King Faisal University

College of Architecture and Planning

Dept. of Building Science & Technology

Building Structure I
Reinforce Concrete Design
0525 351
Professor: Yassin S. Sallam

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

16 @250 mmC/C
+3.5

16 @150 mmC/C

16 @250 mmC/C

6 mm

+1.97

6@25mm

10 @375 mm
+0.44

VII. DESIGN STAIRS

Yassin S. Sallam

168

Building Structure

14 mm

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

CHAPTER VII
Design Of Reinforced
Concrete Stairs
Stairs are constructed to provide access to the different floor levels, within
buildings. They consist of a number of steps arranged in series.
Most of stairs are designed as supported one-way slabs

7.1. DEFINITIONS
The definitions of some technical terms which are used in connection with the
planning and design of stairs are shown in Figure (7.1).
1.
Going (G): The horizontal distance of the upper surface of a step.
2.
Rise (R): The vertical distance between horizontal of two consecutive
steps.
3.
Waist (h) : The least thickness of the stairs slab.
4.
Landing : The horizontal platform which is usually provided at the
beginning and the end of series of steps.
5.
Flight : Comprised of a number of steps provided between two
consecutive landing.

Landing

G
R
Flight

Figure (7.1) Particulars of stairs

Yassin S. Sallam

169

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

7.2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:

1.
There should be an equal number of steps between consecutive floors,
and steps should have identical rises and goings.
2.
Rise should not be greater than 17 cm, and the going not les than
R 17 cm
22.5 cm

G 22.5 cm
3. The slope to exterior from 0.2 to 0.3 for reduce the horizontal surface of
stairs

7.3. TYPE OF STAIRS:

For the purpose of analysis and design, stairs may classify in two groups:
1) Stairs Spanning Transversely, characterize be:
a) Stairs simply supported at each side by a wall or beam.
b) Stairs cantilevering from a wall or beam at one side only.
c) Stairs cantilevering across a central sloping beam.
2) Stairs Spanning Longitudinally,
Supported at the top and bottom of the flight and are unsupported along the
sides.
Referring to Figure (7.2), which shows four common supporting systems of a
typical staircase involving two flights, the supporting elements may be:
1) Beams provided at the top and bottom of the actual stairs,
As shown in Fig.(7.2.a), Naturally these beams must be supported in some
manner.
2) Beams or walls provided at both outside edges of the landings,
As shown in Fig.(7.2.b), A beam is usually available at the edge of the floor
landing, but a special beam or wall has to be provided at the edge of the
intermediate landing,
3) Landing slabs which span transversely and are supported by beams
or walls at their outsider edges,
As shown in Fig.(7.2.c), Normally, beams are available at the two edges of
the floor landing, but special provision have to be mad support intermediate
landings at their edges.
4) A combination of a beam, or a wall, at one edge and transversely
supported slab the other edge
As shown in Fig.(7.2.d)

Yassin S. Sallam

170

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Figure (7.2); Common supporting systems of longitudinally supported stairs

Yassin S. Sallam

171

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

7.4. PRINCIPAL STAIRS

Figure (7.3) and Figure (7.4) show a typical staircase of an Office building.
The story height is 3.00 m and a typical step has a rise R=15 cm, and a going
G= 30 cm. Design the stairs for the flowing data:
Live load= 5 kN/m2

f c' = 25 MPa , f y = 400 MPa cc = 20 mm

Figure (7.3): Horizontal Stair Dimensions

+3.06

0.15
0.15
0.15

Figure (7.4): Heights of Stair

Yassin S. Sallam

172

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

I. DIMENSIONS:

I.1. Slope Angle of the Stair Slab:

V
1.53
= tan 1 = tan 1
= 29.54 0
2.70
H

O.K

I.2. Length of Stair:

L = (1.53) 2 + (2.7) 2 = 3.1m = 3100 mm

I.3. Thickness of Stair :
For control the deflection (h ) .Using ACI Code Deflection Conditions
L
( one end continuous slab)
hmin =
24
3100
hmin =
= 129.2 mm 130 mm
24
Use h = 150 mm = 15 cm

L
1.53

2.7

II. LOAD CALCULATIONS:

II.1. Load on the Stair Landing:

