fishing pattern and the fishing gear
used.
B. Energy-consuming equipment/machinery
The variety of onboard equipment and machinery onboard
is wide-range. Different equipment classifications can be found
in the literature [4, 9, 13]. Nevertheless, a more systematic
classification is proposed herein (see below).
GROUP 1. Navigation equipment/machinery. Essential
equipment for navigation, such as fuel pumps, water pumps for
engine refrigeration, lubricating oil pumps, air compressor, and
fans.
GROUP 2. Refrigeration and freezing system. Essential
machinery for the cooling and freezing systems onboard, such
as water pumps for the condenser for cooling the hatchery of

15.3%

fish in life bait purse seiners, and water pumps for the
condenser of refrigerators.
GROUP 3. Equipment/machinery for fishing. Equipment
onboard used for and during fishing and the management of the
catch, such as suction pumps, and the net winch.
GROUP 4.

Lighting. Interior and exterior lighting.

GROUP 5. Accommodation. Machinery related to living

onboard the vessel, such as the kitchen tops, TV, washing
machine, and oven.
GROUP 6. Additional
equipment/machinery.
The
remaining machinery, such as desalination plant, freshwater
plant, and water pumps.
The energy-consuming equipment and the machinery used
in the vessels studied accounted only for 9-13% of the total fuel
consumption for each vessel. The navigation machinery and
the cooling system accounted, together, for 40% of the
electricity consumption in the trawler, i.e. the same consumed
by the machinery for fishing along. On the other hand, the
navigation and the cooling system of the troller accounted for
70% of the total energy demand. Regarding the purse seiner
and the life bait purse seine modalities, the demand varied with
the modality, with lighting being the most demanding one, and
with the machinery for fishing and additional machinery

onboard being second. The energy consumption related to each

group is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY-CONSUMING
EQUIPMENT/MACHINERY

Trawler
(%)

Purse
seiner
(%)

Life
bait
Purse
seiner
(%)

Trolling
line (%)

Navigation equipment/machinery

20,2

3,4

2,2

41,9

Refrigeration and freezing system

20,0

5,2

6,6

28,3

Equipment/machinery for fishing

36,9

4,6

38,6

0,6

Accommodation

6,58

7,2

4,7

2,3

Lighting

5,07

16.3

16.9

3,9

Additional equipment/machinery

11,3

63.2

30.9

22,9

In Vessel 3, a shat generator is used to power the hydraulic

pump for boarding the tuna from the sea. This requirement
makes the percentage of the machinery and equipment used for
fishing in trolling being very low. With a different
configuration, this value is expected to be higher.
Hence, it can be concluded that the energy demand is
fishing gear-specific and no generalisations can be made in
this regard, i.e. unless two vessels operating in the same
fisheries and using the same fishing gear are compared.
C. Energy-efficient measures
Several energy efficient measures are available for these
vessels; some relate to improvements whilst the vessel sails;
others relate to the technological improvement of the energyconsuming equipment/machinery. The most popular measures
are the following [4, 9, 14, 15]:
a) Improving the energy consumption while sailing:
-

reducing the cruising speed to an economic level;

changing the propeller for a more efficient one;

painting with more efficient antifouling paint;

adding a bulbous bow to the hull structure;

selecting the best route; and

the use of sails

b) Improving the energy consumption of auxiliary machinery:

-

introducing frequency converters for electric motors and

parts;

changing the cooker to an induction cooktop;

changing some of the lights to LED;

switching off the unnecessary lights, in port;

cold ironing to reduce emissions and energy consumption

while in port

The most common published in literature, for their impact

on fuel efficiency, are, as listed in Table 4, being the ones
influencing the energy performance whilst sailing or fishing
(such as adding a bulbous bow, downsizing the engines, or
changing the propeller for a more efficient one). These actions
imply, usually, a structural change. Although their investment
may be returned within a 5 year limit [4], the investment is
frequently outside of the economic possibilities and/or too
risky for many shipowners. Hence, those with a lower
investment are considered herein (see below).
a)

Adding energy management software onboard such as the

GESTOIL system.

b) Improving the energy consumption whilst sailing (see

below).

