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Eia - 1056 Study Mbeere Thomas Final 1
Eia - 1056 Study Mbeere Thomas Final 1
FOR
PROPOSED PETROL FILLING STATION ON PARCEL NO.
MBETI/GACHOKA/3295, MBEERE COUNTY COUNCIL
@October 2013
The following experts visited the site and prepared this Environmental Impact
Assessment report.
Date
PREPARED BY:
.
Tom Kimanzi
Date
Gentrix Wamalwa
Date
.
Alexander Ndungu Wanjiru
Date
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................ VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 GENERALL OVERVIEW AND RATIONALLE FOR EIA.....................................................................1
1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE .................................................................................................................1
1.3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT STUDY ......................................................................2
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INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................28
7.2
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION .....................................................................................................28
7.2.1 Issues ...............................................................................................................................................28
7.2.2 Advantages........................................................................................................................................28
7.2.3 Provision of services ........................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER EIGHT: DECOMMISSIONING STAGE .................................................................................29
8.0 DECOMMISSIONING ....................................................................................................................29
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4
10.3.5
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ACRONYMS
C
Degree Celsius
API
DPC
EHS
EIA
EMCA
EMP
ERPS
HA
Hectare
IEA
IK
Illuminating kerosene
KM
Kilometer
NEAPC
NEC
NEMA
OHS
PCC
PDS
PMS
PPE
PV
Permanent Vent
RC
Reinforced Concrete
SEM
SERC
TOR
Terms of Reference
TPH
UPSS
UST
WCC
PM10
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The proponent (Mr. Thomas Karunji Mutugi) proposes a Petrol filling and vehicle
service station on parcel of land referred to as Mbeti/Gachoka/3295 coordinates
(034N 3737E) along the Embu-Kiritiri Road, next to Muraru shopping centre, in
Mbeere South County. The proposed project area measures about 0.10 hectares. The
proposed site is currently being developed with an office block as part of the
developments on the approved designs.
Kenya like many other countries has taken necessary steps toward enhancing
sustainable environmental management, some of the steps being the adoption of
requirements for the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit process to better
plan for and avoid adverse and costly environmental impacts through status review
and systematic assessment, this is aimed at identifying alternatives that may better
mitigate environmental and social impacts.
Pursuant to the prevailing legal requirements as envisaged in the EMCA and to ensure
sustainable environmental management, the proponent undertook this EIA study
report for the filling station; and incorporated substantial environmental aspects as
advised by NEMA. This EIA study report thus provides relevant information and
environmental considerations on the project proponents intention to seek approval
from NEMA for the development.
Scope Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
A team of NEMA registered Experts was appointed to conduct the Environmental
Impact Assessment study for the Proposed Petrol filling Station within Muraru
shopping centre area, Mbeere County. The scope of the assessment covered
construction works of the proposed development which included ground
preparation, masonry, and installation of service lines as well as the utilities required
by petrol filling station project. The output of this work was a comprehensive
Environmental Impact Assessment study report for the purposes of applying for an
EIA license.
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The consultant on behalf of the proponent conducted the EIA study by incorporating
but not limited to the following terms of reference:
The proposed location of the project including the physical area that may
be affected by the project activities;
An action plan to ensure the health and safety of the workers and
neighbouring communities;
The economic and socio-cultural impacts to the local community and the
nation in general;
The proposed project will involve the installation of 3No. Storage tanks of the
capacity of 10,000litres, 6,000 and 6,000 for petrol, diesel and kerosene respectively,
a fully automated filling system, loading and offloading area, Office block and fire
fighting system.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Both positive and negative impacts are associated with the proposed project area
during the construction phase, operation phase and decommissioning phase. In
general the following positive and negative impacts are associated with the proposed
project.
Positive Impacts
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Negative Impacts
Noise pollution
Dust emissions
Soil erosion
Oil spills
The proponent is also keen to mitigate conflicts with the environment at the vicinity
during implementation and operational phases.
Dust emissions will be controlled by the following measures:
Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials or require all
trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard.
Sweep daily (with water sweepers) all paved access roads, parking areas
and staging areas at construction sites.
