ORIGIN OF OIL AND GAS

SOURCE ROCK
CONDITIONS FOR OIL GENERATION
ORGANIC MATTER BURIED UNDER
SEDIMENTS
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE FOR
COOKING OIL
MIGRATIONOF OIL TO TRAP
(RESERVOIR)

A ROCK WITH
POROSITY TO
ACCOMMADATE
FLUIDS
(SST/SILT.ST/LIME ST)

PERMEABILITY
FOR MOVEMENT
OF FLUIDS

CAPROCK OVER THE

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
TO CAP THE FLIUDS
(SHALE /CLAY)

FLUIDS :
OIL.GAS AND
WATER

FORMATION
PRESSURE TO
LIFT THE
FLUIDS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS TO IDENTIFY

SEDIMENTARY BASINS
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC SURVEYS TO
GET THE THICKNESS OF SEDIMENTS
SEISMIC SURVEYS TO IDENTIFY
SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES/BASEMENT
GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS TO GET THE
INDICATIONS OF OIL GENERATION AND
ENTRAPMENT



ANTICLINES
SYNCLINES
FAULTS
FRACTURES IN INGENOUS ROCK AND
LIME STONE
SAND BARS
CHANNELS
FAN DEPOSITS IN DEEPWATER

SUBSURFACE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

FOLDS, FAULTS, CHANNELS ETC
LITHOLOGY AND APPR. DEPTHS
SUITABLE LOCATIONS FOR DRILLING AND
RELEASING A WELL FOR DRILLING

IN PUT FOR PREPARATION OF GEOTECHNICAL

ORDER

GTO IS A WORKING PLAN WHICH DIPICTS INPUTS AND

OBJECTIVE OF THE WELL
INPUTS
- SEISMIC INTERPRETED RESULTS INDICATE
STRATI/SEDIMENTILOGICAL UNITS
- EXPECTED LITHOLOGY
- THICKNESS
- OBJECTIVE LITHO UNITS
- TARGET DEPTH
- EXPECTED PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES
- TYPE OF RIG TO DEPLOY
- BIT SIZES
- CASING PLAN
- MUD PARAMETERS
contd

- WELL LOOGING PROGRAMME

- CEMENTING PLAN
- CORING PLAN
- TESTING PLAN
- RESERVOIR STUDY
OBJECTIVE
TO FULLFIL THE GEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE
OF THE WELL SET BY EXPLORATION GROUP WITHIN
THE SCHEDULED TIME WITHOUT COMPLICATIONS



DRILLING A WELL IS VERY COSTLY AFFAIR

OFF-SHORE WELL IS APPR. 3-4 TIMES COSTLIER THAN ONLAND WELL.
LIMITATIONS FOR OFF-SHORE WELL
- LOGISTICS
- LIMITED PERSONNEL
- ISOLATED LOCATION
WELL PLAN :
- TYPE OF BITS AND SIZES
- CASINF PLOICY
- MUD SYSTEM
- CEMENTATION
- WELL COMPLETION



BIT SIZE AND BOREHOLE SIZE

TYPE OF MUD
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
BOREHOLE ANGLE (TVD)
RESISTIVITY OF DRILLING FLUID
TIGHT SPOTS IN THE WELL

TO ESTABLISH A WELL AS A HYDROCARBON

BEARING OR WATER BEARING,
WE NEED TO KNOW
FORMATION RESISTIVITY
FORMATION POROSITY
FORMATION WATER RESITIVITY TO MAKE USE
OF
ARCHIES EMPRICAL EQUATION
2

METHODS AND TOOLS

RIG
LOGGING UNIT
WELL

LOGGING TOOL

BORE HOLE ENVIRONMENT

Rig layout shown on right

is typical of a offshore or
Onshore Rig

16
9/26/2014

Initials

The offshore service unit

(OSU) is skid mounted

Unit is equipped with an
electronic acquisition
System.

OSU is designed to
operate as a standalone
unit capable of using
either rig or generator
supplied electricity.

Unit is part of the rig
systems and travels with
the rig from one well to
another.

Typical Schlumberger Offshore Skid Unit

17
9/26/2014

Initials

Data Acquisition
system is same as
offshore Logging
units
Unit is fixed with a
Truck
Same unit can be
used on different
rigs

18
9/26/2014

Initials

Standard Equipment: 2x Sheaves, Wireline Cable, Associated R/U Equipment

19
9/26/2014

Initials

7 46

Z V

XS 709023
Serial #

Insulation
# of
OD (in)
Conductors
Jacket
Armor
type

Standard Cables: 7-46ZV XS, 7-46P

High Temperature (400 degF): 7-46 A XS

High Temperature(>400 degf): 7-46 / 7-48 AKUS

High Strength: 7-48ZA XXS, 7-48A SUS, 7-48ZA US.

Standard Monocable: 2-23 ZT, 2-23 ZA XS

High strength monocable: 1-32ZA XS.

High Power Applications- 2-32ZT XS HPC.