Reducing the cruising speed to an economic speed

(15% saving). It must be noted, however, that a
reduction in speed entails less time for fishing.
Hence, the amount of fish landed would be
reduced. In the trawler, for example, it was
estimated that a reduction of a 1kn implied one
less fishing set. The shipowner would need to
consider the benefit of reducing the fuel
consumption, in comparison to a reduction in
income, due to the fish caught, if the voyage
pattern needs to be maintained.

TABLE 4. ENERGY-EFFICIENT MEASURES (WITHIN A 5 YEAR RETURN) FOR

THE THREE VESSELS ASSESSED
Energy efficient
measures
From
10kn to
9kn
Reducing
Always
sailing
<
speed
9.5kn
Always
< 8kn
Adding frequency
converters
Use of LEDs
Induction cooktop
Total investment
In 5
Possible
years
economic
In 10
saving
years

Vessel 1
L/yr
Return
saved
(yr)

Vessel 2
L/yr
Return
saved
(yr)

Vessel 3^
L/yr
Return
saved
(yr)

45.322

13954

337

3812

1.2

1647

1.9

3861

3.3

841

4,2

400

5.3

3242

1.5

792

3.1

16291

5660

1296

162653*

54974*

951*

360287*

115034*

3198*

Fuel price: 0.61/L

*Without considering the amount of time reduced for fishing and its economic
implication.
^ Results are estimated for the case that the vessels use only the trolling line
during an entire year.

c)

Improving
machinery

IV.

the

energy

consumption

of

auxiliary

Introducing a frequency converter for electric

motors and parts (Vessel 1 - in ice-making
machine compressor and water pump, and the
water pump for the refrigeration of the main
engine; Vessel 2 - ventilation system and water
pump for the refrigeration of the main engine): a
25% saving in each case.

Changing the cooker to an induction cooktop:

50% saving

Changing some of the lights to LED (Vessel 1 only all the 18W fluorescent lamps located in the
engine room; Vessel 2 and 3 - all interior 18W
fluorescent lamps): 55% saving.
RECOMMENDATION TO EFFICIENTLY AUDIT
FISHING VESSELS

A. Auditing process
The comprehensive analysis of the vessels, together with
the interactions with shipowners, skippers, chief engineers and
the particulars of the fishing seasons, have led to the
development of an energy audit methodology. This
methodology presents the steps of an energy audit in, a
structured manner. Likewise, it may assist auditors in reducing
the time to collect quality data and decrease the disturbance to
the crew and shipowner, during the audit.
The methodology is based upon the Spanish norm for
energy audits [16]; on published literature [4]; and on the
experience gained doing comprehensive energy audits. The
methodology is:
1.

GOAL AND SCOPE. Select the vessel to audit and

define the goal and the scope of the audit, together with
the shipowner.

2.

ESTABLISH CONTACT. Get in contact with the

interested parties (shipowners, skippers, etc.)

3.

1st VISIT ONBOARD. The first visit permits observing

the general state of the vessel, the detection of health and
safety risks, and obtaining an idea of the working
conditions onboard, as well as the required technical
equipment (appropriate measurement tools) and safety
equipment to audit the vessel (whilst onboard).

4.

QUESTIONNAIRE. Before meeting the shipowner

prepare a questionnaire with the data required. Send this
questionnaire to the shipowner, to be filled up.

5.

SHIPOWNERS APPROVAL. The energy audit will

require periodical visits to the vessel, interviews and
equipment installation onboard. Before any of these takes

place, the shipowner needs to give approval to all the

aforementioned. The number of visits onboard should
also be defined.
6.

RETURN THE QUESTIONNAIRE. Once the

questionnaire is filled in, it will need to be returned to the
auditors, to process the information.

7.

INTERVIEWS AND VISITS ONBOARD. The

shipowner and the Chief Engineer should be interviewed
and, if necessary, the oilers too. Engines and onboard
equipment/machinery-related data will be collected
during the onboard visits, through the aforementioned
portable and fixed instruments. Collect data whilst the
vessel is in port.

8.

INSTALLATION OF THE GESTOIL (or similar)

SYSTEM AND ENERGY METERS ONBOARD. The
GESTOIL systems may be installed onboard to assist in
collecting reliable data regarding the energy profile of the
vessel.

9.

ANALYSIS OF DATA. The data collected (measured

onboard and provided during interviews) will be assessed
statistically.

