Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Art 3A10.1186 2F1687 1499 2013 32
Art 3A10.1186 2F1687 1499 2013 32
RESEARCH
Open Access
Abstract
The combination of MIMOOFDM is a very attractive solution for broadband wireless services. Thus, the two
prominent fourth-generation (4G) cellular systems, WiMAX and LTE-advanced, have both adopted MIMOOFDM
transmission at the physical layer. OFDM signal however suffers from nonlinear distortions when passed through
high-power amplifier (HPA) at the RF stage. This nonlinear distortion introduces out-of-band spectral broadening
and in-band distortions on the transmitted signals. 4G cellular standards have placed strict limits on the allowable
spectral broadening in their spectrum mask specifications, to insure that data transmission on a given channel is
not interfering significantly with an adjacent channel user. In this article, we characterize the out-of-band spectral
broadening introduced by HPA when MIMOOFDM signals are transmitted over multiple relaying channels.
Expressions for the power spectral density of MIMOOFDM signals are derived over multiple relay channels, and the
cumulative effects of HPA on the spectrum of the transmitted signals are estimated. It is shown that depending on
the number of relays and the relaying configuration employed, it may happen that a transmitted MIMOOFDM
signal with the transmit spectrum mask initially within the allowable set limit at the source node arrives at the
destination violating this limit due to the cumulative effects of the multiple HPAs in a multihop relaying channel.
Keywords: Spectral re-growth, Amplifier nonlinearity, Spectral mask, MIMOOFDM, Relaying channels
Introduction
Fourth-generation (4G) broadband communication systems need to provide ultra-high data rate services in
order to meet the requirements of future highbandwidth multimedia applications over cellular systems
such as the digital TV distributions and interactive videos planned in the WiMAX and LTE-advanced. Among
the candidate physical layer technologies that can be
deployed to achieve these goals, MIMOOFDM is the
most potent solution that can provide such high data
rate at high spectral efficiencies. Compared to the
single-carrier systems however, OFDM has a large peakto-average-power ratio [1,2] which makes it very sensitive to high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities at the
RF stage of the transmission chain [3]. There are two
important effects of the HPA nonlinearities introduced
in the transmitted OFDM signals: in-band and out-ofband distortions. The in-band distortion degrades bit
* Correspondence: asulyman@ksu.edu.sa
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
2013 Ahmad et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 2 of 14
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
estimated in this analysis. We can express the transmitted symbol in polar coordinate as
H0
x1
MIMO
OFDM
Encoder
xN
HPA
HPA
x1
xt r t e jt
y11
y1N
xN
Page 3 of 14
Relay
Station
H1
HR
y11
y 1D
y1N
y DN
S/P
CP removal
DFT
amplification
Inverse DFT
CP insertion
P/S
HPA
S/P
CP removal
DFT
amplification
Inverse DFT
CP insertion
P/S
HPA
MIMO
OFDM
Decoder
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 4 of 14
AM-AM Conversion
1
0.9
Output Voltage(Normalized)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Saleh Model
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Input Voltage (Normalized)
1.6
1.8
A r t ; 0 r t Ais
gp r t 0 4
Ais ;
r t > Ais
E fxt x t g Pavg
0
Z1
2
^x r f r drk 2
7
where * denotes complex conjugation, Pavg = E[|x|2] is
the average input energy per symbol, and f (r) is the probability density function (PDF) of the envelope of the input
signal into the HPA (i.e., r = |x|). The PDF of r is Rayleigh
distribution (since x(t) is assumed Gaussian). The closedform expressions for the in-band and out-of-band distortion parameters for the SEL HPA model are calculated by
substituting f (r) into Equations (6) and (7) to obtain
1 p
j erfc j
2
2
Pj 1 e j kj2
kj 1 e j
2wj
Efj^x r j2 g jkj
1
Efjxj2 g
Pavg
2
2w
p Ais;j
IBOj p
Pj
10
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Z1
j
P^x j ^x j f
^x j ^x j ej2f d
j
12
1
where P^xj j ^x j f and ^xj j x^ j represent the PSD and autocorrelation function of the OFDM signal at the output of
the HPA at the jth transmitting antenna. The autocorrelation function for the output of the HPA at the jth transmitting antenna can be computed as
^x j ^x j Tlim
1
1
2T
ZT
^x j t ^x j t dt
13
T
n
o
E ^x j t ^x j t
h
ih
i
j
j
j
j
E k 0 x j t w0 t k 0 x j t w 0 t
n
h
i
o
j
jk0 j2 E x j t x j t E w0j t w0j t
j
k0 2 x j x j w j w j
0
kj0
where
is the attenuation factor of the in-band part,
x j x j represents the autocorrelation function of the
OFDM signal at the input of the HPA, i.e., x j(t), and
Page 5 of 14
j
j jf
w0 w0
14
j
j j f ,
w0 w 0
j 2
j
w0
j 2
j
w0
Z1
P
1
as
j
j j f df
w0 w0
15
w0 w0
P j j f .