Limit pickup trucks and other small equipment to an idling time when
necessary, observe a common-sense approach to vehicle use, and
encourage workers to shut off vehicle engines whenever possible.
Conclusion
The team of EIA experts has given an in-depth analysis into the various aspects of the
proposed petrol filling station in Muraru shopping centre area, Mbeere County.
Where possible, we have provided annexes such as site maps, plans, and title deed to
support our findings or show the depth of our investigations. We have also provided
photos of the various aspects of the project.
From the findings, it is quite evident that the construction and operation of the
proposed petrol filling station project will bring positive effects in the project area
including petrol service related services, creation of employment and general
economic development of the area. However, negative impacts will also be
experienced hence the need to mitigate them, this has been provided for in the report.
On the basis of the above, it is our recommendation that the project be allowed to go
on provided the mitigation measures outlined in this report are adhered to and the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is implemented to the letter.
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Site
Muraru shopping centre
To Embu town
To Kiritiri Town
2.2.3 Topography
The altitude of the area can be classified to the range of 500M asl in the lower part of
the district, 600-800M asl within the central area of the district, 500-1,200M asl in the
marginal coffee zone including Kanyuambora where the project is located.
Mbeere district covers an area of 2,097 square Kilometers. It covers uplands and
plains with slopes running North East to South East and is on ecological zone IV. The
altitude ranges from 1200m to 500m above sea level on the Tana River Basin. The
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
slope is broken by some few hills these are Kiambere, Kiangombe and Kianjiru which
is the highest. The district has five rivers traversing it; these are Tana, Rupingazi,
Thuchi, Thiba and Ena draining south East into Tana River.
The project site and the general town area are gently sloping and the drainage is good
for the site, cases of water logging are therefore minimal.
2.2.4 Geology and Soils
The area is characterized by arrange of soils resulting from the weathering of
metamorphic rocks. The soils are varying from weathered red clay soils (ferrasols) to
sandy soils (aerosols) firm reddish clay to sandy clay soils (acrisols and luvisols).
2.2.5 Soil TPH content
The site has virtually been virgin agricultural land and as such the Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TPH) levels are expected to be very low and insignificant. Two
samples were obtained from the proposed site from five locations forming a
rectangular sampling area at a depth of 1.5 m using an auger bit the samples mixed
and the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) analyzed in a NEMA accredited
laboratory (University of Nairobi). The report from the soil analysis indicates the TPH
level of 55.6mg/kg for this soil which is slightly high, a typical level indication for
virgin soil. Future soil analysis could be compared to this baseline level and to action
levels from the National Environment Protection Council of Australia. These state that
for industrial facilities, soil having TPH levels of 28.450mg/kg require soil
remediation. A copy of the report for the analysis is annexed.
2.2.6 Water TPH Measurements
A water sample from a shallow well within the vicinity of the site was collected in a
sterilized bottle. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) were then analyzed in a
NEMA accredited laboratory. The results from the analysis indicated that there were
no Hydrocarbons in the water. A copy of the laboratory analysis report is attached.
2.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.3.1Flora
The area has scanty vegetation with shrubs and thorny bushes this is mainly due to
the prevailing climatic conditions of the area, however the river valleys and hill slopes
are covered by dense bushes and isolated woodlands where there is little human
activity. There has been clearance of lots of natural vegetation for charcoal,
cultivation and development of pasture land thus limiting the extent of vegetation
cover. The area residents should therefore be encouraged to plant more trees.
2.3.2 Fauna
The high levels of population increase and pressure on existing resources resulting to
clearance of natural vegetation have reduced the natural habitat for wildlife. Animal
population is therefore quite insignificant. The project site has been cleared and
excavated and therefore site is only a habitat to insects and occasional birds and
micro-organisms.
2.4 NEIGHBOURHOOD LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS
Mbeere South County is located in Eastern region; it shares common boundaries with
Embu District to the Northwest, Tharaka District to the North East, Meru South to the
North, Mwingi District to the South and South East and Kirinyaga to the West.
