:


9KTGNGUU6TCPUOKUUKQPKP6WPPGNU

6DPLU)0DKPRXG
.XZDLW8QLYHUVLW\
.XZDLW


+PVTQFWEVKQP


6WXG\RIHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZDYHSURSDJDWLRQZLWKLQWXQQHOVZDVGULYHQLQWKHHDUO\VHYHQWLHV
E\WKHQHHGIRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQDPRQJZRUNHUVLQPLQHWXQQHOV6XFKWXQQHOVDUHIRXQGLQ
WKH IRUP RI D JULG RI FURVVLQJ WXQQHOV UXQQLQJ IRU VHYHUDO NLORPHWHUV ZKLFK FDOOHG IRU
UHOLDEOHPHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ6LQFHWKHQDJUHDWQXPEHURIFRQWULEXWLRQVKDYHDSSHDUHG
LQ WKH RSHQ OLWHUDWXUH VWXG\LQJ WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQ WXQQHOV 0XFK
H[SHULPHQWDO DQG WKHRUHWLFDO ZRUN ZDV GRQH LQ 86$ DQG (XURSH FRQFHUQLQJ WKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIZLUHOHVVDQGZLUHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWXQQHOV$W\SLFDOVWUDLJKWWXQQHOZLWK
FURVV VHFWLRQDO OLQHDU GLPHQVLRQV RI IHZ PHWHUV FDQ DFW DV D ZDYHJXLGH WR HOHFWURPDJQHWLF
ZDYHVDW8+)DQGWKHXSSHU9+)EDQGVLHDWZDYHOHQJWKVLQWKHUDQJHRIDIUDFWLRQRID
PHWHUWRIHZPHWHUV,QWKLVUDQJHDWXQQHOLVZLGHHQRXJKWRVXSSRUWIUHHSURSDJDWLRQRI
HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZDYHV KHQFH SURYLGHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RYHU UDQJHV RI XS WR VHYHUDO
NLORPHWHUV$WWKRVHKLJKIUHTXHQFLHVWKHWXQQHOZDOOVDFWDVJRRGGLHOHFWULFZLWKVPDOOORVV
WDQJHQW )RU H[DPSOH DW D IUHTXHQF\ RI  0+] WKH URFN\ ZDOO ZLWK  6LHPHQVP
FRQGXFWLYLW\ DQG UHODWLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ RI DERXW  KDV D ORVV WDQJHQW HTXDO WR 6RWKH
HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZDYH ORVVHV ZLOO EH FDXVHG PDLQO\ E\ UDGLDWLRQ RU UHIUDFWLRQ WKURXJK WKH
ZDOOVZLWKOLWWOHRUQHJOLJLEOHRKPLFORVVHVDVGHGXFHGE\*ODVHU
*RGGDUGSHUIRUPHGVRPHH[SHULPHQWVRQ8+)DQG9+)ZDYHSURSDJDWLRQLQPLQH
WXQQHOV LQ 86$ +LV ZRUN ZDV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH 7KUX(DUWK :RUNVKRS KHOG LQ *ROGHQ
&RORUDGR LQ $XJXVW  *RGGDUGV H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW VPDOO DWWHQXDWLRQ LV
DWWDLQHGLQWKH8+)EDQG+HDOVRPHDVXUHGZDYHORVVHVDURXQGFRUQHUVDQGGHWHFWHGKLJK
FRXSOLQJORVVEHWZHHQFURVVLQJWXQQHOV7KHWKHRU\RIPRGHSURSDJDWLRQRIHOHFWURPDJQHWLF
ZDYHVLQWXQQHOVRIUHFWDQJXODUFURVVVHFWLRQZDVUHSRUWHGE\(PVOLHHWDOLQWKHVDPH
ZRUNVKRSDQGODWHULQLQWKH,((($3MRXUQDO7KHLUSUHVHQWDWLRQH[WHQGHGWKHWKHRU\
JLYHQHDUOLHUE\0DUFDWHOOLDQG6FKPHOW]HUDQGKDYHVKRZQDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWKDW
WKH PRGDO DWWHQXDWLRQ GHFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH DSSOLHG IUHTXHQF\ VTXDUHG &KLED HW DO 
SUHVHQWHG H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV RQ WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ LQ D WXQQHO ZLWK D FURVV VHFWLRQ FORVH WR
FLUFXODUH[FHSWIRUDIODWEDVH7KH\KDYHVKRZQWKDWWKHPHDVXUHGDWWHQXDWLRQFORVHO\PDWFK
WKHWKHRUHWLFDODWWHQXDWLRQRIWKHGRPLQDQWPRGHVLQDFLUFXODUWXQQHORIHTXDOFURVVVHFWLRQ
0DKPRXGDQG:DLWDDSSOLHGJHRPHWULFDOUD\WKHRU\WRREWDLQWKHILHOGVRIDGLSROH
VRXUFH LQ D WXQQHO ZLWK UHFWDQJXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ RI OLQHDU GLPHQVLRQV RI VHYHUDO
ZDYHOHQJWKV 7KH VDPH DXWKRUV 0DKPRXG DQG :DLW E VWXGLHG WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ LQ D

www.intechopen.com

 
 
 

 

 

FXUYHG UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO VKRZLQJ D FRQVLGHUDEOH LQFUHDVH LQ DWWHQXDWLRQ GXH WR WKH
FXUYDWXUH
5HFHQWDGYDQFHVRQZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQJHQHUDOKDYHUHYLYHGLQWHUHVWLQFRQWLQXHG
VWXGLHV RI IUHH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF WUDQVPLVVLRQ LQ WXQQHOV 1RWDEOH FRQWULEXWLRQV KDYH EHHQ
PDGHE\'RQDOG'XGOH\LQ86$DQG3LHUUH'HJDXTXHLQ)UDQFHDQGWKHLUUHVHDUFKWHDPV
,Q WKH QH[W VHFWLRQV ZH UHYLHZ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO HDUO\ DQG UHFHQW VWXGLHV GRQH RQ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKLQWXQQHOV:HVWDUWE\UHYLHZLQJWKHPRGHWKHRU\RISURSDJDWLRQLQD
VWUDLJKWWXQQHOPRGHOZLWKDFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ:HREWDLQWKHSURSDJDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVRI
WKH LPSRUWDQW ORZHU RUGHU PRGHV LQ FORVHG IRUPV 6XFK PRGHV GRPLQDWH WKH WRWDO ILHOG DW
VXIILFLHQWO\ GLVWDQW SRLQWV IURP WKH VRXUFH :H IROORZ E\ UHYLHZLQJ PRGH SURSDJDWLRQ LQ
WXQQHOVZLWKUHFWDQJXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ7XQQHOVZLWKDUFKHGFURVVVHFWLRQVDUHWKHQWUHDWHG
DV SHUWXUEHG WXQQHO VKDSHV XVLQJ WKH SHUWXUEDWLRQ WKHRU\ WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WKHLU GRPLQDQW
PRGHV :H DOVR UHYLHZ VWXGLHV PDGH RQ ZDYH SURSDJDWLRQ LQ FXUYHG WXQQHOV DQG
SURSDJDWLRQ DURXQG FRUQHUV :H FRQFOXGH E\ FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ WKHRU\ DQG DYDLODEOH
H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV


6WPPGNYCNN%JCTCEVGTK\CVKQP


%HIRUHWUHDWLQJPRGDOSURSDJDWLRQLQWXQQHOVLWZLOOSURYHXVHIXOWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHWXQQHO
ZDOO DV FRQVWDQW LPSHGDQFH VXUIDFHV IRU WKH GRPLQDQW PRGHV RI SURSDJDWLRQ 7KLV LV
FRYHUHGLQGHWDLOLQ>0DKPRXGFKDSWHU@IRUSODQDUDQGF\OLQGULFDOJXLGHV+HUHZH
JLYH D VLPSOLILHG DUJXPHQW IRU DGRSWLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI FRQVWDQW LPSHGDQFH ZDOO %\ WKLV
WHUPZHPHDQWKDWWKHVXUIDFHLPSHGDQFHRIWKHZDOOLVDOPRVWLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHDQJOHRI
ZDYH LQFLGHQFH RQWR WKH ZDOO 6R OHW XV FRQVLGHU D SODQDU VXUIDFH VHSDUDWLQJ WKH WXQQHO
LQWHULRUDLUIURPWKHZDOOPHGLXPZLWKUHODWLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\HUDQGSHUPHDELOLW\PZKHUH
HU LV XVXDOO\ !! $W D JLYHQ DSSOLHG DQJXODU IUHTXHQF\ Z WKH EXON ZDYHQXPEHU LQ DLU LV
N Z PH   DQG LQ WKH ZDOO LV N N H U !! N  :H PD\ GHILQH WKUHH ULJKW KDQGHG
PXWXDOO\RUWKRJRQDOXQLWYHFWRUV Q  W ] ZKHUH W DQG ] DUHWDQJHQWLDOWRWKHDLUZDOOLQWHUIDFH
DQG Q LV QRUPDO WR WKH LQWHUIDFH DQG LV GLUHFWHG LQWR WKH ZDOO 1RZ FRQVLGHU D ZDYH WKDW
WUDYHOV DORQJ WKH LQWHUIDFH ZLWK GHSHQGHQFH H[S MZW  M E ]  LQ ERWK WKH DLU DQG ZDOO )RU
PRGHVZLWK E  N RQHKDV N  E   N DQGGHILQLWHO\ N  E   N  +HQFHWKHWUDQVYHUVH
ZDYHQXPEHU LQ WKH ZDOO DORQJ Q  NQ
NQ

N   E  FDQ EH ZHOO DSSUR[LPDWHG E\ WKH

N   N ZKLFKLVLQGHSHQGHQWRI E,IWKHZDYHLV7(QSRODUL]HGLHKDYLQJ]HUR(Q

DQGQRQ]HUR+QWKHVXUIDFHLPSHGDQFHRIWKHZDOOLVJLYHQE\
=V

(W  + ]

ZP  N   N

K  H U   






6LPLODUO\LIWKHZDYHLV70QSRODUL]HGWKHVXUIDFHDGPLWWDQFHRIWKHZDOOLV



<V

+ W  (]

ZH  N   N


ZKHUHKLVWKHZDYHLPSHGDQFHLQDLU S:

www.intechopen.com

H U  K H U    

 
  

7KH=VDQG<VLQDUHWKHFRQVWDQWLPSHGDQFHDGPLWWDQFHRIWKHZDOO:KHQWKHDLUZDOO

LQWHUIDFH LV RI F\OLQGULFDO VKDSH WKH VDPH =V DQG <V DSSO\ SURYLGHG WKDW
N   N   D !!  >0DKPRXG  ZKHUH D LV WKH F\OLQGHU UDGLXV 7KLV FRQGLWLRQ LV

