*-

*=$

-*r

In general,iron representsan alloyof iron and carbon.lt can havevariouspeculiarfeatures

when other metals are added such as nickel and chrome.The latter alloys are called
"specialsteel".
-

lron -

or less)
Pureiron (carboncontent 0.0060/o

Steel(carboncontent 0.06%to 2.Oo/ol

[I
L

f:i.
to 6.67%) |
Cast iron (carboncontent=1.7o/o
-

Carbonsteel

r-

Hardsteel

I-

Specialsteel

Relation betwe
their Width acn

OUnmarkedn
applications
OMaterialfor h
chromium-m

tvtilosteel
Ordinarycast iron
Specialcast iron

l-t Carnonsteel

Carbon steel is widely used becauseits propertiescan easily be changed by carbon

contentor heattreatment.

MI
MI
M{

M1
Dead soft steel
Mild steel
Semi-mild steel
Semi-hard steel
Hard steel

Extrahard steel

Rivet,split pin
Section steel, steel

Bolt nut
Gear shaft
Shaft hammer

tool

Mll
Mlt

]tn2

M22

M24

l-Z SpecialSteel
Special steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and more than one other metals such as nickel,
chrome, tungsten, molybdenum,manganeseand vanadium.
Special steel includes: nickel steel, chrome steel, nickel chrome steel, chrom
molybdenum steel and invar.
Other special steel: high-speed tool steel (for tools such as tap and die), stainless
and silicon manganese steel (for spring).

cnuot" tt

M27
M30
M3if

M36
M39
M42
M45

rs peculiarfeatures
r alloys are called

Relation between the Nominal Size of Hexagon Bolt and Hexagon socket Head Bolt and
their Width across Flats (SpannerSize).

@
Hard steel
Special steel

OUnmarked nominat sizes are generatly used: Parenthesized ones are for special
applications.
OMaterial for hexagon socket head bolt: Heat treated carbon steel (S4SC,515C) or type3
chromium-molybdenumsteel (SCM3).

Unit:mm

:iron
ron

ranged by carbon

litpin
;teel,steel pipe

nmer
lol

rls such as nickel,

steel,chromiumie), stainless steel,

,r*fi

ffirc

wM
Chaptertt

Threadpitch gauge:
otto.t 37 whitworth thread)
otto.t 56M,-158M,-159M(metricthread)
OUftf (unifiedfine thread)

Feature
le of thread

Unitfor nominalsize
Unitfor
Sampleexpression
Coarsethread
Fine thread

Metric screw
60"
mm
Mm
M6
M6X0.75

\t.

Unified fine thread

Whitworththread

6o'

55'
Inch (coarse

No.or inch
No. of crestsper inch
1/4-UNC

No. of crestsoer inch

wl14

4-U28UNC

@
ONominalsize meansthe outsidediameterfor both metricand inch threads.
Owhen a metric coarse thread and a metric fine thread have the same nominal size,the
fine threadhas a smallerpitch than that of the coarsethread.
Example
M6 (coarsethread):Outsidediameter6 mm ; pitch 1 mm
MG(0.75fine thread):Outsidediameter6 mm ; pitch 0.75mm
OWhen a unified thread and a Whitworth(coarse)thread havethe same nominalsize,
pitch is the same but the angleof thread differs.
Example
1/4-20UNG(unifiedcoarsethread):Outsidediameter1/4 inch; pitch 20 (No.of
per inch); angle of thread 60 deg.
W114(Whitworth coarse thread): Outside diameter 1/4 inch; pitch 20 (No. of crests
inch); angle of thread 55 deg.
O.llS has abolished Whitworth thread since 1968.

4t Uetaric fl

OAngleof thr
OPitch: dista
OUnit for non

4z uniriearn

OAngle of thn
OUnit for non
OUnit for pitc

4g Whirworrh

OAngle of thn
Ooutside dian
OUnit for pitcl

4l ttread Ty1

OMetric coars
OMetric fine il
OUnified coars
OUnifiedfinetl
Owhitworth cr
thread is 55 c
OWhitworthfin
Oeipe thread:
Combination
angle of threa
OgO deg. trape
OZg deg. trape

(8 mm)

Angle

(3/4 inch)
hitworth thread
;h (coarse thread)
l. of crests per inch

v4
4-t VtetaricThread
rreads.
me nominal size, the

OAngle of thread: 60 deg.

OPitch: distance between crests
OUnit for nominalsize: mm

4-z unitied Thread

OAngle of thread: 60 deg.
OUnit for nominalsize: inch or No.
OUnit for pitch: number of crests per inch (25.4mm)
ne nominal size, the

4-g Whitworth Thread ( JIS has abolished this type of thread sine lgGS)
ch 20 (No. of crests

OAngle of thread: 55 deg.

