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aomif;? 9 aomif;? tvkyfoif owif;axmufrsm;rSm vpm 3
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axmufyahH y;urf;r,fo
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rsufESmudk Munfhoifhygw,f/
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awGrSm owif;axmufrsm;bufu &yfwnfay;EkdifrIr&SdbJ owif;rD'D
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pdk;&drfae&ygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD owif;pm&JU acgif;pnf;t&ajym&r,fqdk
&ifawmh Freedom House tzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmonf pme,f
Zif;vGwv
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xm;w,f v d k Y o mqd k w ,f / 0ef B uD ; csKyf t d r f r D ; avmif w mwd k Y ? ppf w yf
taqmufttHkrD;avmifwmwdkY pwJhudprsKd;awGrSm owif;axmufawGudk
vGwfvyfpGm owif;r,lEkdifatmif tmPmydkifawGu enf;rsKd;pHkeJY [efY
wm;aESmifh,SufaewmawG &Sdao;awmh vuf&Sdpme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh
qdkwmu a&T&nfpdrfpme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhvdkjzpfaew,f ...vdkYqdkxm;
ygw,f/
pme,fZif;aumifpDrS yk*dKvfrsm;udk rD'D,musifh0wfqdkNyD; rnfonfh
twdkif;twm? b,fvdkaywHrsKd;eJYwdkif;r,fqdkwm rod&SdEkdifao;wJhtwGuf
(vdkcsifovdkwdkif;aom tvyfpwdwf(elastic) Oya'rsKd; ...avQmhBudK;)
jzpfaerSmpdk;vdkY ajymMum;&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY owif;orm;
awGcsnfref;uGif;pGyfcH&wJhb0u b,fawmhuRwfrSmvJ/ &yfcsif;&yf&if
udk,fhvlrsm;bufu &yfMuygvm;cifAsm;/
[pfwdkifacgif;udkifBuD; ar;cGef;xkwfovdk uRefawmfwdkYowif;orm;
awG csnfref;uGif;pGyfcH&wJhb0u b,fawmh uRwfrvJqdkonfudk uRef
awmfudk,fwdkifvnf; odcsifvSacsonf/

[Hom0wDOD;0if;wifazmifa';&Sif; 17 Budrfajrmuf axmufyHhaiGay;tyfyGJ usif;y


&ef u k e f Ek d 0 if b m 12
2014 Ekd0ifbm 12 &ufaeY eHeufydkif;u &efukef? awmf0ifESif;qD
Nidrf;csrf;a&;cef;rwGif tqdkygtcrf;tem;udk usif;yonf/ tqdkygtcrf;
tem;wGif obmywdtjzpf azmifa';&Sif;em,u OD;wifOD;(trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf obmywd tzGJUem,u)rS trSmpum;ajymMum;cJhum
[Hom0wDO;D 0if;wifazmifa';&Si;f \ (17)Budraf jrmuf axmufyahH iGay;tyf
yGJESifh tvSL&Sifrsm; *kPfjyKyGJ owif;xkwfjyefcsuftm; zwfMum;wifjy
cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf axmufyHhaiGrsm; ay;tyfcJhum yef;csDq&mvSwifxGef;
rS q&mBuD;[Hom0wDOD;0if;wiftwGuf *kPfjyKtrSwfw& a&;qGJxm;
onfh ]q&mBuD;[Hom0wDOD;0if;wif\edAmefbHk}trnf&Sd a&aq;yef;csD
um;tm; azmifa';&Sif;odkY ay;tyfvSL'gef;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf [Hom0wD
OD;0if;wifazmifa';&Sif; &moufyef&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGuf &efyHkaiGtjzpf
rEav;uAsmq&mrsm; OD;aqmifum ArmEkdifiHuAsmq&mrsm;rS *g&0jyK
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onf/ tvSL&Sifrsm;udk,fpm; rEav;rS uAsmq&m armifrdIif;vGif(tif;0)
u trSwfw&pum;ajymMum;cJhNyD; axmufyHhaiG&&SdolwpfOD;rS aus;Zl;
wifpum;ajymMum;um obmywdO;D wifO;D rS ed*;kH csKyftrSmpum;ajymMum;
cJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
zrf;qD;owfjzwfcH&onfh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;^pme,fZif;orm;

12

1/ udkatmifausmfEkdif(c)udkygBuD;
(tvGwfowif;axmuf)\ rdom;pk
vuf & S d E k d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;rsm;jzpf M uonf h
1/ OD;pdefoef; (wuf<uvIyf&Sm;ol)
2/ udkausmfrif;cdkif(c)udkaZmfrif;