VDWLVILHGLQPRVWWXQQHOVDWWKHRSHUDWLQJIUHTXHQFLHV

HUV

D
D



)LJ$FLUFXODUF\OLQGULFDOWXQQHORIUDGLXVDLQDKRVWPHGLXPRIUHODWLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\ HU
DQGFRQGXFWLYLW\V


/QFCNRTQRCICVKQPKPCVWPPGNYKVJCEKTEWNCTETQUU5GEVKQP


$Q HPSW\ WXQQHO ZLWK D FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ LV GHSLFWHG LQ )LJXUH  7KH VXUURXQGLQJ
PHGLXPKDVDUHODWLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\ HU DVVXPHG!!DQGFRQGXFWLYLW\ V6P7KHFLUFXODU
VKDSHDOORZVIRUULJRURXVWUHDWPHQWRIWKHIUHHSURSDJDWLQJPRGHV7KHPRGDOHTXDWLRQIRU
WKH YDULRXV SURSDJDWLQJ PRGHV ZDV GHULYHG E\ 6WUDWWRQ >@ DQG VROYHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\
IRU WKH PRGDO SKDVH DQG DWWHQXDWLRQ FRQVWDQWV RI WKH ORZ RUGHU PRGHV LQ 0DUFDWLOL DQG
6KPHOW]HU  *ODVLHU  DQG PRUH UHFHQWO\ E\ 0DKPRXG  ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ
ZH GHULYH PRGDO VROXWLRQV WKDW DUH TXLWH DFFXUDWH DV ORQJ DV WKH WXQQHO GLDPHWHU LV ODUJH
UHODWLYHWRWKHDSSOLHGZDYHOHQJWK8QGHUWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVWKHWXQQHOZDOOLVFKDUDFWHUL]HG
E\WKHFRQVWDQWVXUIDFHLPSHGDQFHDQGDGPLWWDQFHJLYHQLQ6SHFLDOL]HGWRWKHFLUFXODU
WXQQHOWKH\WDNHWKHIRUP



(I K = V + ] DQG K + I <V (]  

+HUH = V DQG <V  DUH QRUPDOL]HG LPSHGDQFH DQG DGPLWWDQFH UHODWLYH WR K DQG K
UHVSHFWLYHO\([SOLFLWO\






 = V



<V

www.intechopen.com

 H U    LV  ZH   




H U  LV  ZH    H U    LV  ZH   




D


E

 
 
 

 

 

%HFDXVH RI WKH LPSHUIHFWO\ UHIOHFWLQJ ZDOOV WKH DOORZHG PRGHV DUH JHQHUDOO\ K\EULG ZLWK
QRQ]HURORQJLWXGLQDOILHOGFRPSRQHQWV(]DQG+]0DKPRXGVHF7KXV



D



(] M- Q  N U U VLQ QI H[S   M E ]  



 K + ]

 M/ - Q N U U FRV PI H[S   M E ]  

E


ZKHUH / LV WKH PRGH K\EULG IDFWRU ELV WKH PRGH SURSDJDWLRQ IDFWRU - LV WKH %HVVHO
IXQFWLRQ RI ILUVW NLQG DQG Q LV DQ LQWHJHU  7KH WUDQVYHUVH ILHOGV (U  (I  + U  DQG + I 
DUH REWDLQDEOH LQ WHUPV RI WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO FRPSRQHQWV WKURXJK ZHOONQRZQ UHODWLRQV DV
JLYHQ LQ WKH $SSHQGL[ 7KH ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV DW WKH WXQQHO ZDOO U D UHTXLUH
WKDW (I K = V + ] DQG K + I <V (]  8VLQJ $  $ LQ WKH $SSHQGL[ DORQJ ZLWK  WKHVH
ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVUHDG




) X   M= VX   Y

 E Q  /N 

D

) X   M<V X   Y

 E Q/  N 

E




ZKHUH
X

N U D Y

N D

Y  X  E D   DQG
 
X - Qc X 
- Q  X   - Q  X 
)Q X 
{Q
- Q X 
- Q  X   - Q  X 





7KHSULPHGHQRWHVGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHDUJXPHQWDQGWKHODVWHTXDOLW\VWHPV
IURPLGHQWLWLHVLQ$

(TXDWLRQVOHDGWRWKHPRGDOHTXDWLRQIRUWKHSURSDJDWLRQIDFWRU EDQGWKHPRGHK\EULG
IDFWRU/1DPHO\



 )Q X   MX <V  Y )Q X   MX  = V  Y  Q   E  N    

D


/  / 

 M <V  = V X  N  QE Y 

E


6JGIU[OOGVTKEOQFGU
P
&RQVLGHULQJ ILUVW WKH IV\PPHWULF PRGHV ZH VHW Q  LQ  ZKLFK WKHQ UHGXFHV WR WZR
HTXDWLRQVIRUWKH70PDQG7(PPRGHVQDPHO\


) X  X- X   -  X   MX <V  Y 


D






www.intechopen.com

) X 

X- X   -  X 

 MX = V  Y 



E

 
  

"

)RU WKH ORZ RUGHU PRGHV ZKLFK DUH GRPLQDQW DW VXIILFLHQWO\ KLJK IUHTXHQFLHV XY 
KHQFHWKH5+6RIDEDUHDOVRDQGDQDSSUR[LPDWHVROXWLRQIRUWKHHLJHQYDOXHXLV

X P # [P   M<V  Y 







X P # [P   M= V  Y 




IRU 70P DQG 7(P UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,Q WKH DERYH [P LV WKH PWK URRW RI WKH %HVVHO IXQFWLRQ -
1RWHWKDWWKHVHFRQGRI\LHOGV / +] RULQILQLW\(] DVH[SHFWHGIRUWKH70DQG
Y   X  ZHFDQXVHWRJHWWKHFRPSOH[ EIDFWRU
7(PRGHVUHVSHFWLYHO\6LQFH E D
2ISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWDUHWKHPRGDODWWHQXDWLRQUDWHVZKLFKWDNHWKHIRUPV


[P

D P

N D

=
5H V 1HSHUP
<V




7KH7(PRGHVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK=VDQGWKH70PRGHVZLWK<V6LQFH = V  <V VHHLW
LVFOHDUWKDWWKH7(PRGHVKDYHFRQVLGHUDEO\OHVVDWWHQXDWLRQWKDQWKH70PRGHVLWLVOHVV
E\DOPRVWWKHIDFWRUHU


*[DTKF/QFGU
1H[WZHFRQVLGHUWKHFDVHQ!IRUWKHK\EULGPRGHV,QWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\UHJLPHDQGIRU
WKHORZRUGHUPRGHVZHXVHWKHIROORZLQJDSSUR[LPDWLRQVLQENaDQGXY
7KLVOHDGVWRWKHDSSUR[LPDWHVROXWLRQV






XQP [Q  P   M  = V  <V   Y 



DQG



[Q  P   M  = V  <V   Y 

XQP




7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PRGHV DUH GHVLJQDWHG DV +(QP DQG (+QP PRGHV UHVSHFWLYHO\
,QYHVWLJDWLQJWKHK\EULGIDFWRU/WKHVHFRQGRIHTQZHILQGWKDWLWDSSURDFKHVIRU+(
DQGIRU(+PRGHVLQWKHLQILQLWHIUHTXHQF\OLPLW7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHPRGHVDUHK\EULG
EDODQFHG PRGHV LQ WKLV OLPLW )XUWKHU GLVFXVVLRQV RQ WKHVH PRGHV DUH IRXQG LQ
0DKPRXG&KDS
Y   X  ZHREWDLQWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\PRGDO
8VLQJDORQJZLWKWKHUHODWLRQ E D
SURSDJDWLRQFRQVWDQW$JDLQWKHLPDJLQDU\SDUWRIEJLYHVWKHPRGHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHDD 
,PE7KHDSSUR[LPDWHPRGDODWWHQXDWLRQIDFWRUDIRUWKH+(QPPRGHVLV
[Q P


5H <V  = V  1HSHUP
D QP

N  D 


7KH DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWH IRU WKH RWKHU VHW RI PRGHV (+QP PRGHV LV WKH VDPH H[FHSW WKDW WKH
%HVVHOURRW[QPLVUHSODFHGE\[QP7KHDERYHIRUPXODHDQGVKRZWKDWWKHPRGDO
DWWHQXDWLRQLVLQYHUVHO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHIUHTXHQF\VTXDUHGDQGWKHUDGLXVFXEHG1RWH

www.intechopen.com

 
 
 

 

 

WKDWWKHVH)RUPXODHDUHUHVWULFWHGWRWKHORZHURUGHUPRGHVRIWKHWXQQHODWVXIILFLHQWO\KLJK
IUHTXHQFLHV

,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKHOHDVWDWWHQXDWHGPRGHRIWKH7(DQG70PRGHJURXSLVWKH7(PRGH
ZKLOH WKH OHDVW DWWHQXDWHG K\EULG PRGH LV WKH +( PRGH ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR FRPSDUH WKH
DWWHQXDWLRQUDWHVRIWKHVHWZRPRGHVQDPHO\WKH7(DQGWKH+(PRGH8VLQJDQG
ZHJHWWKHUDWLR


D7( 
D +(


[
 H
[
U







 H U  



HU  




ZKHUHZHKDYHQHJOHFWHGWKHHDUWKFRQGXFWLYLW\ VUHODWLYHWR ZH$VDQH[DPSOHIRUW\SLFDO
HDUWKZLWK HU WKHDERYHUDWLRDPRXQWVWRZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKH7(PRGHLVWKH
OHDVWDWWHQXDWHGPRGHLQDW\SLFDOFLUFXODUWXQQHO
,Q RUGHU WR FKHFN WKH DSSUR[LPDWH FORVHG IRUPV  IRU WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ IDFWRUV ZH
FRPSDUH WKHP ZLWK H[DFW UHVXOWV SUHVHQWHG UHFHQWO\ E\ 'XGOH\ DQG 0DKPRXG >@ LQ
7DEOH  7KH WDEOH OLVWV WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWHV RI VRPH RI WKH GRPLQDQW PRGHV LQ D FLUFXODU
WXQQHO RI  PHWHU UDGLXV DQG RXWHU PHGLXP KDYLQJ HU  DW  *+] ,W LV VHHQ WKDW WKH
SHUFHQWDJHHUURULVOHVVWKDQaIRUDOOWKHOLVWHGPRGHVH[FHSWWKH(+PRGH7KLVPRGH
UHTXLUHVDKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\IRUWKHDSSUR[LPDWHDWWHQXDWLRQWRKDYHDEHWWHUDFFXUDF\