Weight of landing:
= 0.15 1 x1 x 24 = 3.6 kN / m 2
Finishing:
Tiles
Cement mortar
Plaster
Additional load:

= 0.44 kN / m 2
= 0.4 kN / m 2
= 0.4 kN / m 2
= 0.46 kN / m 2

D L = 5.30 kN / m
L . L = 5 kN / m

Design load:
U = (1.2 DL) + (1.6 LL)
U 1 = (1.2 5.30) + (1.6 x5) = 14.306 kN / m 2

II.2. Load on Stair Slab:

Weight of slab:

= 0.15 x 1 x 1 x 24 = 3.6 kN / m 2

Weight of steps:
=

1
0.3 0.15 24 = 0.54 kN / m 2
2

Finishing:
Tiles
Cement mortar:

Yassin S. Sallam

= 0.44 kN / m 2
= 0.4 kN / m 2

173

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Plaster
Additional load
Total load

ARBT (525-351)

= 0.4 kN / m 2
= 0.5 kN / m 2

D L = 5.88 kN / m
L . L = 5 kN / m

Design load:

U = (1.2 DL) + (1.6 LL)

U 2 = (1.2 5.88) + (1.6 x5) = 15.56 kN / m 2

III. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

III.1. Reactions:
M A = 0 = (15.56 x 2.7) x1.35 + (14.36 x1.1) x3.25 3.8RB
0 = 56.716 + 51.337 3.8 RB
108.05
RB =
= 28.44 kN
3.8
Y = 0 = 15.56 x2.7 + 14.36 x1.1x 28.44 RA
R A = 57.808 28.44 = 29.37 kN

14.36 kN/m

D
15.56 kN/m

III.2. Moments:
- The positive moment at C
M c = (15.56 x1.35) x0.675 + 29.37 x1.35

A
2.7 m

= 14.179 + 39.65 = 25.47 kN .m

III.3. Diagrams:
15.56 kN/m

14.36 kN/m

2.7 m

B
1.1 m

25.47
29.37

Figure (7.5): Structural Analysis

Yassin S. Sallam

174

28.44

Building Structure

1.1

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

IV. CALCULATION OF STEE REINFORCEMENT:

IV.1. Positive Moment (Main Reinforcement):
Use b = 14 mm , Concrete Cover = 20 mm ,
M u = 25.47 kN .m ,
Mn =

Mu

25.47
= 28.3 kN .m
0.9

f c' = 25 MPa f y = 400 MPa

Effective depth:
d =h

cc

14
20 = 123 mm
2

d =150

Area of steel:
m=

fy
0.85 f

'
c

400
= 18.81
0.85 x 25

Rn =

Mn
28.3
=
= 1.841
bd 2 1000 x(0.124) 2

2 mR n
1
1 1

m
f y

1
1
18 . 81
= 0.0048

2 x 18 . 81 x 1 . 841

400

Check

min =

1.4
= 0.0035
fy

25 600

= 0.02
400 600 + 400

min = 0.0035 < = 0.0048 < max = 0.02

As = .b . d = 0.0048 1000 124 = 595.2 mm 2

max = 0.750.85 0.85

Number of bars:
(14) 2
Ab =
= 153.94 mm 2
4
n=
Use 4 14mm / m'

Yassin S. Sallam

595.2
= 3.87 4
153.94

175

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Spacing:
1000
= 258 mm
3.87
Check Spacing:
S max 3 h
S=

Use S=250 mm

S max = 3x150 = 450 mm

OK
S = 250 p S max = 450 mm
Use S = 250mm

Use 14 mm @ 250 mm
IV.2. Negative Moment Reinforcement:
The connection zone (slab-landing) should be reinforced as a equal: a half
quantity of Positive moment
595.2
As =
= 297.6 mm 2
2

Use = 12 mm

Ab =

(12) 2
4

= 113 mm 2

297.6
= 2.63 3
n=
113
Use 3 12 mm / m '
Spacing
1000
S=
= 380 mm
2.63
Use 12 mm @ 380 mm
Check Spacing:
S max 3 h
S max = 3x150 = 450 mm
S = 380 p S max = 450 mm
Use S = 380mm