3 odef;
2 odef;?
2 odef;

(Bi rGef;wnfhae*sme,f)
3/ udk,Ofrif;xGef;(c)jrifhjrwf
2 odef;
(Bi rGef;wnfhae*sme,f)
4/ udkrif;0ef(c)ausmfaZm[def;)
2 odef;
(Bi rGef;wnfhae*sme,f)
5/ udk0if;wif(c)aZmf[def;
2 odef;
(Bi rGef;wnfhae*sme,f)
6/ udkatmifcefY(c)ol&aZmf
2 odef;
(Bi rGef;wnfhae*sme,f)
Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;a[mif ; rsm;ES i f h b0wl p me,f Z if ; orm;rsm;
1/ OD;oef;(udkoef;-Munfhjrifwdkif)(88 ESpf)
2 odef;
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2 odef;
3/ OD;atmifodef; (80 ESpf) omauw
2 odef;
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2 odef;
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2 odef;
6/ OD;&mjrifh (74 ESpf) acsmuf
2 odef;
7/ OD;a&Tatmif (74 ESpf) rEav;
2 odef;
8/ OD;at;aqG (71 ESpf) yJcl;
2 odef;
9/ Ekdifrif;Munf (70 ESpf) yJcl;
2 odef;
10/ OD;jrifhodef; (65 ESpf) jyifOD;vGif
2 odef;

Book Corner
[Hom0wDOD;0if;wifazmifa';&Sif;&moufyef&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGuf
&efykHaiGtjzpf rEav;uAsmq&mrsm;OD;aqmifum ArmEkdifiHuAsmq&m
rsm;rS *g&0jyKvSL'gef;onf[k qkdonf/ oHrPdvdyfjymESifhywfouf
pHndrf;OD;u zGifhqkd&mwGif
]]jrefrmjynfrSm EkdifiHa&;vkyfawmhr,fqdkuwnf;u ppftmPm&Sif
awGeJY &ifqdkif&r,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY BudKwifwGufqxm;&r,f/ tm
Pm&Sifudk yvifay:uqGJcswJhtcg tqifroifh&if toufawmif ay;
csif ay;&vdrfhr,fqdkwmvnf; uRefawmfwdkY jrifxm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ uRef
awmfwdkYacwfrSm uRefawmfwdkY wm0efraus&if aemufvmr,fh rsKd;quf
awGu uRefawmfwdkYudk tjypfwifp&mjzpfvdrfhr,f/ tenf;qHk; aemuf
wufvmr,fhvli,frsKd;qufudk vGwfvyfa&;eJY w&m;rQwa&;twGuf
b,fvrf;udkavQmuf&r,fqdkwmavmufawmh pHerlemjyEkdif&r,f/ uRef
awmfwdkYudk,fwdkif tvHrvSJpwrf; pGefYvTwfpGefYpm;jyEkdifrS aemufvli,f
rsKd;qufuvnf; 'DtvHudk qufvufpGJudkifcsDwufMurSmjzpfw,f/ 'g
aMumifh uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY ppf0g'vTrf;rkd;a&;'eudk tjrpfuvSefEkdif
zdkY 'DyGJrSm tvHrvSJpwrf; ,HkMunfcsufudk NrJNrJqkyfudkifxm;MuzdkY vdkyg
w,f}} ([H o m0wD O D ; 0if ; wif )
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vlom;twGuf trsm;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;&mjzpfxGef;aMumif;? aumif;
&maumif;usKd;aqmif&GufoGm;olrsm;udk *kPfjyKMuwm? trSwfw&&SdMu
wm? EIwfuae woo>rufqdkMuwm[mqdk&if urmeJYwpf0Srf; ,Ofaus;
rIwpfckyrmyg/
2/ uRefawmfwdkY ArmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;rSmvnf; vlausmfvlarmfawG
txifu&xGufay:cJhovdk olwdkYudk rarhavsmhbJ *kPfjyKtodtrSwfjyK
Muwm[m tifrwefavQmfuefwJh aus;Zl;qyfrIwpfrsKd;vdkY ,lqygw,f/
Oyrm-EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fuqdkvQif ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;? OD;0dpm&? OD;Owr?
udkA[def;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ociftkef;jrifh? avxD;OD;tkef;armif?
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm? udkzkef;armfeJY udkpdk;Ekdif? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;? r0if;
armfOD; ponfjzifhayghav/ tckvnf; ArmjynfppftmPm&Sifpepfudk
a&SUuae tvHrvSJpwrf; tefwkwdkufyGJ0if&if; rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfcJhol

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OD;cifGefh odkhr[kwf &ufpufrItaygif;
o&zlaqmif;cJo
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xm;onfh ]OD;cifGefY odkYr[kwf &ufpufrItaygif;o&zlaqmif;cJh
ol}pmtkyf vGifOD;pmayvSnf;wef;rS jzefYcsdjcif;jzpfonf/ pma&;ol
udk,fwdkif trSma&;xm;onf/ AAPP rS xkwfjyefxm;onfh ppfaMum
a&;pcef;wGif aoqHk; olrsm;pm&if;? tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aoqHk;
cJhonfh trnfpm&if;rsm; udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ &Jbufpcef;wGif
aoqHk;olrsm;? tusOf;uscH ae&pOf aysmufqHk;olrsm;pm&if;udkvnf;
azmfjyxm;onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ppfaMuma&;pcef;rsm;pm&if;udkvnf;
azmfjyxm;onf/
pma&;olu ol\trSmwGif ]pmtkyf a&;om;wifjyxm;orQ
onf yk*dKvfa&;qefaernfjzpfaomfvnf; yk*dKvfa&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;,SOf
vmygu EkdifiHa&;udkom OD;pm;ay;&rnf[laom xHk;udk ESvHk;rlum
t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; dk;om;pGm wifjyvdkufygonf[k
qdkonf/ tcsuftvufrsm; cdkifrmrI&Sdr&Sd qdkjcif;udk rnfolYxHrS
twnfjyKcsuf &,lxm;onfqdkjcif;udkrl azmfjyrxm;/

oHrPd[Hom0wDOD;0if;wifudk &nfTef;NyD; ArmuAsmq&mrsm;u trSwf


w& jyKvkyfygw,f/ olwnfaxmifcJhwJh [Hom0wDOD;0if;wifazmifa';
&Sif; &moufyef&yfwnfEkdifzdkY &efyHkaiGtjzpf rEav;uAsmq&mrsm;OD;
aqmifNyD; ArmuAsmq&mrsm;u uAsmeJYvSL'gef;jcif;udk jyKvkyfygw,f/

tck-oHrPdMu,fjymygyJ/
3/ 'DpmtkyfjzpfajrmufzdkY&mrSm uAsmq&mrsm;&JU *g&0w&m;? apwem
eJY vHkYvxnfh0ifrIrygbJ jzpfvmzdkY rvG,fygbl;/ uAsmudpeJYywfouf
vm&if tcsdefra&G;tqifoifhjzpfaewwfwJh udkcifarmifEkdifOD;? udkydwf
(Ekdif;Ekdif)eJY tJ'DvdkygyJ tjcm;aomrdwfaqGrsm;? uAsmq&mrsm;&JU [Hom
0wDOD;0if;wif tay:xm;&SdwJh rGefjrwfwJhapwemvIHYaqmfrI[mvnf;
ta&;BuD;vSygw,f/ uAsmawGudkwnfNyD; vufcHay;MuwJh? pkpnf;ay;
MuwJh udkxuf(a&OD;)? xGPf;aoG;tdrf? rif;e'Dc? armifEkdifvif;(aum
vif;) tp&SdwJh rEav;uAsmq&mrsm;? tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifh uAsmrsm;
ay;ydkYay;wJh &Jabmf? rdwfaqG? q&morm;? uAsmq&mrsm;? uAsmacgif;
pOfudk pmtkyfrSm toHk;jyKcGifhay;wJh armifrdIif;vGif(tif;0)wdkYudkvnf;
trSwfom;jyKtyfygw,f/ txl;aus;Zl;armfuGef;jyK&rSmuawmh [Hom
0wDOD;0if;wiftay: ESvHk;onf;yGwfjzifh MunfndKav;pm;&if;vnf;&Sdum
'DpmtkyfxGuf&SdEkdifa&;twGuf tvHk;pHkaom ulnDrIudkay;aom? yHhydk;wm
0ef,lay;aom yef;csDq&m OD;rsKd;cif(xef;&dyfndK)yJjzpfygw,f/ aemuf
rarhravsmh aus;Zl;qdkcsifwmuawmh tGefvdkif;rdwfaqGudkaZmf0if;eJY
pmtkyftzHk;rSm toHk;jyKxm;wJh yef;ykzefwD;ol Jim Me Nalis eJY tzHk;
pmvHk;'DZdkif;a&;ay;wJh umwGef;bDndK? twGif;yHkvuf&m&Sif q&mrif;ausmf
cdkifwdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/
4/ pum;csyftm;jzifhqdkcsifwmuawmh uAsmq&mrsm;&JU trnfpOf
yHkeJY ywfoufNyD; qdkcsifwmyg/ tu&m0vdpOfr[kwfyg/ twwfEkdifqHk;
0gpOftvdkufpOfaomfjim; tcsdefeJY tajctaetcuftcJaMumifh aemuf
ydkif;wGif oifhawmfovdk pOfxm;&rIrsm;&Sdygw,f/ tvGJrsm;&SdcJhaomf em;
vnfay;Mur,fvdkYvnf; ,lqygw,f/
([Hom0wDOD;0if;wifpdwf"mwft"GefY&Snfygap)
([Hom0wDOD;0if;wifazmifa';&Sif;t"GefY&Snfygap)
av;pm;pG m
rE a v;uAsmq&mrsm;ud k , f p m;
pHndrf;OD;
[l azmf j yxm;onf /