0RGH ([DFW $SSUR[LPDWH (UURU
7(



7(



7(



+(



+(



+(



70 


(+




7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ([DFW>'XGOH\ 0DKPRXG@DQGDSSUR[LPDWH
DWWHQXDWLRQUDWHVLQG%PHWHUVDW*+]

([HUFLVH9HULI\WKHDSSUR[LPDWHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHVLQ7DEOH&ROXPQE\XVLQJIRU
WKH7(P70PPRGHVDQGIRUWKH+(QPPRGHV

([HUFLVH8VLQJDQ\URRWILQGLQJVRIWZDUHYHULI\WKHH[DFWDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHVLQFROXPQRI
7DEOH7RGRVR\RXQHHGWRVROYHWKHPRGDOHTXDWLRQIRUWKHFRPSOH[URRWVRIX<RX
FDQ XVH  RU  DV LQLWLDO JXHVV IRU X RI WKH 7(P 70P DQG +(QP PRGHV
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 2QFH \RX JHW X WKH FRPSOH[ E LV REWDLQHG IURP E D
Y   X   7KH PRGH
DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWH D LQ 1HSHUP LV WKH QHJDWLYH RI WKH LPDJLQDU\ SDUW RI E 7R FRQYHUW WR
G%PQRWHWKDW1HSHUP G%P

www.intechopen.com

 
  

'

/QFG'ZEKVCVKQP
,Q WKH DERYH ZH KDYH RUGHUHG WKH PRGHV LQ DVFHQGLQJ RUGHU RI WKHLU DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWHV
+RZHYHU WKH DFWXDO OHYHO RI WKH PRGHV DW D JLYHQ GLVWDQFH IURP WKH VRXUFH LV GHWHUPLQHG
DOVR E\ WKHLU H[FLWDWLRQ IDFWRU ZKLFK LQ WXUQ GHSHQGV RQ WKHLU ILHOG GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG WKH
VRXUFH W\SH ORFDWLRQ DQG RULHQWDWLRQ 7KH (ILHOG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH 7( DQG WKH +(
PRGHVZKLFKDUHWKHOHDVWDWWHQXDWHGPRGHVDUHVNHWFKHGLQ)LJXUH7KH7(PRGHKDVD
FLUFXPIHUHQWLDO (I ILHOG ZKLFK YDQLVKHV DW U  DQG LV TXLWH ZHDN DW WKH ZDOO U D EHLQJ
SURSRUWLRQDOWR-XUD,WIROORZVWKDWWKH7(PRGHFDQEHH[FLWHGE\DFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOO\
RULHQWHG OLQHDU GLSROH )RU RSWLPXP H[FLWDWLRQ WKH OLQHDU GLSROH VKRXOG QHLWKHU EH DW WKH
FHQWHURUYHU\FORVHWRWKHZDOO$OWHUQDWLYHO\WKH7(PRGHFDQDOVREHH[FLWHGE\DFXUUHQW
ORRSSODFHGLQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQSODQHQHDUWKHFHQWHURIWKHWXQQHO7KLVZLOOFRXSOHZLWK+]
ZKLFKLVPD[LPXPDWWKHWXQQHOFHQWHU'XGOH\KDVJLYHQULJRURXVWUHDWPHQWRI7(
PRGHVH[FLWDWLRQE\DORRSZKLFKLVORFDWHGFRD[LDOO\ZLWKWKHWXQQHO
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH +( PRGH LV DOPRVW OLQHDUO\ SRODUL]HG DV GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ WKH
$SSHQGL[ VHH HTXDWLRQ $ 6R WKLV PRGH LV RSWLPDOO\ H[FLWHG E\ D OLQHDU GLSROH FORVH WR
WKH FHQWHU RI WKH WXQQHO $ GHWDLOHG ULJRURXV WUHDWPHQW RI WKH +(QP PRGH H[FLWDWLRQ E\ D
OLQHDUGLSROHLVIRXQGLQ'XGOH\DQG0DKPRXG


$% &$ 



)LJ(ILHOGOLQHVRIWKHORZHVWRUGHUPRGHVLQDFLUFXODUWXQQHO

+HUHZHGHULYHDVLPSOHIRUPXODIRUWKHH[FLWDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWRIWKHSURSDJDWLQJPRGHVLQ
G
WKHWXQQHO7KHVRXUFHLVDVVXPHGWREHDVPDOOOLQHDUHOHFWULFGLSROHRIYHFWRUPRPHQW
3

$PSHUHPORFDWHGDWUILQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDWVD\] DQGRULHQWHGDORQJDQDUELWUDU\
G G
GLUHFWLRQLQWKHWUDQVYHUVHSODQH7KHWRWDOH[FLWHGILHOGV  (  +  DUHH[SUHVVHGDVDVXPRYHU
WKHQDWXUDOPRGHVLQWKHWXQQHOVR

G G
G G


( + 
$Ur HU  KU  H[S  B M E U ]   




G G
:KHUH HU  KU   U   DUHWKHQRUPDOPRGDOILHOGVRUGHUHGLQDQDUELWUDU\PDQQHU7KH$U
DUH WKH H[FLWDWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV 7KH  VLJQV FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH ILHOGV LQ WKH ]! DQG ]
UHVSHFWLYHO\7RWKHDERYHVXPZHVKRXOGDGGDFRQWLQXRXVRIZDYHVUHSUHVHQWLQJUDGLDWLRQ

www.intechopen.com

 
 
 

 

 

WKURXJK WKH VXUURXQGLQJ KRVW PHGLXP +RZHYHU WKLV LV QRUPDOO\ KHDYLO\ DWWHQXDWHG DV
GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ 'XGOH\ DQG 0DKPRXG  DQG KHQFH ZLOO EH RPLWWHG 7KH PRGH
H[FLWDWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV DUH GHWHUPLQHG EDVHG RQ WKH RUWKRJRQDOLW\ DPRQJ WKH PRGHV LQ D
WXQQHO ZLWK FRQVWDQW LPSHGDQFH ZDOOV 0DKPRXG  VHFWLRQ  DQG WKH ILHOG
GLVFRQWLQXLW\DWWKHVRXUFH6RZHJHW0DKPRXGVHFWLRQ


GG
 3 HU


 



$U $U



G G
 HU [KU ] GV

ZKHUHWKHLQWHJUDWLRQLVWDNHQRYHUWKHWXQQHOFURVVVHFWLRQERXQGHGE\WKHZDOOV


([HUFLVH  )RU HDFK RI WKH OLQHDU HOHFWULF GLSROHV

VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  ZKDW DUH WKH LPSRUWDQW H[FLWHG
PRGHV">+(IRUGLSROHVDQG%RWK+(DQG7(

PRGHVIRUGLSROHVDQG@




([HUFLVH  $SSO\  WR JHW WKH H[FLWDWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW
IRU WKH +(PRGH ZKHQ H[FLWHG E\ D XQLW \GLUHFWHG

G
GLSROH PRPHQW 3 \ ORFDWHG DW WKH FHQWHU RI WKH
G G
WXQQHO U  1RWH WKDW HW  KW  DUH JLYHQ E\ HTXDWLRQV
)LJ
$$ LQ WKH $SSHQGL[ 7R VLPSOLI\ WKH SUREOHP
DVVXPH WKDW WKH IUHTXHQF\ LV KLJK HQRXJK VR WKDW E # N DQG / #   )LQG WKH SRZHU
ODXQFKHGLQWKH+(PRGH


#TGEVCPIWNCTVWPPGN


0RGDO SURSDJDWLRQ LQ UHFWDQJXODU ZDYHJXLGHV ZLWK LPSHUIHFWO\ FRQGXFWLQJ ZDOOV LV
FRQVLGHUHGWREHDQLQWUDFWDEOHSUREOHPLQZDYHJXLGHWKHRU\,QIDFWDVLQGLFDWHGE\:DLW
 ORQJ WLPH DJR WKHUH LV D IXQGDPHQWDO GLIILFXOW\ ZLWK PRGH DQDO\VLV LQ F\OLQGULFDO
ZDYHJXLGHV ZLWK ILQLWH LPSHGDQFH ZDOOV DQG FURVVVHFWLRQV RWKHU WKDQ FLUFXODU ,Q VXFK
ZDYHJXLGHV D QDWXUDO PRGH GRHV QRW WDNH WKH IRUP RI D ZDYH ZLWK D VLQJOH WUDQVYHUVH
ZDYHQXPEHU DV LV WKH FDVH ZLWK ZDYHJXLGHV ZLWK SHUIHFWO\ UHIOHFWLQJ ZDOOV ,Q FRQWUDVW D
ZDYHJXLGHPRGHLVJHQHUDOO\FRPSRVHGRIDZHLJKWHGVXPRIHOHPHQWDU\ZDYHVKDYLQJD
VLQJOH WUDQVYHUVH ZDYHQXPEHU HDFK $ FRPSUHKHQVLYH GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ LV
UHYLHZHGE\0DKPRXGVHFLQUHODWLRQWRHOOLSWLFDODQGUHFWDQJXODUZDYHJXLGHV
+RZHYHUVLPSOHEXWDSSUR[LPDWHPRGDOVROXWLRQVYDOLGLQWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\UHJLPHKDYH
EHHQREWDLQHGE\VHYHUDODXWKRUV0DUFDWLOL 6FPHOW]HUREWDLQWKH[DQG\WUDQVYHUVH
ZDYHQXPEHUDSSUR[LPDWHO\E\WUHDWLQJWKHUHFWDQJXODUZDYHJXLGHDVWZRSDUDOOHOSODWHVLQ
WKH \ DQG [ GLUHFWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\ $QGHUVHQ HW DO  GHULYH DQ DSUSUR[LPDWH PRGDO
HTXDWLRQIRUWKHWUDQVYHUVHZDYHQXPEHUE\FRQVLGHULQJWKHPRGHWREHFRPSRVHGRIIRXU
FURVVLQJSODQHZDYHVLQWHUFRQQHFWHGDWWKHWXQQHOZDOOVE\UHIOHFWLRQPDWULFHV7KHPHWKRG
DFFRXQWV IRU WKH FRXSOLQJ EHWZHHQ KRUL]RQWDO DQG YHUWLFDO SRODUL]DWLRQV XSRQ UHIOHFWLRQ

www.intechopen.com

 
  