The site for the proposed project is adjacent to the Embu-Kiritiri tarmac road and 50
meters away from Muraru shopping centre. Developments in the immediate
environment are mainly commercial and residential homes. Land use in the area is
mainly for agro pastoral activities.
the disposal of liquid wastes as indicated in the architectural drawings attached. This
study report recommends the construction of a three pit oil water interceptor tank,
where all runoff water will be directed to before being discharged into the main
drainage system.
2.5.4 Storm water run-off
All storm water drainage will be channelled into the peripheral open storm water
drain system which runs along the Embu-Kiritiri Road. There will be two oil
interceptors constructed on both ends of the project site bordering the main road
(See architectural drawings for details). All I.CS and manholes in the driveway and
parking will have heavy duty covers.
3.1 METHODOLOGY
The preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment study report is a
multidisciplinary process that requires use of various approaches and data collection
methods. Both scientific and social data collection methods were used.
The general steps followed during the assessment were as follows:
Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those
requiring environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of EMCA,
1999
Environmental scoping that provided the key environmental issues
Desktop studies and interviews
Physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas
EIA Public participation by the use of questionnaires
Reporting
3.1.1 Screening Process
Environmental screening was used to determine whether an Environmental Impact
Assessment was necessary. It was found that such an enterprise required
undertaking an Environmental Impact Assessment which has further necessitated a
full study considering the sensitivity and magnitude of the impacts of the project
activities.
3.1.2 Preliminary Meeting
A preliminary meeting was held between the proponent, the project architect and the
Environmental Impact Assessment experts. At the meeting, project details were
established and the procedure, time frame, responsibilities and other logistics agreed
upon.
3.1.3 Scoping
So as to determine the extent of the study, Scoping was done. This was preceded by
preliminary visits to the project site, reviews of the relevant statutory requirements
and consultations with some key stakeholders. Scoping helped in defining the scope
of the study and the terms of reference.
3.1.4 Questionnaires
Questionnaires were administered to the locals on the 25th August 2013 randomly to
seek their opinion on the proposed development. The questions to the respondents,
were open ended, the questionnaire were administered to adult members of
households in the immediate neighbourhood. The questions were asked and
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
under section 147 of the EMCA. These regulations provide the framework for
carrying out EIAs and EAs in Kenya.
4.4 THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ACT (EMCA)-1999
This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the establishment of an appropriate legal
and institutional framework for the management of the environment and for matters
connected therewith and incidental thereto.
Part VII on Environmental Audit and Monitoring section 58 specifically detail the
need to undertake Environmental Impact Assessment of all projects likely to cause
negative impacts to the environment as listed in the second schedule of the ACT.
Further, Part V of the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations
2003; detail the guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment process. It is
therefore mandatory that an Environmental Impact Assessment must be undertaken
by all projects to ensure that the activities at their premises comply with all the legal
and institutional frameworks that are in place to safeguard the environment, health
and safety of the workers.
4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CO-ORDINATION (WASTE
MANAGEMENT) REGULATIONS, 2006 LEGAL NOTICE NO.121
(1) No person shall dispose off any waste on a public highway, street, road,
recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle.
(2) A waste generator shall collect, segregate and dispose such waste in the
manner provided for under these Regulations.
5. (1) A waste generator shall minimize the waste generated by adopting the
following cleaner production methods:
(a) Improvement of production process through(i)
Conserving raw materials and energy
(ii)
Eliminating the use of toxic raw materials; and
(iii) Reducing toxic emissions and waste;
(b) Monitoring the products cycle from beginning to the end by(i)
Identifying and eliminating potential negative impacts of the product;
(ii)
Enabling the recovery and re-use of the product where possible; and
(iii) Reclamation and recycling; and
(c) Incorporating environmental concerns in the design and disposal of a product.
4.5.1 LICENCES AND PERMITS
In order to manage the environmental quality standards, the EMCA requires that
project proponents apply to the NEMA for various types of permits depending on the
nature of the project once it becomes operational. These permits include:
Effluent Discharge License (for waste water discharges)
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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of reducing adverse impacts of a single design; this therefore calls for comparison of
feasible alternatives for the proposed project in terms of site, technology, design and
operation.