0 w0
j1
w0 w0
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
16
K0 H0 lX l H0 lW0 l N0 l
where X[l] = [X1[l]X2[l] XN[l]]T is an N 1 input
OFDM signal in FD at the BS, and Xj[l] is the input into
the HPA at the jth transmitting antenna on the lth subcarrier. Ki = diag {kij}N
j=1, i = 0, . . ., R is an N N diagonal
matrix, where kji represents the scaling factor of the linear
part (in-band distortion) at the jth transmit antenna in the
ith hop. W[l] = [Wi1[l]Wi2[l] WiN[l]]T is an N 1
nonlinear distortion noise vector (out-of-band distortion)
due to HPA and it is obtained by taking the DFT of
w(t). Wij[l] represents the nonlinear distortion noise
on the jth transmit antenna in the ith hop for the lth
T
subcarrier. N[l] = [N1i [l]N2i [l] NN
i [l]] is an N 1
j
complex additive noise vector and Ni[l] represents the
iid zero-mean complex AWGN noise on the jth
transmit antenna in the ith hop for the lth subcarrier.
h
iT
YR1 l YR11 lYR21 l . . . YRN1 l
is an N 1 received
j
17
where
(
G0 l
1 H
HH
H 0 l
:
0 l H0 l
H
1
:
H0 lH0 l Q 0 lI HH
l
0
ZF
MMSE
18
Page 6 of 14
received symbol at the input of the first RSs HPA can then
be expressed as
YR1 ;DemF l K0 X l W0 l GZF lN0 l
19
K0 X l W0 l N 00 l
h
iT
is an
j
l k
v
u
PR
u
u
2
t j
E yRl ;DemF k
20
y^ R1 ;DemF t 1 k0 k1 x j t 1 k1 w0 t
j
j j
21
1 k1 n00 j t w1 t
j
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 7 of 14
h
iH
j
j
j
R1 R1 E ^y R1 ;DemF t ^y R1 ;DemF t
8
>
<
j j
1 k0 k1 x j t 1 k1 w0 t 1 k1 n0 t w1 t
9
>
=
h
iH
>
: j k j k j xj t j k j w j t j k j n0 t w j t >
;
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1
1
2 2
j
j
2 2 2
2 2
1 k1 n j n j
j j
j
j
j
0 0
1 k0 k1 x j x j 1 k1 w j w j
w j w j
0 0
1 1
N
where
h
H 1 H ih
H 1 H
Hi Hi Hi
Hi Hi Hi
n
o
1
E HH
i Hi
1
IN
N
E
E Gi GH
i
iH
PRR;DemF f j jk j j
j
PR R
1
;DemF f
1
2 2 2
j j
j
1 k0 k1 Px j x j f
2 2
j
j
1 k1 Pw j w j f
2 2 0 0
j
j
1 k 1 P n j n j f
0 0
N
Pw j w j f
1
22
2R
2R1
R1
X
m0
Pxj xj f
jk j2Rm Pw j w j f
m
25
R1
1
j 2R X
jk j2Rp Pn j n j f
p p
N
p0
Pw j w j f
R
23
where
26
K0 H0 lX l H0 lW0 l N0 l
h
iT
is an N 1
YR1 l YR11 lYR21 l . . . YRN1 l
j
Y
R
2
2
j
j
PRR;DemF f 1j Rj
jkl j2 Px j x j f
l0
24
X
Y j
2
2 R1 Rm
j
j
2
jkR1n j Pw j w j f
1 R
m0 n1
X
Rp
2
2
1 R1 Y j
j
j
1 R
jk
j2 P j j f
N p0 q1 R1q np np
YR1 l
N
X
0
^ m N0 l
Hj;m
l X
m
m1
N
X
0
k0m Hj;m
lX m
m1
Pw j w j f
R
N
X
0
Hj;m
lW m l N0 l
27
m1
The received OFDM signal at the jth receive antenna of R1 is then amplified with an amplification