H2S resistant cables: 2-23ZA HC, 2-32ZA HC, 2-23KA

MP

WELL LOG DATA ACQUISITION METHODS

APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS IN GEOLOGY
LOGGING TOOLS AND PRINCIPLES
METHODOLOGY OF ACQUISITION LOG DATA
DEVELOPMENT OF LOGGING TOOLS
SPECIAL LOGGING TOOLS AND UTILITY
NEW TECHNOLOGY /IMAGING TOOLS
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING (LWD)TOOLS
CASED HOLE LOGGING TOOLS
PERFORATION TECHNIQUES
TCP-DST PERFORATION
PRODUCTION LOGGING
PRODUCTION LOGGING TOOLS

SPECIAL LOOGING TOOLS DATA

INTERPRETATION
1 FORMATION TESTER
2 DIPMETER
3 FORMATION MICRO IMAGER
4 DIPOLE SONIC IMAGER
5 NMR /CMR TOOL
6 ECS TOOL

WELLLOG DATA PROCESSING AND

INTERPRETATION
LOG DATA QUALITY CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL CORRECTIONS
PREPARATION OF DATA
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
PROCESSING METHODS
PROCESSING SOFTWARES
INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
RESERVOIRCHARACTIRISATION
RESERVES ESTIMATION



Rock typing
Fluid content and quantification
Identification of geological environment
Reservoir fluid contact location
Fracture detection
Estimate of hydrocarbon in place
Estimate of recoverable hydrocarbon
Determination of water salinity
Reservoir pressure determination
Porosity/pore size distribution determination
Water flood feasibility
Reservoir quality mapping
Interzone fluid communication probability
Reservoir fluid movement monitoring



The Geologist:
The Geologist may ask:
'' What depths are the formation tops?
'' Is the environment suitable for accumulation of Hydrocarbons?
'' Is there evidence of Hydrocarbon in this well?
'' What type of Hydrocarbon?
'' Are Hydrocarbons present in commercial quantities?
'' How good a well is it?
'' What are the reserves?
'' Could the formation be commercial in an offset well?
The Geophysicist:
As a Geophysicist what do you look for?
'' Are the tops occur where you predicted?
'' Are the potential zones porous as you have assumed from
seismic data?
'' What does a synthetic seismic section show?



The Drilling Engineer:

" What is the hole volume for cementing?
" Are there any Key-Seats or severe Dog-legs in the well?
" Where can you get a good packer seat for testing?
" Where is the best place to set a Whipstock?
The Reservoir Engineer:
The Reservoir Engineer needs to know:
" How thick is the pay zone?
" How Homogeneous is the section?
" What is the volume of Hydrocarbon per cubic metre?
" Will the well pay-out?
" How long will it take?
The Production Engineer:
The Production Engineer is more concerned with:
" Where should the well be completed (in what zone(s))?
" What kind of production rate can be expected?
" Will there be any water production?
" How should the well be completed?
" Is the potential pay zone hydraulically isolated



well
Subsurface

Logging sonde

The process of
logging involves a
number of
elements,
Currently,
over fifty different
types of these
logging tools exist
in order to meet
various
information
needs and
functions.



CONDUCTIVITY
BULK DENSITY
RADIOACTIVITY
ELASTICITY (ACOUSTIC)
MAGNETIC
DIELECTRIC
DIAMETER
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
POROSITY
PERMEABILITY
FLUID CONTENT ---- ETC



OPEN HOLE WIRELINE LOGGING

CASED HOLE WIRELINE LOGGING
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
PRODUCTION LOGGING
In recent past, LWD has changed the logging
operations scenario.



RESISTYVITY OF FORMATIONS ( ELECTRICAL)

SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP LOG)
BORE HOLE SIZE
( CALIPER LOG)
RADIO ACTIVITY
( GAMMA RAY, NGS)
BULK DENSITY
(DENSITY LOG)
TOTAL POROSITY
( NEUTRON LOG)
ACOUSTIC
( SONICLOG)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ( NMR/CMR
LOGGING)
FORMATION PRESSURE ( MDT/RCI
LOGGING)
TEMPERATURE
( THERMO LOG)

DEEP RESISTIVITY LOG ( FOCUSED&

INDUCTION)
MEDIUM RESISTIVITY
MICRO RESISTIVITY
ARRAY INDUCTION
AZIMUTHAL RESISTIVITY
FORMATION MICRO SCANNER/IMAGING

Typical formations
Clay/shale 210

Material Resistivity (ohm-m) Marble 5 107 109

Quartz 1012 3 1014
Petroleum 2 1014
Distilled water 2 1014
Saltwater sand 0.510
Saltwater (15C):
2 kppm
3.4
10
0.72

Oil sand 5103

Tight limestone 103



The familiar expression of Ohms law:

V=IR
If the resistance of the sample is
measured, the resistivity can be obtained
from the relation:
= R A/l

BASIC RESISTIVITY DEVICE ( SHORT

NORMAL) IS HAVING A CURRENT
ELECTRODE A THROUGH WHICH LOW
FREQUENCY CURRENT PASSES TO
FORMATION THROUGH MUD IN THE
BORE HOLE. A MEASURING ELECTRODE
M IS 16 INCH AWAY FROM CURRENT
ELECTRODE MEASURES THE POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN M AND
ANOTHER ELECTRODE N AT SURFACE

CURRENT LINES PASS THROUGH

CONDUCTIVE MUD CAUSES THE
RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT MAY NOT
REFLECT THE ACTUAL FORMATION
RESISTIVITY
AGAINST A RESISTIVE BED THE CURRENT
LINES ARE FORCED TO FLOW THROUGH
MUD AND LESS RESISTIVE ADJACENT BED
WHICH CAUSES THE RESISTIVITY TO
READ LOWER THAN THE TRUE
RESISTIVITY OF THE BED.