5.1 ALTERNATIVE SITE
The proponent considered carefully various factors before settling on purchasing the
proposed project site among them being;
Accessibility of the site by traffic
Size of land
The proposed site was more preferred as it is adjacent to the Muraru shopping
centre, Embu - Kiritiri road and most of the developments in the immediate
neighbourhood are rapidly change use from Agricultural to commercial. The
proponent also considered the distance of the site from other petrol stations in the
neighbourhood which is approximately 6kilometers. It was then decided that this site
would be better suited for the proposed petrol service station.
5.2 THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE
The EIA Project report with the proposed project details will be presented to the
National Environmental Management Authority. This will help in evaluating and
examining the effects of the project on the environment. After the evaluation and
under the proposed development alternative, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) License would be issued. This way, NEMA would approve for the
implementation of the project. However, the development has to ensure that all
environmental measures are complied with during the construction period and
during occupation and operation. It is worth noting that the alternative consists of the
proponents/ applicants final proposal with the inclusion of the NEMA guidelines and
regulations and procedures. This is as stipulated in the Environmental Management
and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) of 1999, which aims at reducing environmental
impacts to the maximum extent practicable.
5.3 RELOCATION ALTERNATIVE
Relocation option to a different site is an option available for the project
implementation. The proponent has to look for the land if relocation is proposed.
Looking for land to accommodate the scale and size of the project and completing
official transaction on it may take a long period. In addition, it is not guarantee that
such land would be available. The project proponent would spend another long
period of time on design and approvals of the plans by the relevant departments. The
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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Project design and planning before the stage of implementation would call for extra
cost; already encountered in the proposed development i.e. whatever has been done
and paid to date would be counted as a loss to the proponent. Assuming the project
will be given a positive response (after (say) relocation) by the relevant authorities
including NEMA, it (project) would have been delayed for a long period before
implementation. This would also lead to a situation like No action Alternative (as
explained below). The other consequence of this is that it would discourage both
foreign and local investors especially in the building sector. In consideration of the
above concerns and assessment of the current proposed site, relocation of the project
is not a viable option.
5.4 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
The No Action Alternative in respect to the proposed project implies that the status
quo is maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme
environmental perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing
conditions. This option will however, involve several losses both to the project
proponent/land owner and the Kenyan society and Government. The property will
remain economically underutilized. The No Project Option is the least preferred from
the socio-economic perspectives since if the project is not done:
It will hinder the growth of the proposed project site.
The economic benefits especially during construction i.e. provision of jobs for
skilled and non-skilled workers will not be realized
There will be no generation of income by the developer and the government.
The governments development policy may not be realized
The socio-economic status of Kenyans and the local people would remain
unchanged.
The local skills would remain under utilized
No employment opportunities will be created for Kenyans who will work in
the project area.
Discouragement for investors to produce this level of standard and affordable
developments.
From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the No Project Alternative is not
the appropriate alternative to the Proponent, Kenyans, and the government of Kenya.
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Figure 2&3; A closer view and a wider view of the project site with construction of the
store and office block ongoing.
Figure 4; The Embu-Kiritiri tarmac road while in the background is the site for the
proposed petrol filling station with the construction of the office block ongoing.
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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Pump islands
UST of 10,000 and 6,000litres for petrol, super and diesel respectively
Petroleum station building block which will house a convenience store and
an office
Drive ways: walkways; acceleration and deceleration lanes
Service Bay
Septic tanks
The buildings will be provided with storm water facilities from the roof top through
peripheral drainage systems storm water drainage system. Drainage pipes will be of
the pvc type and will either be laid under the buildings and the driveway or open
drains and will be encased in concrete. The buildings will be connected to a septic
tank system for discharge of sewage emanating from the projects operational
activities. The buildings will have adequate natural ventilation through provision of
permanent vents in all habitable rooms, adequate natural and artificial light, piped
water stored in underground and above ground tanks.
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Width and depth as per tank dimensions plus clearance of at least 500 mm all
round.
Distance between tanks in a single excavation will be at least 500mm
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should be located such that all accidental spillage effluents from the pumps and from
the fuelling vehicles would flow into the interceptors.
6.8.2.10 Suction Pipes
Suction pipes should be fitted with a non return valve fitted at the base and under the
Pump.