factor j1 as shown in Figure 2b. The amplification
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
parameter
1 l
r
PR1
j
EjYR lj2
28
m Km nm1 t wm t
where ^y Rm1 ;AF t ; m 1; . . . ; R is the transmitted
OFDM symbol at the (m 1)th RS, and the transmitted OFDM symbol at the output of the HPA at the
jth transmit antenna of the mth RS is given by
N
j
^yRj m ; AF t jm kmj hm1
yRm1 ; AF t
jl ^
l1
j
jm km
nm1 t wmj t
29
l1
j j
l1
1 k1 n0 t w1 t
30
PR R
1
;AF f
1
N
2 j X
j
jk0l j2 Px l x l f
1 j k1 j2
31
l1
N
2
X
j
j
1 jk1 j2 Pw0l w0l f
l1
2
j
j
1 jk1 j2 Pn j n j f Pw1l w1l f
0 0
PR
P RP
;AF f P
2
jkP j2
N
X
l
jkP1
j2 PRl
l
P1 RP1
l1
N
2
X
j
j
P jkP j2 PwlP1 wlP1 f
l1
2
j
j 2
P jkP j Pn j n j f Pwl wl f
P1 P1
32
where PRl Rl f is the PSD of the transmitted OFDM
P1 P1
symbol at the output of the HPA at the lth transmitting
antenna of the (P 1)th RS.
Page 8 of 14
Value
Channel bandwidth
20 MHz
Modulation
4-QAM
Number of DC subcarriers
80
79
864
51.2 s
6.4 s (TFFT/8)
57.6 s
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 9 of 14
2.5
2
1.5
Signal amplitude
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
10
20
30
40
50
Time
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 4 4-QAM, 1024 OFDM signal at the input of the HPA before clipping.
2.5
CR = 0dB
CR = 6dB
2
1.5
Signal amplitude
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
10
20
30
40
50
Time
60
70
80
90
Figure 5 4-QAM, 1024 OFDM signal at the output of the HPA after clipping with CR of 0 and 6 dB.
100
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 10 of 14
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30.9 dB minimum, CR = 0dB
-30
-36.1 dB minimum, CR = 4dB
-35
-42.6 minimum, CR = 6dB
-40
-45
-50
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
frequency, MHz
10
Figure 6 Effect of HPA nonlinearity on the spectrum of OFDM signals for different CRs at the BS.
Transmit Spectrum at RS
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25.1 dB minimum, at RS
-25
-33.0 dB minimum, at TS
-30
-35
HPA Input Spectrum
HPA Output Spectrum at TS (Simulation, CR=1.4dB)
HPA Output Spectrum at TS (Analysis, CR = 1.4dB)
HPA Output Spectrum at RS (Simulation, CR=1.4dB)
HPA Output Spectrum at RS (Analysis, CR = 1.4dB)
-40
-45
-50
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
frequency, MHz
10
Figure 7 Comparison between analytical and simulation results for the spectrum of OFDM signals at the output of the HPA at the BS
and at the RS, SNR = 10 dB at RS.