RESISTIVITY MEASUREMET IS EFFECTED BY

BOREHOLE DIAMETER AND MUD RESISTIVITY
RESISTIVITY OF SHORT NORMAL TOOL IS
EXPRESSED AS BELOW

TO GET THE NEARER TRUE RESISTIVITY OF

FORMATION, BOREHOLE CORRECTION
CHART IS APPLIED

THIS TOOL IS SIMILAR TO NORMAL TOOL BUT HERE TWO

POTENTIAL ELECTRODES (M&N )ARE PRESENT ON THE
TOOL IT SELF

THEPOTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE

ELECTRODES IS A MEASURE OF RESISTIVITY BETWEEN
THE ELECTRODES O IS THE MID POINT OF M&N AND AO
IS SPACING

RUSSIAN TOOLS USED THIS CONFIGURA-TION IN

DEVELOPING LATERAL TOOLS WITH DIFFERENT
SPACINGS 0.5M ,1.0M, 2.0M AND 2.0M INVERSE .

THIS COFIGURATIONS MADE EASY TO MEASURE 5

LATERAL AND A NORMAL LOG TO GET RESISTIVITY AT
DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF INVESTIGATION.

NORMAL AND LATRAL LOGS FAIL TO

READ RESISTIVITY OF HIGH RESITIVE BEDS
AS CURRENT LINES TAKE LESS RESISTIVE
PATH THROUGH MUD AND ADJACENT
LESS RESITIVE BEDS
IF CURRENT LINES ARE FORCED TO PASS
THROUGH RESISTIVE BED, THEN THE
RESPONSE RECORDED BY THE TOOL IS
THAT OF RESISTIVE BED
THIS TYPE OF ARRANGEMENT IS KNOWN
AS LATERO LOG TOOL

THERE ARE THREE CURRENT ELECTRODES

Ao A1 & A1. THIS TYPE OF ARRANGEMENT IS KNOWN
AS LATERO-3 TOOL (LL3). A1 & A1
HELD CONSTANT AT SAME POTENTIAL AS THAT OF Ao
AS CURRENT CANNOT FLOW IF THERE IS NO
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, THE CURRENT CAN NOT
FLOW VERTICALLY AND FORCED TO FLOW
HORIZONTALLY AND THUS PASSES THROUGH
RESISTIVE BED
CURRENT PASSING THROUGH A1 & A1 ELECTRODES IS
KNOWN AS BUCKING CURRENT WHICH ADJUSTS THE
CURRENT OF Ao SO AS TO MAINTAIN SAME
POTENTIALS ALL CURRENT ELECTODES

SPHERICAL FOCUSSING IS OBTAINED BY

INTRODUCING TWO PAIRS OF
MONITORING ELECTRODES M1 M1 &
M2 M2 AND MAINTAIN ZERO
POTENTIAL BETWEEN THEM BY CENTRAL
ELECTRODE AO AND BUCKING
ELECTRODES A1 & A1. THE CURRENT
LINES CAN NOT CROSS M1 M1 & M2 M2
AND TAKE SPHERICAL SHAPE TO READ
SHALLOW RESISTIVITY

DUAL LATERO LOG IS THE COMBINED

ARRANGEMENT OF LL-3 AND LL-7 TOOLS WHICH
CAN ALTERNATIVELY BECOME LATERO LOG TOOL
AND SPHERICALLY FOCUSSED TOOLS BY ADJUSTING
THE CURRENT ELECTRODES , BUCKING ELECTRODES
AND MEASURING ELECTRODES CONFIGURATION.
THUS THIS TOOLS CAN MEASURE DEEP (LLD) AND
SHALLOW RESISTIVITY (LLS) MEASUREMENTS
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
RESISTIVITY OF MUD (Rm) AND BOREHOLE
DIAMETER HAS SOME INFLUENCE ON THESE
MEASUREMENTS . HENCE TO GET CORRECTED
RESISTIVITY CORRECTION CHARTS ARE
INCORPORATED TO GET CORRECT RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMETS

HIGH DEFINITION LATERAL TOOL HAS A

SINGLE CURRENT ELECTRODE AND 19
ELECTRODES ABOVE AND BELOW. THE
TOOL RECORDS 8 NORMAL AND 16
LATERAL MEASUREMENTS. BUT THIS
TOOL HAS DISADVANTAGES SUCH AS
SHOULDER BED AND BORE HOLE
EFFECTS AS IT MEASURES NORMAL AND
LATERAL RESISTIVITIES

MAKES 6 LL3 TYPE MEASUREMENTS FROM

ONE CENTRAL ELECTRODE AO AND SIX
MEASURING ELECTRODE ABOVE AND
BELOW.
MEASURES 6 DIFFERENT RESISTIVITIES OR
MODES BY USING THE 3 PAIR INNER
ELECTRODES AS BUCKING ELECTRODES AND
REMAINING 6 ELECTRODE AS RETURN
ELECTRODES.
WITH THIS COMBINATIONS 6 DEPTHS OF
INVESTIGATION FROM MUD TO DEEP
RESISTIVITY IS POSSIBLE.