6.8.2.11 Oil Interceptors
The facility will be designed such that the driveway area around the diesel
dispensers/dispensing pumps where spillage might occur during the refueling as well
as ordinary runoff will not flow to the street, or into watercourses or into storm
water systems without first passing through a gravity separator.
The effluent should pass through the interceptor and from there to the septic tank.
Precautions are taken to ensure that rain water or spills do not flow into the septic
tank without first passing through a gravity separator.
Interceptors are constructed to take effluent containing emulsifiers and detergents
from potentially contaminated areas.
6.8.2.12 Rapid drainage system
The system will be designed such that it allows drainage of spillage from the filler box
to the relevant underground tank controlled by a suitable valve.
6.8.2.13 Sampling Chambers
A sampling chamber will be provided downstream to sample effluent before it enters
into the septic tank.
6.8.2.14 Fire protection/Emergency Response
These will be incorporated in the project mainly there will be provision of dry
chemical powder extinguisher; carbon dioxide type extinguishers and fire blanket,
which will be placed at strategic places within the stations premises.
The electrical system at the filling station will be connected to a centrally located
emergency stop switch to enhance power control in the event of an emergency a
switch that will shut off the electrical power of the entire project.
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6.8.2.17 Landscaping
To improve the aesthetic value or visual quality of the site once construction ceases,
landscaping will be carried out by the proponent. This will include establishment of
flower gardens and flourishing grass lawns and will involve replenishment of the
topsoil. It is noteworthy that the proponent will use plant species that are available
locally preferably indigenous ones for landscaping.
6.8.2.18 Masonry, concrete work and related activities
The construction of the building walls, foundations, floors, pavements, drainage
systems, perimeter fence and parking area among other components of the project
will involve a lot of masonry work and related activities. General masonry and related
activities will include stone shaping, concrete mixing, plastering, slab construction,
construction of foundations, erection of building walls and curing of fresh concrete
surfaces. These activities are known to be labour intensive and will be supplemented
by machinery such as concrete mixers.
6.8.3 Completion
This phase will involve the finalization activities of the project. It will also involve
statutory inspections and certifications, installation of utility meters and issuance of
completion/commissioning certificates. This is necessary before the filling station is
commissioned.
6.8.4 Operation Phase
Once the construction is completed, the filling station will be ready for use. It is
expected to remain in good condition for a long time during which monitoring;
maintenance and waste disposal activities will take place. The operation phase will
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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produce a lot of solid waste, which will be reused for other construction works or if
not reusable, disposed of appropriately by a licensed waste disposal company.
6.8.5.2 Dismantling of equipment and fixtures
All equipment including electrical installations, furniture, finishing fixtures partitions,
pipe-work and sinks among others will be dismantled and removed from the site on
decommissioning of the project. Priority will be given to reuse of these equipment in
other projects. This will be achieved through resale of the equipment to other
building owners or contractors or donation of these equipments to schools, churches
and charitable institutions.
6.8.5.3 Site restoration
Once all the waste resulting from demolition and dismantling works is removed from
the site, the site will be restored through replenishment of the top soil and revegetation using indigenous plant species and other fast growing tree species.
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8.0 DECOMMISSIONING
Decommissioning is a controlled process used to safely retire a facility that is no
longer needed. During decommissioning, facilities or structures are cleaned or
secured so that the facility does not pose a risk to public health or the environment
now or in the future.
Following completion of the operation of the Project or the project phase, any areas of
land used for the project should be re-instated for sustainable future use. The
proponent should ensure;
Notification of all those to be affected
Termination of power supply to the development.
Termination of water connections.
Provision of Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) to the workers
who will participate in the demolition exercise.
Use of trucks and machinery in demolition
Excavation and removal of underground fuel storage tanks and pipes
Waste from the site to be disposed in an environmentally friendly
manner.
Rehabilitation of land by removing any unnecessary materials that shall
be covering land and preventing the natural biodiversity.
Landscaping and re-vegetation of all disturbed areas.
Building materials that cannot be recycled should be disposed off by a
registered waste handler recognized by NEMA in relation to
Environmental Management and Co-Ordination (Waste Management)
Regulations, 2006 Legal Notice No.121 and on council disposal sites.