10. ENERGY EFFICIENT MEASURES. Several energyefficient measures will be formulated, to help to reduce
the energy demand of the vessel. The physical and
economic feasibility of each measure will be assessed
also from the data assessed.
11. FINAL REPORT. The Final Report will detail the energy
diagnosis of the vessel. The report will include: the goal
and scope of the audit; the methodology followed; and the
proposed energy efficient measures, for that particular
vessel and working conditions.
B. Additional recommendations
Several recommendations are proposed that can help in the
auditing process and the implementation of the energy-efficient
measures.

Talk to shipowners and try to convince them of the

benefit of undertaking an energy audit.

Define the procedure of the audit with the shipowner, to

make him/her aware of the steps that will be followed and
the implications of each step.

The readiness of the ship is the priority. Most of the time,

the auditor is the last on the lists of priority after the
service engineers, electricians, etc. Make sure that the
facilities needed are provided on time for the audit.

Be organised and have all documentations ready, before

the visit onboard.

Undertake a visit onboard guided by the Chief Engineer,

but carry out the interview in a place without any noise.

Talk to the skipper and find a way to get him/her involved

in the energy-efficient measures (perhaps providing an
extra for reducing the energy consumption of the vessel).

Small impact energy efficient measures are good too! Be

realistic. Shipowners have gone through a huge
technological change to improve onboard technologies.
Introducing energy-efficient technologies do not always
mean the incorporation of expensive technologies. There
has to always be a solution, for all levels of budgets.

Discuss the results with the shipowner. The best measure

may not be attractive for its implementation, as it may
affect the fishing (e.g. the trawling door: whilst one door
resulted in being the most efficient, the other one fished
the best and had a slightly worse energy-efficiency. The
latter one was selected as best). As such, the best option is
that which considers all of the aspects together.

Be aware that many factors affect the registered data.

Registering a comprehensive amount of data is very timeconsuming. In contrast, registering few data can provide
you with an estimation of the energy consumption.
However, results might be biased by: the weather and sea
conditions at the time of the registration; the amount of
bunker onboard; the position of the full fuel tanks; the
tidal conditions (low, high), etc. Hence, 3 data samples
are recommended as the minimum size for the main and
auxiliary engines.

Measures on board provide a more realistic result, than

approximation by the Chief Engineer. Human factor plays
an important role in reducing the energy consumption on
the vessel.

Some shipowners work onboard as skippers, Chief

Engineers and crew. In these cases, implementing
operational energy-efficient measures will be easier.

The fishing voyages of purse seiners, life bait purse

seiners and trolling are irregular (in terms of length of
fishing voyages). Extrapolating from a small sample may
introduce a large error in the results. Therefore, fixed
energy measuring tools are more recommendable than the
mobile logger to collect data from the main and auxiliary
engines.
V.

CONCLUSIONS

Fishing is fuel dependent. The increase in the fuel price

has made the future of this sector insecure. A proactive attitude
and measures are needed to overcome the present difficulties.
Energy audits may play an important role in this approach, to
establish the energetic condition of the vessel and its activity.
Whereas energy audits in fishing are limited, in shipping, they
are common. Shipowners and shipping associations have
become proactive and have started collective actions, research
and implementations, which help combating the effects of
climate change on shipping [17]. The fishing industry needs to
be established at the same level. Besides having the problems

with the price of the fuel, additional problems may affect

fishing in the future, e.g. the IMOs regulation on greenhouse
gas emission (Annex VI of MARPOL which is regulated by the
Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78). Energy audits will permit an
improvement in the pollution of vessels, to be in a better
position to overcome additional legislation in the future.
A methodology to undertake energy audits has been
presented. Likewise, the main results of an energy audit along
with the potential energy efficient measures have been showed
also. These measures have been formulated for the three
audited vessels; nonetheless, they can be considered for
possible inclusion in all energy audits. However, it must be
noted, that each vessel behaves differently, despite operating
with the same fishing gear. Therefore, an energy efficient
solution for one may not be adequate for another vessel. None
of these technical recommendations is possible, without
undertaking an energy audit of the vessel. Furthermore, purse
seiners and trollers have very irregular fishing journeys. Hence,
data collection would need to accommodate these irregularities.
The minimum data required will not necessarily be the same
for all cases. Sampling a minimum of three voyages is
recommended, to achieve a realistic result. Likewise, installing
energy meters and an energy management system, such as the
GESTOIL system, is recommended strongly for all vessels,
but especially for purse seiners and trollers due to their
irregularities (in terms of length of voyage).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work presented in this contribution has been supported
by the European Fisheries Fund (ref. 351BI20090040). We
would like to express our sincere gratitude to: the shipowners,
skippers and crew of the three audited vessels for their helpful
support in this project; to Iigo Krug and Jose Mari Ferarios
(AZTI-Tecnalia), for their knowledge and help during the data
collection in the fieldwork; and to Prof Michael Collins
(IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Fellow (PIE,
UPV/EHU)) for his helpful comments.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