MICRO RESISTIVITY TOOLS ARE DESIGNED

TO MEASURE THE FLUSHED ZONE
RESISTIVITY WHICH IS NEAR BOREHOLE
WALL.
TO ACHIEVE THIS, SHORT SPACING
BUTTON ELECTRODES ARE EMBEDDED
ON A PAD AND PRESSED AGAINST
BOREHOLE WALL FOR MEASURING VERY
SHALLOW RESISTIVITY

Rxo IS EFFECTED BY MUDCAKE

TO IMPROVE THE MEASUREMENT

FOCUSSED LATEROLOG PRINCIPLE IS
ADAPTED FOR MICRO RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENT

MUDCAKE CORRECTION CHART IS

USEFUL TO CORRECT MICRO RESITIVITY
MEASUREMENT

TO IDENTIFY PERMEABLE ZONES

TO CALCULATE FLUSHED ZONE WATER
SATURATION (Sxo)
TO FIND OUT THE MOVABILITY OF
HYDROCARBONS
TO IDENTIFY FRACTURES
TO CALCULATE Rw BY RATIO METHOD
Rxo/Rt = Rmf/Rw
TO ESTIMATE POROSITY Phi = (Rmf/Rxo)^1/2
.

CASED HOLE FORMATION RESISTIVITY

AZIMUTHAL RESISTIVITY

RESISTIVITY AT BIT (RAB) --- LWD TOOL

Conductive muds make good electrical contact

with formation

In oil base mud ( Non Conductive) and air filled

holes conventional resistivity devices do not
function

Induction Principle are used for developing

Induction tools for formation resistivity
measurement

BY PLACING THE RECEIVERS SUITABLY AND

SELECTING THE PROPER NUMBER OF TURNS
AND BY SUBTRATING THE RESPONSE OF R-2
FROM R-1 WILL ELIMINATE THE NEAR BORE
EFFECT

SIMILAR TYPE OF COIL ARRANGEMENT WILL

IMPROVE VERTICAL RESOLUTION OF THE
TOOL BY CHANGING THE SENSITIVITY OF
TOOL FOR LAYERS OF DIFFERENT
CONDUCTIVITY ABOVE AND BELOW
MEASURING RECEIVER COIL

INDUSTRY HAS BEEN USING A STANDARD INDUCTION TOOL KNOWN AS

6FF40

THIS TOOL IS HAVING 3 TRANSMITTER COILS AND 3 RECEIVER COILS FOR

RADIAL AND VERTICAL FOCUSSING
AND 40 IN DISTANCE FROM MAIN
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
SHOULDER AND SKIN EFFECT ARE REMOVED
BY APPLYING CORRECTIONS
THE RESULTING LOG IS KNOWN AS DEEP INDUCTION (ILD)
MEDIUM RESISTIVITY (ILM) IS RECORDED BY THE USE OF TWO
TRANSMITTERS AND THREE RECEIVER COILS
SHALLOW RESISTIVITY LOG IS PROVIDED BY USING MICRO RESISTIVITY TOOL
OR MSFL

The origins of the spontaneous

potential in wellbores involve both
electrochemical potentials and the
cat ion selectivity of shales.

SP = K log10 Rmf/Rw



SP MEASUREMENT IS MADE FROM TWO

ELECTRODES
ONE ELECTRODE IS FIXED ON THE BRIDLE OF
LOGGING CABLE WHICH IS FEW FEET AWAY FROM
LOGGING MODULE
SECOND ELECTRODE IS AT SURFACE USUALLY KEPT
IN MUD PIT CALLED AS FISH
SP MEASUREMENT IS MADE IN mv
REFERENCE BASE LINE IS COMMONLY AGAINST
THICK SHALE BED IN THE VICINITY OF LOGGING
INTERVAL
SP DEFLECTION TOWARDS LEFT WRT SHALE BASE
LINE IS TERMED AS NEGATIVE SP AND DEFLECTION
TOWARDS RIGHT IS KNOWN AS POSITIVE SP

--- TO IDENTIFY SHALE AND NON SHALE

LITHO UNITS

--- TO IDENTIFY PERMEABLE ZONES

--- TO ESTIMATE FORMATION WATER

RESISTIVITY

--- TO IDENTIFY FRESH WATER ZONES

( RW > >Rmf)

BOREHOLE DIAMETER MEASUREMENT

HAS IMPORTANT ROLE IN LOGGING
OPERATIONS

DEPENDING ON BOREHOLE SIZE SOME

LOGS ARE AFFECTED .

FOR LOG QUALITY CHECK CALIPER LOG

IS ESSENTIAL

CALIPER TOOL MEASURES VARIATION IN

BOREHOLE DIAMETER , USING TWO OR
MORE ARTICULATED ARMS PUSHED
AGAINST BORE HOLE WALL TYPICALLY
CONNECTED TO A POTENTIOMETER
WHICH CAUSES THE RESISTANCE TO
CHANGE AS THE DIAMETER OF THE HOLE
CHANGES. THIS TOOL IS CALIBATRED
WITH STANDARD RINGS SO AS TO
CONVERT ELECTRCAL SIGNAL TO
DIAMETER VARIATION.