:DLW>@DQG0DKPRXG>VHF@REWDLQDQDSSUR[LPDWH70W\SHPRGDOVROXWLRQ
EDVHG RQ WKH QHJOHFW RI RQH ZHDN ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ ZH RXWOLQH WKLV
IRUPXODWLRQ
6R FRQVLGHU D UHFWDQJXODU JXLGH RI ZLGWK Z DQG KHLJKW K DQG RXWHU PHGLXP RI FRPSOH[
UHODWLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ HF  HULVZH DV GHSLFWHG LQ )LJXUH  7KH ZDOOV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\
FRQVWDQWLPSHGDQFHDQGDGPLWWDQFH = V  <V DVJLYHQE\)RUD70\PRGHRUDYHUWLFDOO\
SRODUL]HGPRGH([ DQG(\PD\EHJLYHQIRUDQHYHQPRGHE\

( \ FRVN \ \  FRVN [ [H[S M E ]  



HUV



*

)


)LJ$UHFWDQJXODUWXQQHOLQDKRVWPHGLXP

,Q WKH DERYH N \  N [

N  E   %HFDXVH WKH JXLGH LV RYHUVL]HG UHODWLYH WR WKH ZDYHOHQJWK

ERWKN[DQGN\DUHNDQG EIRUWKHORZRUGHUPRGHV7KH(]FRPSRQHQWLVREWDLQHGIURP
G
WKHGLYHUJHQFHHTXDWLRQ (  KHQFH

M E ( ] w( \  w\  




ZKLFKVKRZVWKDW(]LVRIILUVWRUGHUVPDOOQHVVUHODWLYHWR(\7KHPDJQHWLFILHOGFRPSRQHQWV
DUHREWDLQHGDV
K + [  E ( \  N K + \ |  DQG K + ] Mw( \  Nw[ 



ZKHUH WHUPV RI VHFRQG RUGHU VPDOOQHVV KDYH EHHQ QHJOHFWHG VXFK DV N [ N \  N  1RZ WKH
ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQDW\ KUHTXLUHVWKDW K + [  ( ]  _ \


www.intechopen.com

rE

r<V ZKLFKUHGXFHVWR

%

 
 
 

 

 

MN K  <V  

N \ K WDQ N \ K  




7KLVLVDQHTXDWLRQIRUWKH\ZDYHQXPEHUDQGLWVVROXWLRQOHDGVWRDVHWRIHLJHQYDOXHVN\Q
Q 1RZZHFRQVLGHUWKHVLGHZDOOVDW[ Z7KHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDWWKHVHWZR
ZDOOVDUH



( \ rK = V + ]  





K + \

B<V (] 




8VLQJDQGLQOHDGVWRDPRGDOHTXDWLRQIRUN[



N [ Z WDQN [ Z  

MN Z  = V  




6RLVDQHTXDWLRQIRUN[ZKRVHVROXWLRQOHDGVWRDVHWRIHLJHQYDOXHVN[P7KLVFRPSOHWHV
WKH PRGDO VROXWLRQ H[FHSW WKDW ZH KDYH QRW VDWLVILHG ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ  )RUWXQDWHO\
KRZHYHU +\LV RI VHFRQG RUGHU VPDOOQHVV IRU WKHORZHU RUGHU PRGHV KHQFH WKLV ERXQGDU\
FRQGLWLRQFDQEHVDIHO\QHJOHFWHG
$SSUR[LPDWH VROXWLRQV RI  DQG  IRU N\Q DQG N[P LQ WKH KLJK IUHTXHQF\ UHJLPH
 N K !! <V  N Z !! = V DUH


N \Q K

Q S >  M <V  N K@

N [P Z

P S >  M = V  N Z@

, 




ZKHUHPDQG Q DUHRGGLQWHJHUVIRUWKHHYHQPRGHVFRQVLGHUHG7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ
PRGHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHLVHDVLO\REWDLQHGDV 

D 93PQ S  Q  5H<V   N K  S  P  5H = V   N Z 1HSHUP



7KH DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWH RI WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ KRUL]RQWDOO\ SRODUL]HG PRGH PD\ EH REWDLQHG
IURPE\H[FKDQJLQJZDQGK6R


D +3PQ S  Q  5H<V   N Z  S  P  5H = V   N K 1HSHUP



7KHVHIRUPXODVDJUHHZLWKWKRVHGHULYHGE\(PVOLHHWDO,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWOLNH
WKHFLUFXODUWXQQHOWKHDWWHQXDWLRQRIWKHGRPLQDQWPRGHVLVLQYHUVHO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKH
IUHTXHQF\VTXDUHGDQGWKHOLQHDUGLPHQVLRQVFXEHG&RPSDULQJDQGZHLQIHUWKDW
WKH YHUWLFDOO\ SRODUL]HG PRGH VXIIHUV KLJKHU DWWHQXDWLRQ WKDQ WKH KRUL]RQWDOO\ SRODUL]HG
PRGH IRU Z!K 7KXV IRU D UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO ZLWK Z!K WKH ILUVW KRUL]RQWDOO\ SRODUL]HG
PRGH70[LVWKHORZHVWDWWHQXDWHGPRGH
([HUFLVH  8VH  WR GHULYH  ,Q GRLQJ VR QRWH WKDW


  


 ,P>N  N [P
 N \Q
 N \Q
 @ #  N  ,P>N [P
@ 7KLVRIFRXUVHLVYDOLGRQO\IRUORZRUGHU

PRGHV VXFK WKDW PS  Z DQG QS  K DUH  N  &RPSXWH WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWH RI WKH 70\ DQG
70[PRGHVLQDWXQQHOKDYLQJZ K PHWHUVDW*+]7DNH HU DQG V >DQG
G%P@

www.intechopen.com

 
  




:HFDQLQIHUIURPWKHDERYHGLVFXVVLRQWKDWWKHDWWHQXDWLRQFDXVHGE\WKHZDOOVZKLFKDUH
SHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHPDMRUHOHFWULFILHOGLVPXFKKLJKHUWKDQWKDWFRQWULEXWHGE\WKHZDOOV
SDUDOOHOWRWKHHOHFWULFILHOG




6ROLG&XUYHV([DFW


'DVKHGFXUYHV$SSUR[LPDWH


9HUWLFDO

G%P






+RUL]RQWDO












)UHTXHQF\0+]

)LJ  $WWHQXDWLRQ UDWHV LQ G%P RI 93 DQG +3 PRGHV ZLWK P Q  LQ D UHFWDQJXODU
WXQQHORIGLPHQVLRQV[PHU 

7KH DSSUR[LPDWH DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWHV JLYHQ E\  IRU WKH KRUL]RQWDOO\ DQG YHUWLFDOO\
SRODUL]HG +3 DQG 93 PRGHV ZLWK P Q  DUH SORWWHG YHUVXV WKH IUHTXHQF\ LQ )LJXUH 
+HUHWKHWXQQHOGLPHQVLRQVDUHFKRVHQDVZK PPDQGHU ,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKH
93PRGHKDVFRQVLGHUDEO\KLJKHUDWWHQXDWLRQWKDQLWV+3FRXQWHUSDUW7KHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHV
REWDLQHG E\ H[DFW VROXWLRQ RI HTXDWLRQV  DQG  DUH DOVR SORWWHG IRU FRPSDULVRQ ,W LV
FOHDUWKDWERWKVROXWLRQVFRLQFLGHDWWKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHV

5D\WKHRU\

:KHQ LW LV UHTXLUHG WR HVWLPDWH WKH ILHOG DW GLVWDQFHV FORVH WR WKH VRXUFH WKH PRGH VHULHV
EHFRPHV VORZO\ FRQYHUJHQW VLQFH LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR LQFOXGH PDQ\ KLJKHU RUGHU PRGHV $V
FOHDU IURP WKH DERYH DUJXPHQW KLJKHU RUGHU PRGHV DUH KDUG WR DQDO\]H LQ D UHFWDQJXODU
WXQQHO,QWKLVFDVHWKHUD\VHULHVFDQEHDGRSWHGIRULWVIDVWFRQYHUJHQFHDWVKRUWGLVWDQFHV
VD\ RI WHQV WR IHZ KXQGUHG PHWHUV IURP WKH VRXUFH $W VXFK GLVWDQFHV WKH UD\V DUH
VRPHZKDWVWHHSO\LQFLGHQWRQWKHZDOOVKHQFHWKHLUUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVGHFUHDVHTXLFNO\
ZLWKUD\RUGHU7KHUHIRUHDVPDOOQXPEHURIUD\VDUHQHHGHGIRUFRQYHUJHQFH
$JHRPHWULFDOUD\DSSURDFKKDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGE\0DKPRXGDQG:DLWDZKHUHWKH
ILHOG RI D VPDOO OLQHDU GLSROH LQ D UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO LV REWDLQHG DV D UD\ VXP RYHU D WZR
GLPHQVLRQDODUUD\RILPDJHV,WLVYHULILHGWKDWVPDOOQXPEHURIUD\VFRQYHUJHVWRWKHWRWDO
ILHOGDWVXIILFLHQWO\VKRUWUDQJHIURPWKHVRXUFH&RQYHUVHO\WKHQXPEHURIUD\VUHTXLUHGIRU
FRQYHUJHQFHLQFUHDVHFRQVLGHUDEO\LQWKHIDUUDQJHVZKHUHRQO\RQHRUWZRPRGHVJLYHDQ
DFFXUDWH DFFRXQW RI WKH ILHOG 7KH UHDGHU LV UHIHUUHG WR WKH DERYH SDSHU IRU D GHWDLOHG
GLVFXVVLRQRIUD\WKHRU\LQRYHUVL]HGZDYHJXLGHV

www.intechopen.com



 
 
 

 

 


#TEJGF6WPPGN


6R IDU ZH KDYH EHHQ VWXG\LQJ WXQQHOV ZLWK UHJXODU FURVV VHFWLRQV KDYLQJ HLWKHU FLUFXODURU
UHFWDQJXODU VKDSH 7KHVH VKDSHV DUH DPHQDEOH WR DQDO\WLFDO DQDO\VLV WKDW OHDG WR IXOO
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHLUPDLQPRGHVRISURSDJDWLRQ+RZHYHUPRVWH[LVWLQJWXQQHOVGRQRW
KDYH UHJXODU FURVV VHFWLRQV DQG WKHLU VWXG\ PD\ UHTXLUH H[KDXVWLYH QXPHULFDO PHWKRGV
3LQJHQRW HW DO  ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH FRQVLGHU F\OLQGULFDO WXQQHOV ZKRVH FURVVVHFWLRQ
FRPSULVHDFLUFXODUDUFKZLWKDIODWEDVHDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJXUH7KLVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVD
FLUFXODU WXQQHO ZKRVH VKDSH LV SHUWXUEHG LQWR D IODWEDVHG WXQQHO 6R ZH XVH WKH
SHUWXUEDWLRQWKHRU\WRSUHGLFWDWWHQXDWLRQDQGSKDVHYHORFLW\RIWKHGRPLQDQWPRGHVIURP
WKRVHLQDSHUIHFWO\FLUFXODUWXQQHO