armifrdIif;vGif(tif;0)
aEGOD;iSuf&JUtdyfwef;jyef
uAsmq&marmifrdIif;vGif(tif;0)xHrS &JabmfjrwfcdkiftwGuf[kqdk
um uAsmpmtkyfwpftkyf vufcH&&Sdonf/ onfhtwGuf &JabmfBuD;
q&marmifriId ;f vGi(f tif;0)udk aus;Zl;wifygonf/ uAsmpmtkyu
f kd aZ,swk
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Cover San Nyein Oo [k qdkonf/ jzefYcsdonfu ESpfumvrsm; pmtkyf
wdkuf/ uAsmq&mu ol\pmtkyfESifhywfouf urmBuD;&JU ESvHk;om;
bPfwdkufudk uAsmaomhESifhzGifhMupdkY[k qdkxm;onf/
urmBuD;&JU ESvHk;om;bPfwdkufudk uAsmaomhESifhzGifhMupdkY
(1)
dk;om;rIudk aomufvdkuf&wJh
0rf;ajrmufrIyDwdxuf
b,ftm[m&udkrS uRefawmf rwyfrufygbl;/
(azmf a 0; psmye urf ; ,yf a wmif p m ...rS )
(2)
'kwd,urmppftwGif;rSm AdkvfrSL;wpfa,mufajymwmudk uRefr zwf
zl;ygw,f/ ppfjzpfvdkY t&yfom;awG ppfxJ0if&wJhtcg olxifwmu
ppf o m;aumif ; jzpf r ,f h v l q d k w m ...aqmuf v k y f a &;wwf o l a wG
odkYr[kwf tvkyfMurf;Murf;eJY tuRrf;0ifolawGjzpfr,fvdkY xifcJhrdowJh/
'gayr,fh wu,fvnf;usa&m uAsmq&mawGu tm;upm;orm;awG
tif*sifeD,mawGxufydkNyD; ppfom;aumif;jzpfaewmudk awGU&w,fvdkY
qdkw,f/ tE&m,ftrsm;qHk; wm0efawGtwGif;rSm ol odyfudk tm;xm;
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'DvdkeJY olu aemufqHk;rSm tawmfqHk;ppfom;rSm t&nftcsif;
oHk;&yf&Sdw,fvdkY vufcHvdkufygw,f/ avhusifhxm;wJh pdwf"mwfwpfck
&,f? qif;&Jyifyef;rI'kuudk onf;cHEkdifpGrf;&nf? [momPf&nf &Sd&
r,fvdkYygyJ/ [momPf&SdzdkYu odyfta&;BuD;w,faemf/
(a':atmifqef;pkMunf qef;[wfppfwuodkvf ajymMum;onfh
rdefYcGef;aumufEkwfcsuf)
(3)
uRefawmf[m pmul;pufuAsmacwf (rkd;a0vGefacwf)rSm vljzpfvm
&olyg/ 80 jynfhvGefESpf/ ]tif;0*kPf&nf} ...rSm (udk)MunfatmifESifh
awGUawmh ...]]rif; ...uAsmb,fESpfyk'fygcJhvJ}}...wJh/ ]]Mum;xJ
vrf;rSm aysmufukefw,fAsm}}qdkawmh ...]]pm&Gufr&Sd? abmyifr&Sdvnf;
pdwfESifha&;wm usifhprf;yguGm/ igh ...]]trSwfonmw&m;}}...[m
pdwfESifha&;? pdwfESifhusufNyD; xkwfcJhwmuG/ wvmpD&if rrdbl; ...}}wJh/
'DuAsmawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m (udk)Munfatmifaus;Zl;ygyJ/
tarSmifacwf&JU ol&Jaumif;jywdkufxJu ykavGoHwcsKdUyg/
(4)
eH&HawGxJrSm pmtdk;wGJvnf;jzpfcJhwJh &Jabmfudka&Tarmifudkawmh 'D
]]aEGOD;iSuf&JU tdyfwef;jyef}}jzpfzdkY&mrSm txl;aus;Zl;wifaMumif;vnf;
qdkcsifygw,f/
armif r d I i f ; vG i f ( tif ; 0)
uAsmq&m\ udk,fa&;tusOf;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ azmfa0;?
tkef;jrifhvdIif? cif0rf;? tOvDarmifarmif? OD;0if;wifwdkYudkvnf; *kPfjyK