EFFECT OF
BOREHOLE SIZE

TO CHECK THE LOG QUALITY AGAINST CAVED

HOLES

TO APPLY EFFECT OF MUDCAKE THICKNESS ON LOGS

TO GET THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF BOREHOLE

TO CALCULATE BOREHOLE VOLUME FOR

CALCULATING CEMENT VOLUME

TO IDENTIFY PERMEABLE ZONES ALONG THE

BOREHOLE



--- GAMMA RAY

--- NEUTRON
--- ELECTRON DENSITY



IN RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS WE HAVE SEEN

RESPONSE OF FLUID CONTENT
NUCLEAR MEASUREMEMENTS RESPOND TO BOTH
MATRIX AND FLUID CONTENT OF THE MATRIX
THESE MEASUREMENTS EMPLOY BOTH GAMMARAYS
AND NEUTRONS FOR THESE MEASUREMENTS
THESE TWO TYPES OF RADIATIONS PENETRATE
THROUGH TOOL HOUSING AND EVEN CASING .
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS IS POSSIBLE WITH ONE OF
THE RADIATION MEASUREMENTS
ANOTHER APPLICATION OF RADIATION SEQUENCE
IS TO GET BULK DENSITY OF THE FORMATION
NEUTRONS ARE USED IN WELL LOGGING BECAUSE
OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF THEIR
INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER



WE KNOW THREE KINDS AF RADIATION ALPHA,

BETA AND GAMMA
ALPHA RADIATIONS CONSITS OF FAST MOVING He
ATOMS STRIPPED OF THEIR ELECTRON AND BETA
RADIATIONS CONSISTS OF ENERGETIC ELECTRONS
LOOSE THEIR ENERGY VERY QUICKLY BY PASSING ITS
ENERGY TO ELECTRONS ON THEIR WAY AND THEIR
PENETRATION IS VERY LIMITED AND HENCE THERE
IS IMPORTANCE IN WELL LOGGING APPLICATION.
GAMMA RAY RADIATION IS PACKETS OF
ELECTROMANGNETIC RADIATION ALSO REFERRED
TO AS PHOTONS HAVING MORE PENETRATION
PROPERTY AND THUS HAVING IMPORTANCE IN
WELL LOGGING APPLICATION.

IN RADIATION TOOL TECHNOLOGY, MAINLY

WE ARE INTERESTED IN GAMMARAYS AND
NEUTRON THEORIES TO DESIGN SOME OF
THE WELL LOGGING TOOLS .
1. GAMMARAYS ARE TYPICALLY USED TO
MEASURE BULK DENSITY SINCE THEIR
SCATTERING AND TRANSMISSION ARE
STRONGLY AFFECTED BY THE MATERIAL
PROPERTY
2. NEUTRONS ARE USED IN WELL LOGGING
BECAUSE OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES OF THEIR INTERACTION WITH
MEDIUM, INPARTICULAR THE AMOUNT OF
HYDROGEN PRESENT.

These electrical signals are counted as

pulses which is related to Gamma Ray
count

GAS DETECTORS : CONSISTS OF A METAL CYLINDER WITH

AN AXIAL WIRE PASSING THROUGH IT AND INSULATED
FROM IT. THE CYLINDER IS FILLED WITH GAS WHICH IS
NON CONDUCTIVE AND SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF VOLTS
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL IS MAINTAINED BETWEEN THE
WIRE AND THE CYLINDER. TO DETECT GAMMARAYS THE
GAS IS INTIALLY IONISED. THE MAIN DETECTION IS PHOTO
ELECTRIC ABSORPTION. FOR THE GAMMARAYS ABSORBED
. THERE IS POSSIBILTY TO EJECT ELECTRONS. THESE
ELECTRONS IN COLLISION WITH GAS PRODUCE
ADDITIONAL ELECTRONS AND A FRACTION OF
ELECTRONS COLLECTED AT CENTRAL WIRE PRODUCE A
VOLTAGE PULSE. THE PULSES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO
GAMMAY RAY COUNT

A SCINTILLATION DETECTOR IS A GAMMARAY DETECTOR

ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT AN ELECTRON IS PRODUCED IN
THE CRYSTAL THROUGH GAMMARAY INTERACTION
MECHANISMS. THE RELEASE OF ELECTRONS IS AMPLIFIED BY
THE PHOTOMULTIPLIER STRUCTURE IN TO A DETECTABLE
ELECTRICAL PULSE. THE OUTPUT PULSE HEIGHT CAN BE
RELATED TO TOTAL ENERGY DEPOSITED IN THE CRYSTAL BY
THE INITIAL ENERGETIC ELECTRON.THE MOST USED
SCINTILLATOR
IS SODIUM
IODIDE WITH THALLIUM IMPURITY
SCINTILLATION
DETECTOR

GAMMARAY TOOL RESPONDS TO

NATURAL GAMMA RADIATION IN THE
FORMATION. RADIO ACTIVE ISOTOPES IN
SHALES WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
CLAY MINERALS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
RADIATION
GR LOG WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN 1930
AND SINCE THEN THIS LOG HAS ITS OWN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN WELL LOGGING

GAMMARAY TOOL BASICALLY COUNTS THE

NUMBER OF GAMMARAYS THAT ARE EMITTED
FROM THE FORMATION AND REACHED THE
GAMMARAY DETECTOR.
TOOL CALIBRATION IS DONE AT BASE WITH
ATRIFICIAL SHALE WHICH EMITS CONTROLLED
GAMMARAYS
THESE COUNTS ARE COUNTED FOR ACERTAIN
TIME TO AVERAGE OUT THE STATISTICAL
VARIATIONS AND THEN CALIBRATED IN API
UNITS. THE SCALE TO COUNT GAMMARAY RAY
IS LENIAR FROM ZERO ON LEFT TO VARIABLE
ON RIGHT SCALE. IN COMMON IT IS FROM 0
100 API UNITS.

