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Ellis - The Decline and Fall of Sociology, 1975-2000
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THE DECLINE
Lee
Minot
The
1975-2000 *
American
Ellis
State College
1977, Vol.
Sociologist
12 (April):
56-66
(ideological)
as a science
56
The
Decline
and
Fall
of
Sociology
57
stagnate.
The Emergence
of Sociobiology
immature as
of sociology's
framework,
began
biologists
sumptional
into
invasions
sizable
mounting
1970s
in
the
(Gal
territory"
"sociological
Because
58 The American
Sociologist
The
By 1990, virtually all of
port was being diverted
tive (i.e., sociobiological)
ogy, from then on found
retain,
and,
cruit, well
Major
sociologists
course of
1980s, the
few
years
and
Decline
even
to
re
qualified students.
factional
among
disputes
the future
errupted over
their discipline. By the late
choice seemed clear to most
build
either
leading
sociologists:
into sociology's
"biosociology"
major
branch so as to recapture jurisdiction over
theory and technology lost to sociobiol
ogy, or retrench into those few areas still
either by sociobiology on the
unoccupied
one side of the social phenomena
con
tinuum, or by the administrative sciences
on the other (see Reverby,
1972:141).
Continued debate without decisive action,
growing embarrassment over sociology's
deteriorating image within the scientific
community, and impatience in the face of
sociobiology's
expanding share of public
to
contributed
research
funding, all
influ
sociology's withering professional
ence. By 1990, membership
in the major
association
had
shrunk to
sociological
in the late
about a third of what it was
1970s. As was already mentioned, many
younger sociologists had been fortunate
re
some biological
to receive
enough
search and theoretical training, and were
other
into sociobiology. Most
absorbed
former sociologists obtained professional
in political science.
acceptance
Sociology's
Regression
Fall
of
Sociology
59
pro
anti-sociobiology
ported sociology's
nouncements
also were attracted to the
aesthetics and logic of such tables, and by
the fact that a number of "individual
abstractions"
could be made to help them
lives. Unwavering
guide their personal
testimonies of the mysterious
predictive
of sociological
and diagnostic
powers
tables"
reached
alarming
"predictive
the
decade of the
first
proportions during
21st century among several poorly edu
hemi
cated
segments of the Western
re
to
have
and
trend
this
appears
sphere,
tained some following even today as we
embark upon the second half of that cen
tury.
however,
the
"Copernican
Revolu
Shah
and
1974:111-126
&
Williams
Eichelman,
1971
Evidence
Biochemical
of
Influences
on
Such
Behavior
in
Species
the
Human
Kreuz
1972 Ehrenkranz
Roth,
al..
et
1974
1975
1973:124Anonymous,
Persky
et
al.,
1971
Rose,
& Eisenberg,
Revelle
al.,
et
1976
1973
Moyer,
1974
Weiss,
&
Sauerhoff
Michaelson.1973
Evidence
Biochemical
ofBehavior
Influences
Such
on
Nonhuman
in
Species
Eibl-Eibesfeldt,
1971:70
Welch
al.,
et
1974
1971:605
Axelrod,
1969:262
1969
Edwards,
Sadleir, Sheard,
Leshner,
1975
1975
Peters,
1967
Money,
1969:230
&
1975
Zahoric,
Johnston
Milne,
&Milne
1968:6<
Stynes,
&
1959
Leary
&Siegel
Poole,
1969
Moyer,
1973
et
al.,
1975
1969Macrides
Vandenberg,
1975
1975
Nadler,
Reinboth,
Van
1974:780
Berghe,
den
Maccoby
&
Jacklin,
1974
Influences
Such
Behavior
on
Human
in
the
Species
Evidence
Genetic
of
1967
Vandenberg,
Moyer,
1975
Laughlin
Hogan,
1973:218
UPON
MAJOR
FORMS
OF
SOCIAL
HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
Eisenberg
&
1971
Dillon,
Eisenberg
&
Dillon,
1971
on
Such
Behavior
EVIDENCE
OF
EVOLUTIONARY,
GENETIC
BIOCHEMICAL
AND
INFLUENCES Influences
Nonhuman
in
Species
Bekoff
Hill,
&
1975
Hare,
Trivers
&
1976
Evidence
of
Genetic
1967:133
Atland,
Nevo,
1969:486
1960
Vernon,
1969
Scott,
1958
Guhletal.,
Evidence
SuchBehavior
Implicating
Breeding
Survival
Success
Contributing
Species
to
as&
Gould,
Eisenberg
&
1970
1969
1972:149
Trivers.