OOutside diameter: inch
OUnit for pitch: number of crests per inch (25.4mm)

20 (No. of crests per

4a fnread Types
OMetric coarse thread: Expressedby "M", angle of thread is 60 deg.
OMetric fine thread: Has smatl pitch. Angle of thread is 60 deg.
OUnified coarse thread: Expressedby "UNC". Inch thread. Angle of thread is 60 deg.
OUnified fine thread: Has small pitch. Inch thread. Angle of thread is 60 deg.
OWnitworth coarse thread (abolished by JIS): Expressed by "\,V'. Inch thread. Angle of
thread is 55 deg.
OWnitworth fine thread: Expressed by "\,V".Inch thread. Angle of thread is SSdeg.
OPipe thread:
Gombination of parallel thread and taper thread (PT, PF, PS) has small pitch and the
angle of thread is 55 deg.
OgO deg. trapezoidal thread
CZS deg. trapezoidal thread

chaptertt
O

M20

M1.2

0.25

0.2

Ml.6

0.35

0.2

1.5

M2

0.4

0.25

M2.5

0.45

0.35

M3

0.5

0.35

1.5

M4

0.7

0.5

M5

0.8

*,o.5

1.5

M6

0.75

M8

1.25

Ml0

1.5

(Ml4)

Ml6

1.75

(Mzn

0.75

1.5

1,25

Ml2

M24

(M30)

0.75

1.5

1.5

1.25

1.5

1.5

M36

1.25

1.5

1.5

(M3e)

1
(M18)

2.5

2
1.5
1

Gil

ones,only when necessary.

OUnmarkedsizesare used by priority:parenthesized
-159M
gauge:
No.l56M
to
OPitch
OAngle of thread:60 deg.

OAngle of thre
Angle of thre
OPitcrr gauge

Thread

Siie
6 l{ominal

Unit:mm

114

6.350

20

28

20

5/16

7.938

18

24

18

318

9.525

16

24

16

7116

11.112

14

20

112

12.700

13

20

9/1 6

14.288

12

18

12

518

15.875

11

18

11

314

19.050

10

16

10

718

22.225

14

25.400

12

1118

28.575

12

1114

31.750

12

1318

34.925

12

1112

38.100

12

1314

44.450

2
2114

4112

57.150

4112

4112

!
4

2112

63.500

2314

69.850

3112

76.200

3112

3114

82.550

3112

3112

88.900

3112

3314

95.250

101.600

!n necessary.

50.800

14

' 1 2

etEffi.

OAngle of thread (UNG):60 deg.

Angle of thread (W): 55 deg.
OPitch gauge: UNC (for UNC thread); No.135(for W)

Pipe thread is mainly used to connect gas pipes (carlcon steel pipes for ordinary piping)
and has a small pitch and the thread angle of 55 deg. There are two types of pipe thread :
parallel thread (PF)and taper thread (PT).
:
OExpression
Expressed by the nominal size in inch of the female thread which fits the mating male
thread Fhe size is not equal to the outside diameter of the male thread but is almost
equal to the bore of the pipe).
OOombination of pipe threads
Parallel pipe thread : Taper mde thread (PT)and taper female thread (PT)
Taper male thread (PT) and parallel female thread (PS) (uPSu is used for this
combination.)

@
Parallelfemale thread (PS) is used in combinationwith taper male thread (PT).
Specificationsare the samefor both PS and PT.
OSampleexpression
PS 1/4 : Pitch19 (No.of crestsper inch); outsidedimensionof thread= 13.157mm

OPitch gauge
OAngle of thre
OPf threadha

No
; for ordinarypiping)
ypesof pipe thread :

fits the mating male

thread but is almost

, (PT)
i" is used for this

male thread (PT).

PS1/8

PS1/8

9.728

28

10.5

6A

PS1/4

PS1/4

13.157

19

13.8

8A

PS3/8

PS3/8

16.662

14

17.3

104

PS112

PS112

20.955

14

21.7

. 15A

PS3/4

PS3/4

26.441

11

27.2

20A.

PS1

PS1

33.249

11

34.0

254

PS13/4

PS13/4

4 1. 9 1 0

11

42.7

324

PS1112

PS1112

47.803

11

48.6

404

PS2

PS2

59.614

11

60.5

50A

75.184

11

76.3

65A

PS2112

PS2112

PS3

PS3

87.884

11

89.1

80A

PS31/2

PS31/2

100.330

11

1 0 1. 6

90A

PS4

PS4

113.030

11

11 4 . 3

100A

PS5

PS5

138.430

11

139.3

125A

PS6

PS6

163.830

11

165.2

150A

PS7

PS7

189.230

11

190.7

175A

PS8

PS8

214.630

11

216.3

200A

PS9

PS9

240.030

11

241.8

2254

PS1O

PS1O

265.430

11

267.4

250A

PSl 2

PSl 2

316.230

11.

318.5

300A

d = 1 3 . 1 5 7m m

OPitcngauge:No.137
OAngleof thread:55 deg.
OPf threadhasa 1116taper.

Chapter
ll O