SINCE INCEPTION OF GAMMARAY TOOL IN

INDUSTRY, THIS TOOL OCCUPIED THE ROLE
OF ESSENTIAL TOOL LIST AND HAS BEEN
COUPLED WITH OTHER LOGGING TOOLS .
EVEN IN CASED HOLE LOGGING
OPERATIONS GAMMA RAY TOOL IS RUN
ALONG WITH CASEDHOLE LOGGING TOOLS
BECAUSE THE GAMMARAY COUNTS CAN BE
DECTECTED THROUGH CASING ALSO.
LWD LOGGING OPERATIONS ARE INITIATED
WITH THE USE OF GAMMARAY
MEASUREMENTS

GR

GR TOOL RESPONSE TO NATURAL

RADIOACTIVE EMMISSIONS IS SUFFERED
SOME EXTENT TO THE TYPE OF MUD AND
BORE HOLE SIZE
THE EMITTED GAMMARAYS HAVE TO PASS
THROUGH BOREHOLE FLUID WHICH MAY
ABSORB THE GAMMARAYS TO SOME EXTENT
BARIUM IN BARITE MUD IS GOOD ABSORBER
OF GAMMARAYS AND KCL MUD ACTS AS
SOURCE AND CONTRIBUTE UNWANTED
GAMMARAYS AND CAUSES A
COMPLICATION FOR GR LOG READING

TO IDENTIFY SHALE FROM NONSHALE

FORMATIONS

DEPTH TIEUP IN OPEN HOLE AND CASED

HOLE MEASUREMENTS

TO ESTIMATE VOLUME OF CLAY (VCl)

BASIC LOG FOR CORRELATION OF WELLS

--- GR RAY TOOL MEASURES TOTAL

NATURAL GAMMA RAY SIGNAL
--- GR RAY SPECTROMETRY TOOL RECORDS
THE GR RAY RESPONSE FROM THORIUM,
URANIUM AND POTASSIUM .
--- TOOL FILTERS ENERGY LEVELS OF
GAMMA RAY THAT PRODUCED FROM
TH,U,K TO PROVIDE SPECTRAL GR



--- POTASSIUM IS ABUNDANT IN

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. MEASURED IN
PERCENTAGE. HAVING ISOTOPE OF
1.46Mev.
--- THORIUM & URANIUM ARE LESS IN
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS . MEASURED IN
PPM. HAVING DIFERENT ISOTOPES
WITH DIFFERENT ENERGIES

POTASSIUM RICH MINERALS ARE

SYLVITE, GLASERITE, POLYHALITE ETC.

URANIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH

ORGANIC SHALES

THORIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY

MINERALS SUCH AS MONAZITE, ZIRCON



WHY WE NEED TO RECORD SPECTRAL

GAMMARAY ?
IN LIMESTONES URANIUM CONTENT MAY BE
HIGHER. BY SUBTRACTING URANIUM AND
PRESENTING GAMMARAY LOG AS CGR WILL
GIVE THE IDEA OF URANIUM ASSOCIATION
WITH LIMESTONE. OTHERWISE THIS WILL BE
ATTRIBUTED TO SHALE AND
MISINTERPRETATION MAY OCCUR.
THE FOLLOWING LOG CAN EXPLAIN THIS
PHENAMENON
SIMILARLY A SAND ZONE HAVING POTASSIUM
RICH MICA MIGHT INDICATE HIGH GR COUNTS
WHICH CAN BE INTERPRETED AS SHALE

SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY EMPLOY THE SAME BASIC

DETECTION SYSTEM
(The use of a scintillator device for gamma ray spectroscopy
implies that the output light pulse is related uniquely to the
incident gamma ray energy)
INSTEAD OF ONE ENERGY LEVEL AS IN GR IT ANALYSES
DIFFERENT ENERGY BINS BELONG TO K, Th & U
WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF SPECTROSCOPIC
GAMMARAY DETECTORS IT WAS NATURAL TO REFINE
GAMMARAY TOOL IOTO A DEVICE CAPABLE OF
DETERMINING THE ACTUAL CONCENTRATIONS THREE
COMPONENTS.
TOOL IS CALIBRATED FOR KNOWN K, Th & U
CONCENTRATIONS

EXTRACTING THREE ELEMENTS IS KNOWN AS WEIGHTED LEAST

SQUARE ANALYSIS

This matrice is solved for contribution of Th,U, K in each window

and finally seaprated for each
In modern tools with digitisation, 256 channels are used for recording
Spectral GR and separating the Th,U,K concentrations
Extracting the three elements is called WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARE
ANALYSIS.

SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY SEPARATES THE

RESPONSE FROM Th. U and K , THUS
DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT CLAY
MINERAL BY CROSS PLOTING TECHNIUE

BY STUDYING RATIOS OF Th, K & U

ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTS AND
ENVIRONMENT CAN BE IDENTIFIED.