\








[





/

)LJ$QDUFKHGWXQQHOZLWKUDGLXVDDQGIODWEDVH/


2GTVWTDCVKQP#PCN[UKU
:HFRQVLGHUDF\OLQGULFDOFLUFXODUWXQQHORIUDGLXVDDQGFURVVVHFWLRQ6VXUURXQGHGE\D
KRPRJHQHRXV HDUWK RI UHODWLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ HU /HW XV GHQRWH WKH YHFWRU ILHOGV RI D JLYHQ
G G
PRGH E\  (  +  H[SJ  ]   ZKHUH J   LV WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO DORQJ ] SURSDJDWLRQ FRQVWDQW
G G
6LPLODUO\OHW  (  +  H[S J ]  EHWKHYHFWRUILHOGVRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRGHLQWKHSHUWXUEHG
WXQQHORIRIDUHD6)LJXUH1RWHKRZHYHUWKDWWKHPRGHLVDEDFNZDUGPRGHWUDYHOOLQJ
LQ WKH ] GLUHFWLRQ %RWK FLUFXODU DQG SHUWXUEHG WXQQHOV KDYH WKH VDPH ZDOO FRQVWDQW
LPSHGDQFH=DQGDGPLWWDQFH<1RZZHXVH0D[ZHOOVHTXDWLRQVWKDWPXVWEHVDWLVILHGE\
G
G G G
ERWKPRGDOILHOGVWRJHWWKHUHFLSURFLW\UHODWLRQ  ( u +  ( u +    ,QWHJUDWLQJRYHUWKH
LQILQLWHVLPDO YROXPH EHWZHHQ ] DQG ]G] LQ WKH SHUWXUEHG WXQQHO ZH JHW DIWHU VRPH
PDQLSXODWLRQV

www.intechopen.com

 
  

=<

6

&

6

&


)LJ  $ FLUFXODU WXQQHO DQG D SHUWXUEHG FLUFXODU WXQQHO ZLWK D IODW EDVH 7KH ZDOOV DUH
FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\FRQVWDQW=DQG<


G G G G
  ( [+  ([+  DQ G&
&




G G G G

J J
 ( [+  ([+  D ] G6
6


ZKHUH&LVWKHIODWSDUWRIWKHFURVVVHFWLRQFRQWRXU D Q LVDXQLWYHFWRUDORQJWKHRXWZDUG
QRUPDOWRWKHZDOO  D \ DQG D ] LVDXQLWD[LDOYHFWRU7KHLQWHJUDWLRQLQWKHGHQRPLQDWRULV
WDNHQRYHUWKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHSHUWXUEHGWXQQHO,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHQXPHUDWRURI
ZHXVHWKHFRQVWDQWZDOOLPSHGDQFHDQGDGPLWWDQFHVDWLVILHGE\WKHSHUWXUEHGILHOGVRQ
WKHIODWVXUIDFH ( [ = V + ] DQG + [ <V ( ] =VDQG<VDUHJLYHQLQ8VLQJWKHVHUHODWLRQV
UHGXFHVWR


J J



/

[ 

( [ + ]  (] +  [  <V (] ( ]  = V + ] +  ] G[
G G G G
 
 ( [+  ([+  D ] G6




7KH LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ WKH QXPHUDWRU LV WDNHQ RYHU WKH IODW VXUIDFH RI WKH SHUWXUEHG WXQQHO 6R
IDUWKHDERYHUHVXOWLVULJRURXVEXWFDQQRWEHXVHGDVVXFKVLQFHWKHSHUWXUEHGILHOGVDUHQRW
NQRZQ$VDILUVWDSSUR[LPDWLRQZHFDQHTXDWHWKHVHILHOGVWRWKHEDFNZDUGPRGHILHOGVLQ
WKH XQSHUWXUEHG FLUFXODU WXQQHO 6R ZH VHW + ] | +  ]  ( ] |  ( ]  LQ WKH QXPHUDWRU ,Q WKH
GHQRPLQDWRU WKH ILHOGV LQYROYHG DUH WKH WUDQVYHUVH ILHOGV WR ] 6R ZH XVH WKH
G
G
G
G
DSSUR[LPDWLRQV ([D ] | ( [D ] DQG +[D ] |  +  [D ] 7KHUHIRUHLVDSSUR[LPDWHGE\



J J

/

[ 




( [ +  ]  (G] +  G[  <V ( ]  = V +  ] G[

 ( [+  D ] G6
6





7KXV IRU D JLYHQ PRGH LQ WKH FLUFXODU WXQQHO  FDQ EH XVHG WR JHW WKH SURSDJDWLRQ
FRQVWDQW RI WKH SHUWXUEHG PRGH LQ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SHUWXUEHG WXQQHO 2I SDUWLFXODU

www.intechopen.com

!

 
 
 

 

 

0RGH$WWHQG%P

LQWHUHVWLVWKHDWWHQXDWLRQIDFWRURIWKHYDULRXVPRGHV$VDQXPHULFDOH[DPSOHZHFRQVLGHU
DQDUFKHGWXQQHORIUDGLXVD PHWHUVZLWKDIODWEDVHRIZLGWK/7KHVXUURXQGLQJHDUWKKDV
D UHODWLYH SHUPLWWLYLW\ HU  )RU DQ DSSOLHG IUHTXHQF\ I 0+] WKH PRGDO DWWHQXDWLRQ
IDFWRUFRPSXWHGE\LVSORWWHGLQ)LJXUHIRUWKHSHUWXUEHG7(DQG+(PRGHVDVD
IXQFWLRQRIWKH/D1RWHWKDW/D FRUUHVSRQGVWRDIXOOFLUFOHDQG/D FRUUHVSRQGVWRD
KDOI FLUFOH *HQHUDOO\ WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ LQFUHDVHV ZLWK /D 7KH +( PRGH KDV WZR YHUVLRQV
GHSHQGLQJZKHWKHUWKHSRODUL]DWLRQLVKRUL]RQWDODORQJ[RUYHUWLFDODORQJ\2EYLRXVO\
WKHWZRPRGHVDUHGHJHQHUDWHLQDSHUIHFWO\FLUFXODUWXQQHO/ +RZHYHUDV/DLQFUHDVHV
WKLV GHJHQHUDF\ EUHDNV GRZQ LQ WKH SHUWXUEHG WXQQHO ,W LV UHPDUNDEOH WR VHH WKDW WKH
DWWHQXDWLRQRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOO\SRODUL]HG+(PRGHEHFRPHVOHVVWKDQWKDWRIWKHYHUWLFDOO\
SRODUL]HGPRGHLQWKHSHUWXUEHGWXQQHO7KLVDJUHHVZLWKPHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHE\0ROLQDHW
DO
,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRVWXG\WKHHIIHFWRIFKDQJLQJWKHIUHTXHQF\RUWKHZDOOSHUPLWWLYLW\RQWKH
PRGHDWWHQXDWLRQLQWKHSHUWXUEHGIODWEDVHGWXQQHO)XUWKHUQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVQRWVKRZQ
LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHSHUFHQWDJHLQFUHDVHRIWKHDWWHQXDWLRQUHODWLYHWRWKDWLQWKHFLUFXODUWXQQHO
LV IDLUO\ ZHDN RQ I DQG HU 6LQFH WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ LQ DQ HOHFWULFDOO\ ODUJH FLUFXODU WXQQHO LV
LQYHUVHO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRIVRZLOOEHWKHDWWHQXDWLRQLQWKHSHUWXUEHGIODWEDVHGWXQQHO







+(

9SRO

+(
+SRO





7(


D P

I 0+]

HU 





 /D




)LJ$WWHQXDWLRQRIWKHSHUWXUEHG7(DQG+(PRGHVLQDIODWEDVHGWXQQHOYHUVXV/D
1RWH WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH 93 DQG WKH +3 YHUVLRQV RI WKH +(
PRGH


#PGSWKXCNGPVTGEVCPIWNCTVWPPGN
$VVHHQLQ)LJXUHWKHDWWHQXDWLRQRIWKHSHUWXUEHG+(PRGHLQWKHDUFKHGWXQQHOZLWK
IODWEDVHGHSHQGVRQWKHPRGHSRODUL]DWLRQQDPHO\WKHYHUWLFDOO\SRODUL]HG+(PRGHLV
PRUHDWWHQXDWHGWKDQWKHKRUL]RQWDOO\SRODUL]HGPRGH7KHVDPHREVHUYDWLRQLVWUXHIRUWKH
+(PRGHLQDUHFWDQJXODUWXQQHOZKRVHKHLJKWKLVOHVVWKDQLWVZLGWKZ7KLVUDLVHVWKH
TXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHU ZH FDQ PRGHO WKH IODW EDVHG WXQQHO RI )LJXUH  E\ D UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO
:HZLOOLQYHVWLJDWHWKLVSRVVLELOLW\LQWKLVVHFWLRQ7RWKLVHQGOHWXVVWDUWE\FRPSDULQJWKH

www.intechopen.com

 
  

"

DWWHQXDWLRQRIWKH+(QPPRGHLQWXQQHOVZLWKFLUFXODUDQGDVTXDUHFURVVVHFWLRQV)RUWKH
FLUFXODUWXQQHOZHKDYHIURP


= V  K  <VK
[Q  P 






D _+(QP

 
N D



:KHUH [Q  P  LV WKH PWK ]HUR RI WKH %HVVHO IXQFWLRQ -Q [ 7KLV IRUPXOD LV EDVHG RQ WKH
FRQGLWLRQ N D !! [Q  P  )RU WKH UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO ZLWK ZLGWK Z DQG KHLJKW K WKH
DWWHQXDWLRQRIWKH+(QPPRGHZLWKYHUWLFDOSRODUL]DWLRQLVJLYHQE\ZKLFKLVUHSHDWHG
KHUH

D _+(QP

S  P  = V K Q <VK


 
N Z
K




7KLV LV YDOLG IRU HOHFWULFDOO\ ODUJH WXQQHO RU ZKHQ N !! PS  Z DQG QS  K  6SHFLDOL]LQJ WKLV
UHVXOWIRUWKH+(PRGHLQDVTXDUHWXQQHOZ KDQGP Q ZHJHW