FAO, "Fishing gear and methods. 2012 20/02/2012]; Available from:

http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/1617/en.
P.H. Tyedmers, R. Watson, and D. Pauly, "Fueling global fishing fleet",
Ambio, 2005, 34(8):635-638.
Lloyd's Register, "Ship Energy Services. 2010"; Available from:
www.lr.org/sectors/marine/Services/Consultancy/ES/.
G. Thomas, D. O'Doherty, D. Sterling, C. Chin, "Energy audit of fishing
vessels", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part
M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 2010.
224(2):87-101.
S. Villarroya, M.J. Otero, L. Romero, J.C. Cotos, V. Pita, "Modular and
Scalable Multi-interface Data Acquisition Architecture Design for
Energy Monitoring in Fishing Vessels", Proceedings of the 10th
International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks: Part II:
Distributed Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics, Soft
Computing, and Ambient Assisted Living 2009, Springer-Verlag:
Salamanca, Spain. pp. 531-538.
M. Thrane, "Energy Consumption in the Danish Fishery: Identification
of Key Factors", Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2004, 8(1-2): 223-239.

[7]

J. Parente, P. Fonseca, V. Henriques, A. Campos, "Strategies for

improving fuel efficiency in the Portuguese trawl fishery", Fisheries
Research, 2008, 93(1-2):117-124.
[8] K.E. Abernethy, P. Trebilcock, B. Kebede, E.H. Allison, N.K. Dulvy,
"Fuelling the decline in UK fishing communities?" ICES Journal of
Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 2010, 67(5):1076-1085.
[9] J.D.K. Wilson, "Fuel and financial savings for operators of small fishing
vessels", Fisheries Technical Paper N 383, Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations, FAO, Editor 1999: Rome, Italy.
[10] E.M. Schau, H. Ellingsen, A. Endal, S.A. Aanondsen, "Energy
consumption in the Norwegian fisheries", Journal of Cleaner Production,
2009, 17(3):325-334.
[11] O. Cabezas, J.M. Ferarios, J. Franco, G. Gabia, Z. Uriondo, "Desarrollo
e implantacin de auditoras energticas y actuaciones tcnicas para
optimizar la eficiencia energtica en buques de pesca" Report prepared
for the Deptarment of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Basque
Government, 2012, AZTI-Tecnalia: AZTI-Tecnalia, pp. 425.

[12] P. Tyedmers, "Fisheries and Energy Use", C.J. Cleveland (ED), The
encyclopedia of energy, Academic Press/Elsevier Science, San Diego,
2004, pp. 683-693.
[13] IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2008", World Energy Outlook 20082008,
OECD/IEA: Paris. p. 578.
[14] R. Latorre, "Reducing fishing vessel fuel consumption and NOX
emissions", Ocean Engineering, 2001, 28(6):723-733.
[15] J.M. Torres Palenzuela, L. Gonzales Vilas, E. Spyrakos, L. Rodriguez
Dominguez, "Routing optimization using neural networks and
oceanographic models from remote sensing data", 1st International
Symposium on Fishing Vessel Energy Efficiency, 2010, Vigo, Spain.
[16] UNE, UNE 216501:2009 Auditoras Energticas, 2009, AENOR.
[17] R. Asariotis, "Climate change impatcs on international transportation
and adptation", Oral presentation at RiMER (Research in Marine
Environment and Resources), Donostia-San Sebastin, Spain, 31
January-10 February 2012.