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 11 of 14
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
HPA Input Spectrum
HPA Output Spectrum at RS(1 hop)
HPA Output Spectrum at RS(3 hop)
HPA Output Spectrum at RS(5 hop)
-40
-45
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
fequency, MHz
10
Figure 8 Effect of HPA nonlinearity on the spectrum of OFDM signals for different number of relay hops (DemF, CR = 1.4 dB, SNR = 15 dB).
-5
-10
-15
-20
-22.7 dB minimum, AF
-25
-30
-30.3 dB minimum, DF
-35
HPA Input Spectrum
HPA Output Spectrum, AF
HPA Output Spectrum, DemF
HPA Output Spectrum, DF
-40
-45
-50
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
frequency, MHz
10
Figure 9 Effect of HPA nonlinearity on the spectrum of OFDM signals for AF, DemF, and DF configurations at RSs (CR = 1.4 dB, SNR = 10 dB).
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 12 of 14
OFDM system with 2-hop relaying, the observed spectral re-growth from Figure 11 will be
PwMIMO
10 log10 N 32 10 dB
33
2 w2
which can result in significant spectral mask violation as
the number of relay hops increases. The result in this
figure suggests that the WiMAX spectral mask will be
violated once the transmitted signal is relayed beyond
two hops since according to Equation (33), PwMIMO
2 w2
10log10 2 32 10 dB > 25 dB, which means that
a 25-dB gap between the main carrier power and the unwanted spectral re-growth cannot be achieved once the
number of relay hops involved are more than two.
Hence, we can draw a conclusion that even though the
general mobile multihop relaying (MMR) system where
data could traverse any number of relay hops from
source to destination has widely been studied theoretically [20,31,32], only the 2-hop version such as those
proposed by the IEEE 802.16j group [18] may be advised
for any practical deployments in MIMOOFDM
transmissions because of the potentials for spectral mask
violations when going beyond 2-hop transmissions as
shown in these results. In Figure 12, the effect of HPA
nonlinearity on DF-relayed OFDM signal is presented. It
can be observed from this figure that less severe spectral
broadening is observed for the DF relaying option. However, due to the latency problems associated with the DF
relaying option which degrades quality of broadband
signals, AF or DemF are the preferred candidates for
broadband transmissions over relaying channels and
therefore the spectral broadening issues observed here
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Filtererd, HPA Input Spectrum
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum(CR=1.4dB)
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum (CR=3dB)
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum (CR=5dB)
-70
-80
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
frequency, MHz
Figure 10 Effect of HPA nonlinearity on the spectrum of filtered OFDM signals at the BS for different CRs.
10
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 13 of 14
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Filtererd, HPA Input Spectrum
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum at TS
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum at RS, DemF(1 hop)
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum at RS, DemF(2 hops)
-70
-80
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
frequency, MHz
10
Figure 11 Effects of HPA nonlinearity on the spectrum of filtered OFDM signals in multihop relay channel (CR = 1.4 dB, SNR = 10 dB at
each RS), DemF relaying at RSs.
Conclusions
This article presents new insights on the out-of-band
spectral re-growth due to HPA nonlinearities when
MIMOOFDM signals are transmitted over multiple
relay channels. Expressions for the PSD of a MIMO
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Filtererd, HPA Input Spectrum
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum at TS
Filtered, HPA Output Spectrum at RS, DF, (1 hop)
-70
-80
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
frequency, MHz
10
Figure 12 Effects of HPA nonlinearity on the spectrum of filtered OFDM signals in multihop relay channel (CR = 1.4 dB, SNR = 10 dB at
each RS), DF relaying at RSs.
Ahmad et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013, 2013:32
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/32
Page 14 of 14