S 

 D _+(

N Z

= V K  <VK 




1RZFRPSDUHWKHFLUFXODUWXQQHOZLWKWKHVTXDUHWXQQHOIRUWKH+(PRGH)URPDQG
DQHTXDODWWHQXDWLRQRFFXUVZKHQ



 Z

 S

 

 

D  D  




ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKHDUHDRIWKHHTXLYDOHQWVTXDUHWXQQHOLVHTXDOWRWLPHVWKHDUHDRI
WKH FLUFXODU WXQQHO 7KLV FRQWUDVWV WKH ZRUN RI 'XGOH\ HWDO  ZKR DGRSWHG DQ HTXDO
DUHDRIWXQQHOV,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKLVHTXLYDOHQFHLVYDOLGRQO\IRUWKH+(PRGH
LQERWKWXQQHOVIRURWKHUPRGHVWKHDWWHQXDWLRQLQWKHFLUFXODUDQGWKHVTXDUHWXQQHOVDUH
JHQHUDOO\QRWHTXDO
1RZOHWXVWXUQDWWHQWLRQWRWKHDUFKHGWXQQHOZLWKIODWEDVH)LJXUHIRUZKLFKZHDWWHPSW
WRILQGDQHTXLYDOHQWUHFWDQJXODUWXQQHO:HEDVHWKLVHTXLYDOHQFHRQHTXDODWWHQXDWLRQRI
WKH +( PRGH LQ ERWK WXQQHOV /HW XV PDLQWDLQ WKH UDWLR RI DUHDV DV REWDLQHG IURP WKH
VTXDUHDQGFLUFXODUWXQQHOVQDPHO\ZHIL[WKHUDWLRRIWKHHTXLYDOHQWUHFWDQJXODUDUHDWRWKH
DUFKHGWXQQHODUHDWR0HDQZKLOHZHFKRRVHWKHUDWLRKZHTXDOWRWKHDUFKHGWXQQHO
KHLJKWWRLWVGLDPHWHU6RZHZULWH


ZK >S  T  D    /D  FRV T @ DQG


K  Z   FRVT   




ZKHUH T $UFVLQ /  D  LVHTXDOWRKDOIWKHDQJOHVXEWHQGHGE\WKHIODWEDVH/DWWKHFHQWHU
RIWKHFLUFOH

www.intechopen.com

#

 
 
 

 

 

0RGH$WWHQG%P



BBBBSHUWXUEDWLRQ

DQDO\VLV



+(
 5HFW0RGHO
9SRO
+(






D P


I 

0+]





 /D




)LJ  $WWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH +( PRGH LQ WKH DUFKHG WXQQHO RI )LJXUH  XVLQJ SHUWXUEDWLRQ
DQDO\VLVDQGUHFWDQJXODUHTXLYDOHQWWXQQHO

(TXDWLRQ  GHILQHV WKH UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO WKDW LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH SHUWXUEHG FLUFXODU
WXQQHO UHJDUGLQJ WKH +( PRGH ,Q RUGHU WR FKHFN WKH YDOLGLW\ RI WKLV HTXLYDOHQFH ZH
FRPSDUH WKH HVWLPDWHG DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH +( PRGH LQ WKH SHUWXUEHG FLUFXODU WXQQHO DV
REWDLQHG E\ SHUWXUEDWLRQ DQDO\VLV DQG E\ WKH HTXLYDOHQW UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO LQ )LJXUH 
7KHUHLVDUHDVRQDEO\FORVHDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQERWKPHWKRGVRIHVWLPDWLRQIRUYDOXHVRI/D
EHWZHHQ]HURDQGa


%WTXGF6WPPGN


0RGDO SURSDJDWLRQ LQ D FXUYHG UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHGE\ 0DKPRXG DQG
:DLWEDQGPRUHUHFHQWO\E\0DKPRXG7KHPRGHOXVHGLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
ZKHUHWKHFXUYHGVXUIDFHVFRLQFLGHZLWK U 5ZDQGU 5ZLQDF\OLQGULFDOIUDPHUI]
ZLWK]SDUDOOHOWRWKHVLGHZDOOV7KHWXQQHOLVFXUYHGLQWKHKRUL]RQWDOSODQHZLWKDVVXPHG
JHQWOHFXUYDWXUHVRWKDWWKHPHDQUDGLXVRIFXUYDWXUH5LV!!Z7KHDQDO\VLVLVPDGHLQWKH
KLJKIUHTXHQF\UHJLPHVRWKDWNZ!!7KHPRGHVDUHQHDUO\7(RU70WR]ZLWKKRUL]RQWDO
RUYHUWLFDOSRODUL]DWLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHPRGDOHTXDWLRQVIRUWKHORZHURUGHU7(]DQG70]
PRGHV DUH GHULYHG LQ WHUPV RI WKH $LU\ IXQFWLRQV DQG VROYHG QXPHULFDOO\ IRU WKH
SURSDJDWLRQ FRQVWDQW DORQJ WKH I GLUHFWLRQ 1XPHULFDO UHVXOWV DUH JLYHQ LQ 0DKPRXG
DQGDUHUHSURGXFHGKHUHLQILJXUHVDQGIRUWKHGRPLQDQWPRGHZLWKYHUWLFDODQG
KRUL]RQWDOSRODUL]DWLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\,WLVVHHQWKDWZDOOFXUYDWXUHFDXVHVGUDVWLFLQFUHDVHRI
WKHDWWHQXDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKHKRUL]RQWDOO\SRODUL]HGPRGH
7KLV FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ QRWLQJ WKDW WKH KRUL]RQWDO HOHFWULF ILHOG LV SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH
FXUYHGZDOOVFDXVLQJPRUHDWWHQXDWLRQWRLQFXUIRUWKLVSRODUL]DWLRQ

)XUWKHU VWXG\ RI WKH PRGDO ILHOGV VKRZV WKDW WKHVH ILHOGV FOLQJ WRZDUGV WKH RXWHU FXUYHG
ZDOOFDVLQJLQFUHDVHGORVVHVLQWKHZDOO%HVLGHVWKHPRGHYHORFLW\VORZVGRZQ



www.intechopen.com

 
  







K

]



Z

)LJ$FXUYHGUHFWDQJXODUWXQQHO




'

I

5DGLXV5

$WWHQXDWLRQLQG%P


5 Z




6WUDLJKW7XQQHO





K

(

Z K P
Z









)UHTXHQF\0+]

)LJ$WWHQXDWLRQRI70\93PRGHLQDFXUYHGWXQQHO



5 D



5 D




6WUDLJKW7XQQHO



Z K 
(
K

Z









)UHTXHQF\0+]


$WWHQXDWLRQLQG%P



)LJ$WWHQXDWLRQRI70[+3PRGHLQDFXUYHGWXQQHO

www.intechopen.com



(

 
 
 

 

 

'ZRGTKOGPVCNYQTM


0HDVXUHPHQWV RI DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH GRPLQDQW PRGH LQ D VWUDLJKW UHFWDQJXODU PLQH WXQQHO
ZHUHJLYHQE\*RGGDUG7KHWXQQHOFURVVVHFWLRQZDV [IHHWRU[PDQG
WKH H[WHUQDO PHGLXP KDG HU  DQG WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ ZDV PHDVXUHG DW   DQG 
0+] (PVOLH HW DO >@ FRPSDUHG WKHVH PHDVXUHPHQWV ZLWK WKHLU WKHRUHWLFDO YDOXHV IRU WKH
GRPLQDQW KRUL]RQWDOO\ SRODUL]HG PRGH *RRG DJUHHPHQW ZDV REVHUYHG DW WKH ILUVW WZR
IUHTXHQFLHV EXW WKH H[SHULPHQWDO YDOXHV ZHUH FRQVLGHUDEO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO
DWWHQXDWLRQDWWKH0+]6LPLODUWUHQGKDVDOVREHHQUHSRUWHGPRUHUHFHQWO\E\/LHQDUG
DQG 'HJDXTXH  7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH PHDVXUHG DQG WKHRUHWLFDO DWWHQXDWLRQ DW
WKH0+]ZDVDWWULEXWHGE\(PVOLHHWDOWRVOLJKWWLOWRIWKHWXQQHOZDOOV1DPHO\
E\ XVLQJ D UDWKHU VLPSOH WKHRU\ LW ZDV VKRZQ WKDW WKH LQFUHDVH RI DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH
GRPLQDQW PRGH GXH WR ZDOO WLOW LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH IUHTXHQF\ DQG WKH VTXDUH RI WKH WLOW
DQJOH$VDUHVXOWLWZDVGHGXFHGWKDWWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\DWWHQXDWLRQRIWKHGRPLQDQWPRGH
LQDUHFWDQJXODUWXQQHOLVJRYHUQHGPDLQO\E\WKHZDOOWLOW
*RGGDUG  KDV DOVR PHDVXUHG WKH VLJQDO OHYHO DURXQG D FRUQHU DQG LQVLGH D FURVVHG
WXQQHO7KHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHZDVYHU\KLJKIRUDVKRUWGLVWDQFHDIWHUZKLFKWKHDWWHQXDWLRQ
DSSURDFKHV WKDW RI WKH GRPLQDQW KRUL]RQWDOO\ SRODUL]HG PRGH (PVOLH HW DO  KDYH
H[SODLQHG VXFK EHKDYLRU DV IROORZV 7KH\ DUJXH WKDW WKH FURVVHG WXQQHO LV H[FLWHG E\ WKH
KLJKHU RUGHU PRGHV RU GLIIXVHG ZDYHV LQ WKHLU WHUPV LQ WKH PDLQ WXQQHO 7KH PRGHV
H[FLWHGLQWKHFURVVHGWXQQHODUHPRVWO\KLJKHURUGHUPRGHVZLWKDVPDOOFRPSRQHQWRIWKH
GRPLQDQWPRGH7KHVHKLJKRUGHUPRGHVH[KLELWYHU\KLJKDWWHQXDWLRQIRUDVKRUWGLVWDQFH
DIWHU ZKLFK WKH GRPLQDQW PRGH EHFRPHV WKH VROH SURSDJDWLQJ PRGH 6R WKH VLJQDO OHYHO
VWDUWVZLWKDODUJHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHZKLFKJUDGXDOO\GHFUHDVHVWRZDUGVWKHDWWHQXDWLRQUDWH
RI WKH GRPLQDQW PRGH 7KH WKHRU\ SUHVHQWHG DFFRUGLQJO\ VKRZV JRRG DJUHHPHQW ZLWK
PHDVXUHPHQWV 0RUH UHFHQWO\ /HH DQG %HUWRQL  HYDOXDWHG WKH PRGDO FRXSOLQJ IRU
WXQQHOVRUVWUHHWVZLWK/7RUFURVVMXQFWLRQVXVLQJK\EULGUD\PRGHFRQYHUVLRQ7KH\DUJXH
WKDWFRXSOLQJRFFXUVE\UD\VGLIIUDFWHGDWWKHFRUQHUVLQWRWKHVLGHWXQQHOV,WLVIRXQGWKDW
WKHFRXSOLQJORVVLVJUHDWHVWDW/EHQGVDQGOHDVWIRUFURVVMXQFWLRQV
&KLED HWDO  KDYH SURYLGHG ILHOG PHDVXUHPHQWV LQ RQH RI WKH 1DWLRQDO -DSDQHVH
5DLOZD\ WXQQHOV ORFDWHG LQ 7RKRNX 7KH WXQQHO FURVV VHFWLRQ LV DQ DUFK ZLWK D IODW EDVH DV
WKDWGHSLFWHGLQ)LJXUH7KHUDGLXVD P/ P/D WKHZDOO HU DQG V 
6P )LHOG PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH WDNHQ GRZQ WKH WXQQHO IRU GLIIHUHQW IUHTXHQFLHV DQG
SRODUL]DWLRQV 7KH DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH GRPLQDQW +( PRGH ZDV WKHQ PHDVXUHG IRU ERWK
KRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOSRODUL]DWLRQDWWKHIUHTXHQFLHVDQG0+]:H
SORWWKHSUHGLFWHGDWWHQXDWLRQRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOO\SRODUL]HG+(PRGHLQWKLVVDPHWXQQHO
XVLQJERWKWKHSHUWXUEDWLRQDQDO\VLVDQGWKHUHFWDQJXODUWXQQHOPRGHOLQ)LJXUH2QWRS
RI WKHVH FXUYHV WKH PHDVXUHG DWWHQXDWLRQ LV VKRZQ DV GLVFUHWH GRWV DW WKH DERYH VHOHFWHG
IUHTXHQFLHV 7KH SUHGLFWHG DWWHQXDWLRQ VKRZV WKH H[SHFWHG LQYHUVH IUHTXHQF\ VTXDUHG
GHSHQGHQFH 7KH PHDVXUHG DWWHQXDWLRQ IROORZV WKH SUHGLFWHG DWWHQXDWLRQ H[FHSW DW WKH
KLJKHVWWZRIUHTXHQFLHVDQG0+]ZKHQFHLWLVKLJKHUWKDQSUHGLFWHG7KLVFDQ
EHH[SODLQHGRQDFFRXQWRIZDOOURXJKQHVVRUPLFUREHQGLQJRIWKHWXQQHOZDOOVWKDWDIIHFW
WKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHVLQSDUWLFXODU





www.intechopen.com

 
  

+

$WWHQXDWLRQG%NP




6ROLG/LQH3HUWXUEDWLRQDQDO\VLV
'DVKHG/LQH5HFWDQJXODU0RGHO

'RWV([SHULPHQWDO&KLEDHWDO




HU 

V 6P
















)UHTXHQF\*+]

)LJ  $WWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH +( PRGH LQ WKH -DSDQHVH 1DWLRQDO 5DOZD\ WXQQHO E\ WKH
SHUWXUEDWLRQ DQDO\VLV DQG WKH UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO PRGHO YHUVXV PHDVXUHG YDOXHV DV
UHSRUWHGLQ&KLEDHWDO

0HDVXUHPHQWV RI WKH HOHFWULF ILHOG GRZQ WKH 0DVVLI &HQWUDO URDG WXQQHO VRXWK &HQWUDO
)UDQFH KDYH EHHQ WDNHQ E\ WKH UHVHDUFK JURXS LQ /LOOH 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG WKH UHVXOWV DUH
UHSRUWHG E\ 'XGOH\ HWDO  7KH 0DVVLI &HQWUDO WXQQHO KDV D IODW EDVHG FLUFXODU DUFK
VKDSH DV LQ )LJXUH  ZLWK UDGLXV D   P DQG /  P WKDW LV /D   7KH UHODWLYH
SHUPLWWLYLW\ RI WKH ZDOO HU  DQG WKH FRQGXFWLYLW\ V   6P 7KH WUDQVPLW DQG UHFHLYH
DQWHQQDV ZHUH YHUWLFDOO\ SRODUL]HG DQG WKH ILHOG PHDVXUHG GRZQ WKH WXQQHO DW WKH
IUHTXHQFLHV  DQG  0+] DUH JLYHQ LQ )LJXUH  )RU WKH ORZHU IUHTXHQF\ WKH ILHOG
VKRZVIDVWRVFLOODWRU\EHKDYLRULQWKHQHDU]RQHEXWDWIDUGLVWDQFHVIURPWKHVRXUFHJUHDWHU
WKDQ aP WKH ILHOG H[KLELWV DOPRVW D FRQVWDQW UDWH RI DWWHQXDWLRQ ZKLFK LV WKDW RI WKH
GRPLQDQW+(OLNHPRGH:HHVWLPDWHWKHDWWHQXDWLRQRIWKLVPRGHDVG%NP$WWKH
0+]IUHTXHQF\WKHUHDUHWZRLQWHUIHULQJPRGHVWKDWDUHREVHUYHGLQWKHUDQJHRI
P2QHRIWKHVHWZRPRGHVPXVWEHWKHGRPLQDQW+(PRGH6RPHDQDO\VLVLVQHHGHG
LQWKLVUDQJHWKDWOHDGWRDQHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHDWWHQXDWLRQRIWKH+(PRGHZKLFKZHILQG
DVG%NP

www.intechopen.com

%

 
 
 

 

 

-1 0
-2 0

9 0 0 M H z

P u is s a n c e r e u e ( d B m )

-3 0
-4 0
-5 0

4 5 0 M H z
-6 0
-7 0
-8 0
-9 0
-1 0 0
-1 1 0
5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

d is ta n c e ( m )



)LJ0HDVXUHGILHOGGRZQWKH0DVVLI&HQWUDO7XQQHOLQ6RXWK)UDQFH'XGOH\HWDO
DWDQG0+]

$ FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH PHDVXUHG DWWHQXDWLRQ UDWHV DQG WKRVH SUHGLFWHG E\ WKH
SHUWXUEDWLRQ DQDO\VLV RU WKH HTXLYDOHQW UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO JLYHQ LQ VHFWLRQ  LV PDGH LQ
7DEOH*RRGDJUHHPHQWLVVHHQEHWZHHQSUHGLFWHGDQGPHDVXUHGDWWHQXDWLRQDOWKRXJKWKH
PHDVXUHG YDOXHV DUH VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU 7KLV FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR ZDOO URXJKQHVV DQG
PLFUREHQGLQJ



3HUWXUEDWLRQ
$QDO\VLVG%NP

(TXLYDOHQW
5HFWDQJXODUPRGHO

0HDVXUHG
$WWHQXDWLRQ

I 0+]







I 0+]







7DEOH0HDVXUHGYHUVXVSUHGLFWHGDWWHQXDWLRQUDWHVRIWKH+(PRGHLQWKH0DVVLI&HQWUDO
5RDG7XQQHO6RXWK)UDQFH


%QPENWFKPIFKUEWUUKQP


:HKDYHSUHVHQWHGDQDFFRXQWRIZLUHOHVVWUDQVPLVVLRQRIHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZDYHVLQPLQHDQG
URDG WXQQHOV 6XFK WXQQHOV DFW DV RYHUVL]HGZDYHJXLGHV WR 8+) DQG WKH XSSHU 9+) ZDYHV
7KHWKHRU\RIPRGHSURSDJDWLRQLQVWUDLJKWWXQQHOVRIFLUFXODUUHFWDQJXODUDQGDUFKHGFURVV
VHFWLRQV KDV EHHQ FRYHUHG DQG LW LV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH GRPLQDQW PRGHV DWWHQXDWH ZLWK
UDWHVWKDWGHFUHDVHZLWKWKHDSSOLHGIUHTXHQF\VTXDUHG:HKDYHDOVRVWXGLHGWKHLQFUHDVHRI

www.intechopen.com

 
  



PRGH DWWHQXDWLRQ FDXVHG E\ WXQQHO FXUYDWXUH &RPSDULVRQ RI WKH WKHRU\ ZLWK H[LVWLQJ
H[SHULPHQWDO PHDVXUHPHQWV LQ UHDO WXQQHOV VKRZ JRRG DJUHHPHQW H[FHSW DW WKH KLJKHU
IUHTXHQFLHV DW ZKLFK ZDOO URXJKQHVV DQG PLFUREHQGLQJ FDQ LQFUHDVH VLJQDO ORVV RYHU WKDW
SUHGLFWHG E\ WKH WKHRU\ :KLOH WKH KLJKHU RUGHU PRGHV DUH KLJKO\ DWWHQXDWHG DQG WKHUHIRUH
FRQWULEXWHWRVLJQDOORVVWKH\FDQEHEHQHILFLDOLQDOORZLQJWKHXVHRI0XOWLSOH,QSXW0XOWLSOH
2XWSXW0,02WHFKQLTXHWRLQFUHDVHWKHFKDQQHOFDSDFLW\RIWXQQHOV$GHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRI
WKLVLPSRUWDQWWRSLFLVIRXQGLQ/LHQDUGHWDODQG0ROLQDHWDO