xm;onf/
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wdkif; eb,Htjypftemr&SdapbdkY
vdIif; txefxef tepfemxdayr,fh
udkif; temcH opmwynfhwdkY&JU
rdIif; o&PH *pmrdMupdkYuGJU/ /
[laom uAsmu vGrf;zG,fjzpfonf/

tajzrS e f r sm;
(1) Zaha Hatid
(2) 4.5 x&DvD,rf
(3) Katie Melua
(4) Ouagadougou
(5) Mitch Mc Connell
(6) Luxembourg
(7) Christopher Nolan
(8) New York
(9) The Temple Mount
(10) The Force Awakens

13

vufonf;ukd qd&ifv
vufxdyfu ]em}/
trsKd;ukd xd&ify
rcsdatmif ]em}/
usD;wpfaumif aoovkdyg?
0kdif;tkHum atmftmMu/
rat ..awG
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armifawG ..igawG okH;ygvkdY
trkef;urm &efp /
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26

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27

28

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qGJNyD; quf&r,fh (Synchronizer) qifudkEdkufZm ypnf;&JU yife,ef
awGuvnf; (35 rr)/ teDa&mifrD;wpfvHk;wnf;eJY tarSmifcef;xJrSm
rjrifrprf; zviful;&r,fh Printer ul;wJhpuf&JU yife,efawGuvnf;
(35 rr) kyf&SifHkBuD;ay:rS jywJh Projector jypufxJu um;ydkif;BuD;

payghuwf 4 ayguf tkyfwpfuGuf

Hak y:jrif&aom tkyef t


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&pfvHk; (Reel)awGuvnf; (35 rr)/ kyf&SifHkxJu ydwfum;ay:rSm jrif


&wJhtkyfawGu vIyfaewm/ wu,fawmh kyfyHkao (Still)jzpfaewJh
tkyfawGudk wpfuGufcsif; qGJcsaewm/ puf&JUtmedoifaMumifh vIyf
oGm;wm/ tJovdk zvifawG wpfuu
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(35 rr)yJ/ tJ'g wpfurmvHk;&JU Standard yJ/ kyf&SifeJYywfoufvdkYu
awmh wpfurmvHk;&JU b,fem;udkoGm;oGm; 'Dtwdkif;yJ/ bmomjyefrvdk
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zsufNyD; aqmif;wpfjcrf;eJY vkyf&r,fhtvkyfudk pawGU&r,fhvlu b,f
olvJ/
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olYvufu vGwfrS usefwJhtvkyfawG vkyfvdkY&rSmav/ wnf;jzwfum;
qufwJhtvkyfrNyD;&if bmrS qufvkyfvdkYr&bl;/ wnf;jzwfwJhtqifh
udk rausmfjzwfoa&GU b,favmufaumif;atmifdkufxm; dkufxm;
zvif[m zviftwdkif;yJ &SdaerSm/ touf0ifrvmbl;/
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awmif ta&;ygvdkYvm;/ 'gdkufwmu OD;aqmifoGm;wmyJ r[kwfvm;/
A: [kwfygw,f/ 'gdkufwmoabmyJjzpf&rSmaygh/ odkYaomf trsKd;

rsKd;aygh/ olYtqifheJY olawmh &SdMuwmaygh/ pmayrSmvnf; t,f'Dwm


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30

2013 jrefrmhkyf&Siftu,f'rD yHhydk;a&;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;usif;y

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