Hamburg,
1974
d'Aquili,
&
Diamond,
1965:157
Ballonoff,
1974
Cattell,
1957
Kolata,
1976
Knerer
&
Atwood,
1973:1091
&
Milne,
Milne
1968:69
seeMcClearn,
1971:60
Eibl-Eibesfeldt,
&
1976
Trivers
Hare,1971:80
1971:80
McClearn,
see
Christian,
1970
1975
Kolata,
1975
Wilson,
1975
Williams,
1971
1966
Sade,
Dare,
Carey
&
Nolan,
1975
Trivers,
1972:168
Williams,
1975
&
Atwood,
Knerer
1973:1091
Similar
Highly
Behavior
Berghe,
den
Van
1974
Nonhuman
in
Species
Evidence
the
Same
of
or
1972
Southwick,
Christian,
1970
Calhoun,
1962
Scott,
1958
Howell,
1972:171
Parsons,
1967
&
Atwood,
Knerer
1973:1091
Klopfer
&
1973:563
Klopfer,
Berghe,
den
Van
1974
Kolata,
1975
Wilson,
1975
Milne
&
1968
Milne,
Stynes,
1968
etal.,
1968:298
Baldwin,
1969:99
Wickler,
Struhsaker,
1976
Le
1974
Boeuf,
Le
1974
Hoagland,
1972
Scott,
1969:269
1973:36
Beyers,
1966:39
Fox,
1967:28
1967:31
Fox,
Fox,1967:31
1970
Herbert,
1968
Calhoun,
1962 Christian,
1962
Chivers,
1974
1,1969
Zajonc,
Wickler,
1969
Kolata,
1975
Boeuf,
1975
1973
Mazur,
Calhoun,
Schein, Singh,
1969
Rowel
Major
Forms
of
Human
aggressive
behavior
Behavior
Social
dominance
general
and
mimetic
conforming
and
family
between
membersaltruism
altruism
and
loyalties
and
loyalties
allelo
within
groups
social cooperative,
social
stratification
behavior behavior
monogamous
sexual
discrimination
and
sexual
selectivity
gregariousness,
and
bonding
pair
sociability
Satterfield
Cantwell,
and
1975
Anonymous,
1975
Benedek,
1952
&
Bern
Gorski,
1973
Calhoun,
1972:250
&
Bower,
Hilgard
1966:433
&
Levine,
Thoman
1970
Leon
etal.,
1973
Klopfer,
1971
1976
Shah
1974:131-139
Roth,
and
Yeni-Komshian
&
Benson,
see
Dobzhansky,
1962:102
Cloninger
et
al.,
1975
Ghiselin,
1973:967
Wescott,
1969
Kagan.
1969
1976
&
Yeni-Komshian
Benson,
Manosevitz,
1970
McClearn,
1971:75
&
Wilson
Vessey,
1968
Carey
&
1975
Nolan,
Klopfer,
1969
&
Huxley
Huxley,
1947
1976:7
1972:18;
Skinner,
Eibl-Eibesfeldt,
1971:58
Waddington,
1961
1970:672
Marley,
1967:69
Fox,
Hogan,
1973
1970
Lang,
Fox,Klopfer,
1967:29
1971
104
&
&
Menzel
1975
Halperin,
Gardner
&Gardner,
1969 Rumbaugh
Van
Berghe,
den
1974
et
al.,
1973
1971:76 Premack,
Eibl-Eibesfeldt,
1971:58
1971
&
1970
i11,
Aver
see Eibl-Eibesfeldt,
Manosevitz,
1970
Calhoun,
1962:250
McClearn,
1971:75 1968:726
1969:104
Wickler,
Lancaster,
1973 1966
Goodall,
1969Hoagland,
1972
Bar
1963
nett,
Klopfer,
1969
Fox,
1967:29
Sebeok,
1975
1974
Beyers,
1973
1975
Kolata,
1970 Fleming,
1975
Lorenz,
Lang, Gould,
hoarding
behavior
territorial
and
care
and
protection
offspring
of
and
ment
compliance
enforce
ordainment,
communication
normative
conduct:
linguistic
62 The American
tury and a half earlier
(Farrington,
1961:96; Halsey,
1971:321). Copernicus
proposed a disturbing concept of the uni
verse, inwhich the ethnocentric notion of
the earth as the center and focus of the
universe was no longer defensible. Even
tually, astrologers had come to associate
themselves with two assumptions
that as
tronomers rejected. First, astrologers held
of
and movements
that the positions
heavenly bodies could not be reduced to
principles.
purely naturalistic-mechanical
Second, they believed that purposefulness
(or destiny) had to be included in the ulti
mate understanding of stellar and plane
tary phenomena.
Darwinian
theory gradu
evolutionary
ally created a scientific climate in which
the human species could no longer be
viewed ethnocentrically, although it took
over a century for the intellectual com
munity to incorporate the full implications
of this assumption
into its perspective of
behavior.
Thus
human
evolutionary
theory exerted constant pressure upon
in studying
those
interested
social
a
from
scientific
perspective
phenomena
to separate themselves from those who
felt that human social phenomena
could
not be understood
if (1) reduced in con
siderable degree to physical,
chemical,
and biological elements, and if (2) consid
ered outside the context of individual and
societal purposes.
The point at which
sociology's jurisdiction over the scientific
study of social phenomena was irreversi
in the
bly lost probably lies somewhere
latter 1970s.
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