BULK DENSITY OF A FORMATION IS THE

CUMMULATIVE AFFECT OF ROCK
MATRIX DENSITY, POROSITY AND FLUID
DENSITY

pf is fluid density ,pma is rock matrix density

Phi is porosity

3 TYPES OF GAMMARAY INTERACTIONS ARE OBSERVED

IN EARTH FORMATIONS

1. PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT

GR interaction with atom ejects an electron with less
than 100kev and is dependent on atomic number Z.
Hence related with lithology.
2. CROMPTON SCATTERING
This phenomenon is an important aspect in bulk
density measurement. Compton scattering involves
Gammaray and individual electron interaction. GR
Energy transferred to atom and the exited outer shell
electron is ejected. The count of such electrons (
electron density) is proportional to bulk density
3. PAIR PRODUCTION
In this case Gammaray interacts with electrical field
of nucleus and if energy level is 1.022 Mev the GR
disappears and an electron-positron pair is formed

AN IDEAL DEVICE CONSISTS A DETECTOR

AND SOURCE OF GAMMARAYS WHOSE
PRIMARY INTERACTION IS CROMPTON
SCATTERING AND A DETECTOR WHICH IS
SHIELDED FROM SOURCE GAMMARAYS
PU-BE RADIO ACTIVE SOURCE IS USED AS
SOURCE OF GAMMA RAYS
TO COMPENSATE MUD CAKE EFFECT DUAL
DETECTORS ARE EMPLOYED
(LS & SS)

DENSITY TOOL IS CALIBRATED FOR

LIMESTONE DENSITY.

ON SURFACE TOOL IS CALIBRATED WITH

ALUMINIUM BLOCK ( DENSITY OF
ALUMINIUM IS 2.7 gm/cc)
MAGNISIUM BLOCK TO VERIFY THE
READING OF MAGNISIUM DENSITY

> MUD CAKE BETWEEN FORMATION AND DENSITY TOOL

EFFECTS THE BULK DENSITY VALUE.

DEPENDING UPON THE DIFFERENTIAL DENSITY

CONTRAST BETWEEN FORMATION AND MUDCAKE THE
COUNT RATE ON LS & SS DETECTORS VARY.

FOR CORRECTING THE INTERVENING MUDCAKE EFFECT

THE APPARENT DENSITIES OF LONG AND SHORT
SPACING DETECTORS ( FROM A SERIES OF LAB
MEASUREMENTS WITH OUT MUDCAKE EFFECT, AN
ALGORITHM IS PREPARED FOR DETERMINING THE
CORRECTION

THE CORRECTION CHART PREPARED FROM

LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS HAS THE
SHAPE OF SPINE AND RIBS. THIS CHART IS
FAMOUS WITH THAT NAME.

THE SPINE IS THE LOCUS OF THE TWO

COUNTING RATESWITH OUT MUDCAKE AND
RIBS TRACE OUT THE COUNTING RATES AT
A FIXED FORMATION DENSITY FOR THE
PRESENCE OF INTERVENING MUD CAKE.

AS AN OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE THE SPINE& RIBS CHART IS

SIMPLIFIED AND CORRECTION IS INCORPORATED

DENSITY TOOL MEASURES Pe (Photo

Electric Absorption) WHICH CAN IDENTIFY
THE LITHOLOGY OF FORMATION
Pe = (Z/10) ^3.6
Z is atomic number

POROSITY IS AN ESSENTIAL PARAMETER FOR

CALCULATION OF Sw (Water Saturation)
FROM BULK DENSITY WE CAN GET POROSITY
OF FORMATION
BY COMBINING DENSITY-NEUTRON LOGS ON
COMPATIBLE SCALE , LITHOLOGY, GAS
PRESENCE CAN BE IDENTIFIED
TO IDENTIFY ABNORMAL PRESSURE ZONE
FROM DENSITY VS DEPTH PLOT
FROM DENSITY AND SONIC LOG ACOUSTIC
IMPEDENCE CAN BE ESTIMATED

NEUTRON TOOL USE RADIO ACTIVE

SOURCE

INDUCED NEUTRON REACTS WITH

FORMATION HYDROGEN ATOM TO
PRODUCE DIFFERENT ENERGY LEVEL
GAMMA RAYS

FIRST NEUTRON POROSITY DEVICE EMPLOYED A SINGLE

DETECTOR IN A SKID APPLIED MECHANICALLY AGAINST
THE BORE HOLE. THIS SIDEWALL EPITHERMAL NEUTRON
TOOL HAD THE ADVANTAGE OF REDUCING BORE HOLE
EFFECTS. BUT COULD BE DISTURBED BY THE PRESENCE OF
MUDCAKE BETWEEN THE PAD AND THE BOREHOLE WALL.

TO COMPENSATE THESE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

SECOND DETECTOR WAS EMPLOYED.TWO DETECTOR
TOOL USES THERMAL NEUTRONS TO DETECT AND THE
COUNTING RATE INCREASES. THIS RESULTS IN DECREASES
THE STATITICAL UNCERTAINITIES.