4GHGTGPEGU


$QGHUVHQ-%%HUQWVHQ6 'DOVJDDUG33URSDJDWLRQLQUHFWDQJXODUZDYHJXLGHV

ZLWK DUELWUDU\ LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO PHGLD ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQ RQ 0LFURZDYH 7KHRU\
DQG7HFKQLTXH0771RSS
&KLED-6DWR-5,QDED7.XZDPRWR<%DQQR2 6DWR55DGLRFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQ
WXQQHOV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQ RQ 0LFURZDYH7KHRU\ DQG 7HFKQLTXH 077 1R 
-XQH
'XGOH\'*:LUHOHVV3URSDJDWLRQLQ&LUFXODU7XQQHOV,(((7UDQVDFWLRQRQ$QWHQQDV
DQG3URSDJDWLRQ9ROQSS
'XGOH\'* 0DKPRXG6)/LQHDUVRXUFHLQDFLUFXODUWXQQHO,(((7UDQVDFWLRQRQ
$QWHQQDVDQG3URSDJDWLRQ9ROQSS
'XGOH\'*0DUWLQH/LHQDUG6DPLU)0DKPRXGDQG3LHUUH'HJDXTXH:LUHOHVV
3URSDJDWLRQLQ7XQQHOV,((($QWHQQDDQG3URSDJDWLRQPDJD]LQH9ROQRSS
$SULO
(PVOLH $* /DJDFH 5/  6WURQJ 3)  7KHRU\ RI WKH SURSDJDWLRQ RI 8+) UDGLR
ZDYHV LQ FRDO PLQH WXQQHOV 3URF 7KURXJK WKH (DUWK (OHFWURPDJQHWLFV :RUNVKRS
&RORUDGR6FKRRORIPLQHV*ROGHQ&RORUDGR$XJ
(PVOLH $* /DJDFH 5/  6WURQJ 3)  7KHRU\ RI WKH SURSDJDWLRQ RI 8+) UDGLR
ZDYHVLQFRDOPLQHWXQQHOV,(((7UDQVDFWLRQRQ$QWHQQ3URSDJDW9RO$31R
SS
*ODVHU-,/RZORVVZDYHVLQKROORZGLHOHFWULFWXEHV3K'7KHVLV0,7
*ODVHU-,$WWHQXDWLRQDQGJXLGDQFHRIPRGHVLQKROORZGLHOHFWULFZDYHJXLGHV,(((
7UDQV0LFURZDYH7KHRU\DQG7HFK9RO077SS
*RGGDUG $(  5DGLR SURSDJDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV LQ FRDO PLQHV DW 8+) DQG 9+)
3URF 7KURXJK WKH (DUWK (OHFWURPDJQHWLFV :RUNVKRS &RORUDGR 6FKRRO RI PLQHV
*ROGHQ&RORUDGR$XJ
/HH- %HUWRQL+/&RXSOLQJDWFURVV7DQG/MXQFWLRQLQWXQQHOVDQGXUEDQVWUHHW
FDQ\RQV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQ RQ $QWHQQ 3URSDJDW 9RO $3 1R  SS 
SS
/LHQDUG0 'HJDXTXH31DWXUDOZDYHSURSDJDWLRQLQPLQHHQYLURQPHQW,(((
7UDQVDFWLRQRQ$QWHQQDV SURSDJDWH9RO$31RSS
/LHQDUG 0 'HJDXTXH 3 %DXGHW -  'HJDUGLQ '  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ 0,02
&KDQQHOV LQ 6XEZD\ 7XQQHOV ,((( -RXUQDO RQ 6HOHFWHG $UHDV LQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ
9RO1RSS
0DKPRXG6) :DLW-5D*HRPHWULFDORSWLFDODSSURDFKIRUHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZDYH
SURSDJDWLRQ LQ UHFWDQJXODU PLQH WXQQHOV 5DGLR 6FLHQFH  9RO  QR  SS 


www.intechopen.com



 
 
 

 

 

0DKPRXG6) :DLW-5D*XLGHGHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZDYHVLQDFXUYHGUHFWDQJXODU

PLQHWXQQHO5DGLR6FLHQFH0D\SS
0DKPRXG6)(OHFWURPDJQHWLF:DYHJXLGHVWKHRU\DQGDSSOLFDWLRQV,((HOHFWURPDJQHWLF
ZDYHVVHULHV3HWHUSHUHJULQXV/WGRQEHKDOIRI,((
0DKPRXG 6)  0RGDO SURSDJDWLRQ RI KLJK IUHTXHQF\ HP ZDYHV LQ VWUDLJKW DQG
FXUYHG WXQQHOV ZLWKLQ WKH HDUWK -RXUQDO RI HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZDYH DSSOLFDWLRQV
-(0:$9RO1RSS
0DUFDWLOL ($-  6FKPHOW]HU 5$  +ROORZ PHWDOOLF DQG GLHOHFWULF ZDYHJXLGHV IRU
ORQJGLVWVQFHRSWLFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQDQGODVHUV7KH%HOO6\VWHP7HFKQLFDO-RXUQDO9RO
SS-XO\
0ROLQD*DUFLD3DGUR-0/LHQDUG01DVU$ 'HJDXTXH32QWKHSRVVLELOLW\
RILQWHUSUHWLQJILHOGYDULDWLRQVDQGSRODUL]DWLRQLQDUFKHGWXQQHOVXVLQJDPRGHORI
SURSDJDWLRQ LQ UHFWDQJXODU RU FLUFXODU WXQQHOV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQ RQ $QWHQQ
3URSDJDW9RO$31RSS
0ROLQD*DUFLD3DUGR - 0 /LpQDUG 0 'HJDXTXH 3 'XGOH\ '*  DQG -XDQ/ODFHU
0 0,02 &KDQQHO &KDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ 5HFWDQJXODU 7XQQHOV IURP 0RGDO
7KHRU\,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ9HKLFXODU7HFKQRORJ\9RO1RSS
3LQJHQRW - 5LHEHQ 51 :KLWH '$  'XGOH\ '*  )XOO ZDYH DQDO\VLV RI 5)
VLJQDO DWWHQXDWLRQ LQ D ORVV\ URXJK VXUIDFH FDYH XVLQJ KLJK RUGHU 7LPH 'RPDLQ
YHFWRU )LQLWH (OHPHQW PHWKRG -RXUQDO RI (OHFWURPDJQHWLF :DYH $SSOLFDWLRQV 9RO
QRSS
6WUDWWRQ-$(OHFWURPDJQHWLF7KHRU\0F*UDZ+LOO1HZ<RUN
:DLW -5  $ IXQGDPHQWDO GLIILFXOW\ LQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI F\OLQGULFDO ZDYHJXLGHV ZLWK
LPSHGDQFHZDOOV(OHFWURQLF/HWWHUV9RO1RSS
:DLW -5  3URSDJDWLRQ LQ UHFWDQJXODU WXQQHO ZLWK LPSHUIHFWO\ FRQGXFWLQJ ZDOOV
(OHFWURQLF/HWWHUV9RO1RSS


#RRGPFKZ


7KHWUDQVYHUVHILHOGVRIDK\EULGPRGHLQDFLUFXODUWXQQHODUHREWDLQHGIURPWKHD[LDOILHOGV
E\0DKPRXGS
G  ME
MZP
W ( ]    W ( ] [ ]
(W
N U
NU






$
G
MZH 
 ME

]
[
+W
+
(
W ]
W ]
N U
N U
:KHUH W LVWKHWUDQVYHUVHGLIIHUHQWLDORSHUDWRU W

w  wU  U  w  U wM M 

8VLQJWKHD[LDOILHOGVLQZHJHWWKHH[SOLFLWH[SUHVVLRQV


Q- Q  N U U 
N
(U
 E  N  - Qc N U U   /
VLQ QM H  M E ]
N U
N U U




Q- Q  N U U 
N
ME ]

 /- Qc N U U  FRV QM H
(M
 E  N 
N U
NU U

www.intechopen.com

$

 
  

$QG

K + U


K + M

Q- Q N U U 
 E /  N  - Qc  N U U  
FRV QM H M E ]
N U U



Q- Q N U U 
N
ME ]

 - Qc N U U  VLQ QM H
 E /  N 
N U
NU U

N
NU

$


,WLVXVHIXOWRH[SUHVVWKHWUDQVYHUVHILHOGLQWHUPVRI&DUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWHV[\8VLQJWKH
%HVVHOIXQFWLRQLGHQWLWLHV




Q- Q X   X  - Q  X   - Q  X   
 

$
- Qc X   - Q  X   - Q  X   

ZHJHW


N U
N

([

> E  N  / @ - Q  N U U VLQQ  M  > E  N  / @ - Q  N U U VLQQ  M

$

N U
N

(\

> E  N  / @ - Q  N U U FRVQ  M  > E  N  / @ - Q  N U U FRVQ  M


,QWKHVSHFLDOFDVHQ $UHGXFHVWR

N U
( [ > E  N  /@ -  N U U VLQ M
N


N U
N

(\

$

> E  N  /@ -   N U U   > E  N  / @ -  N U U  FRV M


7KLVVKRZVWKDWIRUWKH+(PRGH/aWKHILHOGLVDOPRVW\SRODUL]HG
7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPDJQHWLFILHOGLV

N U
+ \ > E/  N  @ -  N U U VLQ M
N


N U
N

+[

> E /  N  @ -  N U U   > E/  N  @ -   N U U FRV M


(TXDWLRQV$$JLYHWKHWUDQVYHUVHILHOGVRIWKH+(PPRGHV

www.intechopen.com

$

!

 
 
 

 

 

www.intechopen.com

Mobile and Wireless Communications Physical Layer Development

and Implementatiom

Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi

ISBN 978-953-307-043-8
Hard cover, 290 pages
Publisher InTech

Published online 01, January, 2010

Published in print edition January, 2010

Mobile and Wireless Communications have been one of the major revolutions of the late twentieth century. We

are witnessing a very fast growth in these technologies where mobile and wireless communications have
become so ubiquitous in our society and indispensable for our daily lives. The relentless demand for higher

data rates with better quality of services to comply with state-of-the art applications has revolutionized the
wireless communication field and led to the emergence of new technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Wimax,
Ultra wideband, OFDMA. Moreover, the market tendency confirms that this revolution is not ready to stop in
the foreseen future. Mobile and wireless communications applications cover diverse areas including
entertainment, industrialist, biomedical, medicine, safety and security, and others, which definitely are

improving our daily life. Wireless communication network is a multidisciplinary field addressing different
aspects raging from theoretical analysis, system architecture design, and hardware and software

implementations. While different new applications are requiring higher data rates and better quality of service
and prolonging the mobile battery life, new development and advanced research studies and systems and
circuits designs are necessary to keep pace with the market requirements. This book covers the most

advanced research and development topics in mobile and wireless communication networks. It is divided into
two parts with a total of thirty-four stand-alone chapters covering various areas of wireless communications of

special topics including: physical layer and network layer, access methods and scheduling, techniques and
technologies, antenna and amplifier design, integrated circuit design, applications and systems. These
chapters present advanced novel and cutting-edge results and development related to wireless

communication offering the readers the opportunity to enrich their knowledge in specific topics as well as to
explore the whole field of rapidly emerging mobile and wireless networks. We hope that this book will be useful
for students, researchers and practitioners in their research studies.

How to reference

In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Samir F. Mahmoud (2010). Wireless Transmission in Tunnels, Mobile and Wireless Communications Physical
Layer Development and Implementatiom, Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307043-8, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/mobile-and-wireless-communicationsphysical-layer-development-and-implementatiom/wireless-transmission-in-tunnels

InTech Europe

www.intechopen.com

InTech China

University Campus STeP Ri

Slavka Krautzeka 83/A
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166
www.intechopen.com

Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai

No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China
Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +86-21-62489821