OK

Use 12 mm @ 380 mm
IV.3. Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement:
Use 10 mm
Steel Ratio:
0.0018 400
min =
fy

Yassin S. Sallam

176

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

min =

ARBT (525-351)

0.0018 400
= 0.0018
400

Effective Depth:
d = h cc b (main)

b (temp)
2

10
d = 150 20 14 = 111 mm
2

Steel Area:
As = min b d
= 0.0018 1000 111 = 199.8 mm 2
Number of bars
(10) 2
Ab =
= 78.5 mm 2
4
n=

199.8
= 2.54 3
78.5

Use 3 10 mm / m'
Spacing:
1000
S=
= 393 mm
2.54
Use s=380 mm
Check spacing
S max 3 h = 3 x150 = 450 mm

S = 380 S max = 450 mm

Use 10 mm @ 380 mm
IV.4. Shear:
f c'
VC =
bw d
6

25
1000 124 10 3 = 87.83 kN
6
Vu = R A = 31 kN
Vu < VC

o.k
No shear stirrups need
= 0.85

Yassin S. Sallam

177

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

V. BEAM STEEL REINFORCEMENT

V.1. Dimension of Beam:
Deflection conditions.
L
hmin =
(Simply supported beam)
16
6000
hmin =
= 375 mm Use h = 400 mm
16

d = h cc s b

2
16
d = 400 20 10 = 362 mm
2
2h
h
<b<

3
3
2 x 400
400
<b<

= (133.3 p b p 266.6 )
3
3
Use b = 200 mm

V.2. Loads on the Beam

Reaction of R. stair slab:
= 28.45 kN / m
Load from landing:
0.151.1 24 = 43.96 kN / m
Own weight
0.4 0.2 24 = 1.92 kN / m
= 7.5 kN / m
Weight of wall:
Total dead load
= 28.45 + 3.96 + 1.92 + 7.5 = 41.83 kN / m

U = (1.2 DL) + (1.6 LL)

U 3 = (1.2 41.83) + (1.6 5) = 58.2 kN / m

V.3 Structural Analysis for Beam

- Reaction:
Ul 58.2 x6
R=
=
= 174.6 kN
2
2
- Moments:
Ul 2 58.2(6) 2
M=
=
= 87.3 kN .m
24
24

Yassin S. Sallam

178

(Continuous beam)

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

- Diagrams:

58.2 kN/m

6m

87.3
174.6

174.6

Figure: (7.6): Structural Analysis of Stair Beam

V.4. Structural Design for beam:

M u = 87.3 kN .m
M u 87.3
=
= 97 kN .m
0.9 0.9
d = 362 mm
b = 200 mm

Mn =

f c' = 25 MPa
f y = 400 MPa
Area of Steel:
fy
400
m=
=
= 18.81
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 25
Rn =

Mn
97
=
= 3 .7
2
bd
1000(0.2) x(0.362) 2

Yassin S. Sallam

179

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

1
m

2 mR n
1 1
fy

1
1
18 . 81
= 0.010 0.010

ARBT (525-351)

2 x 18 . 81 x 3 . 7
400

Check
min =

1 .4
= 0.0035
fy

25 600

= 0.02
400
600
+
400

min = 0.0035 < = 0.010 < max = 0.02

As = .b . d = 0.010 200 362 = 724 mm 2

max = 0.750.85 0.85

(16) 2
Ab =
= 201 mm 2
4
Number of steel:
724
n=
= 3.6 4
201
Spacing:

Use 4 16 mm / m'

b 2cc 2 sb nb
n 1
200 2 x 25 2 x10 4 x16 66
S=
=
= 22 mm
3
3
S=22 mm
S=

Yassin S. Sallam

180

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

VI. STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

+3.5

+3.1

12@
@250
150mm
mm C/C
14

1212@
mm
@ 380
250 mm
C/C
+1.97

106mm
mm

4 416 16
mmmm
Stair beam

10 @ 200 mm
6@25mm

10
10 @
@ 380
375 mm
mm

+0.44

Figure (7.7): Reinforcement Detailing of Principal stair

Yassin S. Sallam

181

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

7.5. EMERGENCY STAIR

Figure (7.8): Horizontal of an Emergency Stair Dimensions

+3.06
0.3
1.53m
0.15

0.3

0.15

Figure (7.9): Heights of Emergency Stair

Yassin S. Sallam

182

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

I. DIMENSIONS:
I.1. Slope Angle of the Stair Slab:
= tan 1

1.53
= 32.5 0
2 .4

I.2. Length of Stair:

L = 2846 mm

I.3. Thickness of Stair:

h=

L 2846
=
= 135.5 mm
21
21

(Both end continuous slabs)

Use h = 150 mm

2.846
1.53

2.4

II. LOAD CALCULATIONS

II.1. Calculation of Load of Stair Slab
Weight of stair slab:
= 0.15 x1x1x 24 = 3.6 kN . / m 2
Weight of steps:
1
= 0.3 0.15 24 = 0.54 kN / m 2
2
Finishing:

= 1.24 kN / m 2
= 0.62 kN / m 2

Additional load:
Total load:

D L = 6 kN / m
L . L = 5 kN / m

2
2

U 1 = 1.2 6 + 1.6 x5 = 15.2 kN / m 2

II.2. Calculation of Load of Stair Landing

Weight of landing:
Finishing:

Yassin S. Sallam

= 0.15 x1x1x 24 = 3.6 kN / m 2

= 1.25 kN / m 2

183

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

= 0.45 kN / m 2
D L = 5.30 kN / m 2

Additional weight:

L . L = 5 kN / m

Design load:
U 2 = 1.2 5.3 + 5 1.6 = 14.36 kN / m 2

III. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:

III.1. Reactions

= 0 = (14.36 x1.9) x0.95 + (15.2 x 2.4) x3.1 + (14.36 x1.5) x5.05 5.8 RB
0 = 25.92 + 113.088 + 108.78 5.8 RB
247.788
RB =
= 42.722 kN
5.8
A

Y = 0 =(14.36 x1.9) + (15.2 x2.4) + (14.36 x1.5) x 46.68 42.722 R

R A = 27.284 + 36.48 + 21.54 42.722

14.36kN/m

R A = 42.582 kN

15.2kN/m

E
14.36kN/m

III.2. Moments

C
1.9

2.4 m

1.5

- The positive moment

M C = (14.36 x1.9) x 0.95 + 42.722 x1.9

= 25.92 + 80.91 = 54.99 kN .m

M E = (14.36 x1.9) x (0.95 + 1.2) + (15.2 x1.2) x 0.6 42.722 x3.1
= (14.36 x1.9) x 2.15 + (15.2 x1.2) x 0.6 42.722 x3.1
= 58.661 + 10.944 132 .438 = 62.83 kN .m
M u = 62.82 kN .m
Mn =

M u 62.83
=
= 69.81 5kN .m
0.9
0 .9

Yassin S. Sallam

184

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

III.3. Diagrams
15.2 kN/m

14.36kN/m

1.9

2.4

14.36kN/m

B
1.5

62.83
42.7

42.7

Figure (7.10): Structural Analysis of Emergency Stair Slab

IV. Calculation of Steel Reinforcement

IV.1. Design for Positive Moment:

Use 16 mm, concreteover 20 mm

f c' = 25 MPa , f y = 400 MPa
, M n = 69.83 kN .m
Effective depth:

d =h

cc
2
16
=150 20 = 122 mm
2
Area of steel:
fy
400
m=
=
= 18.81
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 25

Yassin S. Sallam

185

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Rn =

Mn
69.83
=
= 4.69
2
bd
1000 x(0.122) 2

1
m

2 mR n
1 1
fy

1
18 . 81

= 0.0134
Check
min =

ARBT (525-351)

2 x 18 . 81 x 4 . 69
400

1.4
= 0.0035
fy

25 600

= 0.02
400 600 + 400

min = 0.0035 < = 0.0134 < max = 0.02

As = . b . d = 0.0134 1000 122 = 1634.8 mm 2
Number of bars:
(16) 2
Ab =
= 201 mm 2
4
1635
n=
= 8.13 8
201
Use 8 16 mm / m'
Spacing:
1000
S=
= 123 mm
8.13
Use S=125 mm

max = 0.750.85 0.85

Check Spacing:
S max 3 h
S max = 3 x150 = 450 mm
S = 125 S max = 450 mm
OK
Use S = 125 mm
Use 16mm @ 125 mm