THE NEAR DETECTOR TO SOURCE IS USED TO PROVIDE

COMPENSATION FOR BOREHOLE EFFECTS

PU-BE or
AM-BE

HIGH ENERGY NEUTRONS FROM SOURCE

INTERACT WITH FORMATION TO PRODUCE
EPITHERMAL NEUTRONS /THERMAL NEUTRONS
WHICH ARE DETECTED BY FAR AND NEAR
DETECTORS
AS HYDROGEN HAS MORE SCATTERING CROSS
SECTION AND MASS EQUIVALENT TO NEUTRON
THE INTERACTION IS DUE TO HYDROGEN
CONTENT IN THE FORMATION TO REACH
EPITHERMAL OR THERMAL ENERGY LEVEL
NEUTRONS TO CAPTURE BY THE DETECTOR. AS
THE FORMATION PORES ARE FILLED WITH
WATER OR HYDROCARBONS , THE COUNT OF
EPITHERMAL/THERMAL NEUTRONS IS A
FUNCTION OF FORMATION POROSITY

NEUTRON TOOLS ARE CALIBRATED IN

HOUSTON IN WELL WHERE LIME STONE
WITH KNOWN POROSITY IS
PRESENT.MASTER CALIBRATION IS DONE
IN THE WELL AND VERIFIED WITH
SANADSTONE AND DOLOMITE.

AT FIELD CALIBRATION BEFORE

LOWERING IN TO WELL A JIG AND
VERIFY THE NEAR AND FAR DETCTOR
PERFORMANCE.

BOREHOLE CORRCTION
> Due to presence of mud/ mud cake (hydrogen
content) the efficiency of tool decreses to detect
hydrogen content in the formation)
TEMP & PRESSURE EFFECT
> Both Temperature and pressure effect the
hydrogen density in the formation
SALINITY OF FORMATION WATER
> Salt in formation water effects the thermal
nuetron flux near detector and secondly reduces
hydrogen content by dissolution of salt

TOOL IS CALIBRATED FOR LIMESTONE

> It reads true porosity in limestone and apperent
porosity in SSt and dolomite which are to be
corrected
SHALE EFFECT
> Shale contains more hydrogen ( water) it shows
apparently high porosity. Shaly formation shows
more porosity. Correction is needed
GAS EFFECT
> In Gasfilled formation hydrogen content is less and
apparently device reads low porosity. This needs
to correct for gas effect to get true porosity

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY IF THE

TOOL CALIBRATION ENVIRONMENT AND
RECORDING ENVIRONMENT ARE NEARLY
SAME

NEUTRON-DENSITY LOG COMBINATION CAN

IDENTIFY LITHOLOGY AND GAS BEARING
FORMATION VISUALLY

NEUTRON LOGS CAN BE RECORDED IN

CASED HOLE AND USEFUL IN PRODUCTION
LOGGING APPLICATIONS

ACOUSTIC PRINCIPLE WAS INTIALLY USED IN

SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION.
TO GET THE DEPTH OF A REFLECTOR,
STARTED USING ACOUSTIC TOO L
( VELOCITY SURVEYS) IN A WELL
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN ACOUSTIC TOOL
MADE THE POSSIBILITY OF MEASURING
TRAVEL TIME IN A FORMATION AND INTURN
TO FIND THE POROSITY
DT = Phi*DTf +(1-Phi)DTma

ACOUSTIC LOGGING TOOL CONSISTS OF A

SOUND TRANSMITTER WITH FREQUENCY OF
20 KHz IN SHORT BURSTS AND RECEIVERS AT
FIXED DISTACE FROM TRASMITTER TO
MEASURE THE TRAVEL TIME OF
COMPRESSIONAL WAVE THROUGH
FORMATION NEAR BORE HOLE.

BASIC TOOL CONSISTS OF A TRANSMITTER

AND A RECEIVER

PRESENT DEVELOPED TOOL EMPLOYS TWO

TRANSMITTERS AND FOUR RECEIVERS

BASIC SONIC TOOL

BORE HOLE COMPENSATED SONIC TOOL

LrT -- R1 = 5ft
LrT --R3 = 3 ft

WHEN FIRST ARRIVAL RECHES RECEIVER ,

GATE IS CLOSED AND TRAVELTIME IS
RECORDED

TRAVEL TIME DT/FT =((T1-T3)+(T4-T2))/4

4-RECEIVER : 2-TRANSMITTER TOOL

COMPENSATES BOREHOLE EFFECT

TOOL DESIGN WITH SLOTTED HOUSING

MAKES THE SOUND WAVE TRAVEL TIME
THROUGH TOOL BODY TAKES MORE TIME
THAN FORMATION ARRIVAL

SONIC TOOLS MEASURE PRIMARY

POROSITIES ONLY. SECONDARY
POROSITIES ( VUGGS, FRACTURES AND
UNCOONECTED PORES) CAN NOT BE
RECOGNISED BY TOOL

GAS IN MUD CAUSES CYCLE SKIPPING

POROSITY CALCULTED FROM SONIC MAY

NOT BE TRUE POROSITY BECAUSE OF
RANGE OF VELOCITY FOR FORMATION



FORMATION TESTER :
--- FORMATION TESTER IS A LOOGING
TOOL WHICH CAN MEASURE
FORMATION PRESSURE AT DESIRED
DEPTHS AND COLLECT FLUID SAMPLE
FROM THE RESERVOIR
NAMES OF SOME TOOLS : RFT , MDT
SFT, RCI , FORMATION
TESTER

CBL-VDL

MY CONTACT NUMBER :
09869413716
Email address
:
krishna_kona@yahoo.com

THANK YOU