IV.2. Negative Moment Reinforcement:

Yassin S. Sallam

186

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Reinforcement connection zone (slab-landing) to be half quantity of Positive

moment
1635
As =
= 817.5 mm 2
2
(16) 2
Ab =
= 201 mm 2
4
817.5
n=
= 4.07 4
201
Use 4 16 mm / m'
Spacing:
1000
= 245 mm
4.07
Use S=250 m
S=

Check Spacing:
S max 3 h
S max = 3 x150 = 450 mm
S = 250 S max = 450 mm
OK
Use S = 250 mm
Use 16mm @ 250 mm

IV.3. Reinforcement Temperature and Shrinkage:

Use 10 mm
0.018 400
=
= 0.018
fy
10
= 109 mm
2
As = 0.0018 1000 109 = 196.2 mm 2
196.2
n=
= 2 .5 3
78.5
Use 3 10 mm / m '
Spacing:
1000
= 400 mm
S=
2 .5
Use S = 400 mm
10 @ 400 mm
d = 150 20 16(main)

Yassin S. Sallam

187

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

IV.4. Shear
VC = 0.85

25
1000 142 10 3 = 100.6 kN
6

Vu = 50 kN
Vu < VC o.k

V. BEAM STEEL REINFORCEMENT:

V.1. Dimensions
L
16
3200
hmin =
= 200 mm
16
Use h = 400 mm
hmin =

Effective depth and width :

d = h cc sb

2
14
= 400 20 10 = 363 mm
2
2h 400
2 x 400
h
<b<
<b<
= (133.3 mm p b p 266.7 mm )
3 3
3
3
Ue b = 200 mm

V.2. Loads Acting on Beam

Reactions of R. slab and landing:
Own Weight
Weight of wall
Total dead load:

= 42.7 kN / m
0.2 0.4 24 = 1.92 kN / m
= 7.5 kN / m
=52.12 kN/m

V.3 Structural Analysis for Beam

Yassin S. Sallam

188

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

- Reaction:
R=

U l 52.12 x3.2
=
= 83.39 kN
2
2

52.12 N/m

- Moments:
M =

U l 2 52.12(3.2) 2
=
= 66.72 kN .m
24
24

3.2 m

- Diagrams:

66.72
83.39

83.39

Figure (7.11): Structural Analysis of Emergency Stair Beam

V.4. Structural Design

d = 400 20 10 7 = 363 mm
66.12
Mn =
= 73.47 kN .m / m
0.9
Area of steel:
fy
400
m=
=
= 18.81
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 25
M
88
Rn = n2 =
= 2.94
bd
1000 x0.200 x(0.363) 2

=
=

1
m

2 mR n
1 1
fy

2 x18 . 81 x 2 . 94
1 1
400

= 0 . 009

1
18 . 81

Check
min =

1.4
= 0.0035
fy

Yassin S. Sallam

189

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

25 600

= 0.02
400 600 + 400

min = 0.0035 < = 0.0079 < max = 0.02

As = .b . d = 0.0079 200 x363 = 573.54 mm 2
Number of bars:
(14) 2
Ab =
= 153.9 mm 2
4
573.54
n=
= 3 .7 4
153.9
Use 4 14 mm / m'
Spacing:
b 2cc 2 sb nb
S=
n 1
200 2 x 25 2 x10 4 x14
S=
= 24.7 mm
3
S=25 mm

max = 0.750.85 0.85

Yassin S. Sallam

190

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

VI. STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

16 @ 280 mm
16 @250 mmC/C

+3.06
+3.5

1016
@@
330
150mm
mmC/C

16 @ 16
250
mmmmC/C
@250

106mm
mm

+1.97

4 14
14mm
mm

Stair beam

10
6@@
25m200
m mm
1016@@375
125
mm
mm

+ 0.44
+0.44

10 @ 400 mm

Figure (7.12): Details of Emergency Reinforcement Stairs

Yassin S. Sallam

191

Building Structure