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CHAPTER NINE:
MEASURES
The proposed project; petrol filling station is expected to have impacts on the
environment; the impacts can be positive or negative, direct or indirect, reversible or
irreversible. The extent of the environmental impacts is determined by its
significance and magnitude as well as whether temporary or permanent, long or
short term, localized or widespread.
The project was evaluated taking into account technical, socio-economic and
environmental considerations. Future environmental conditions were predicted with
an aim of avoiding or reducing any adverse impacts. Techniques used were mainly
past experience with similar projects within and outside the country and professional
judgment. Impacts prediction was based on:
The time at which the impact is expected
The extent or area over which it will have an effect
The magnitude of the impact
The significance of the predicted changes
The sensitivity/certainty of the prediction
Some impact mitigation has already been addressed in the proactive design and other
mitigations can only be guaranteed through active, management, helped by following
the guidelines in the project Environmental Management Plan outlined in the next
chapter.
The following are the main environmental impacts that have been identified through
the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the proposed project:
9.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
9.1.1 Positive Impacts
9.1.1.1
One of the main positive impacts during projects construction phase will be the
availability of employment opportunities especially to casual workers and several
other specialized workers. Employment opportunities are of benefit both
economically and in a social sense. In the economic sense it means abundant
unskilled labour will be used in construction hence economic production. Apart
from casual labour, semi skilled and unskilled labour and formal employees are
also expected to obtain gainful employment during the period of construction.
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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9.1.1.2
Through the use of locally available materials during the construction phase of the
project including cement, concrete and ceramic tiles, timber, sand, ballast,
electrical cables etc, the project will contribute towards growth of the economy by
contributing to the gross domestic product. The consumption of these materials,
fuel oil and others will attract taxes including VAT which will be payable to the
government hence increasing government revenue while the cost of these raw
materials will be payable directly to the producers.
9.1.1.3
There are usually several informal businesses which come up during the
construction periods of such projects. These include activities such as food
vending who benefit directly from the construction staff members who buy food
and other commodities from them. This will promote the informal sector in
securing some temporary revenue and hence livelihood.
Before the construction process begins clearing of some of the existing vegetation
cover and obstacles has to occur, especially within the areas where the buildings
and parking bays are to be constructed. It is recommended that the developer
should replace these with the planting of indigenous trees or other fast growing
trees and grass in strategic areas as part of the landscaping activities.
9.1.2.2
Soil erosion
The construction site once exposed by excavation works soil erosion is likely to
occur during construction especially during rainy and windy seasons. Considering
the land clearing, excavation and other construction processes, soil will be
exposed to erosion agents leading to soil/land degradation and hence impacting
negatively on the environment.
9.1.2.3
Siltation
Soil eroded from the site due to construction processes as mentioned above will
be washed down slope into Karigori stream and finally Tana River which flows in
the projects neighbourhood. This means that unless appropriate mitigation
measures are taken the project construction phase will lead to the deposition of
soil sediments into the River and hence increased sedimentation and turbidity
levels.
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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9.1.2.4
Storm water
Storm water runoff either from the site or from the neighbouring areas may run
into the site thereby causing interference to the construction operation.
9.1.2.6
Oil Spills
The machines on site contain moving parts which require continuous oiling to
minimize the usual corrosion or wear and tear. Likewise, moving vehicles on site
may also require oil change. Such oil spills due to accidental occurrences, leakages
or negligence have a high potential of causing soil and water contamination and
hence having detrimental effects on the surrounding environment.
9.1.2.7
Noise pollution
The construction works on site will most likely have noise operation due to the
moving machines (mixers, tippers, communicating workers), incoming vehicles to
deliver construction materials and other normal construction activities. This may
prove to be a potential source of disturbance to the surrounding neighbours and a
health hazard to the workers themselves. Such noise emissions should be
minimized as much as possible from the source point while workers should be
provided with appropriate personal protective wear.
9.1.2.8
Dust emissions
Particulate matter pollution is likely to occur during the site clearance, excavation
of the top soil and loading and transportation of the construction waste. There is a
possibility of PM10 suspended and settle-able particles affecting the site workers
and even neighbours health.
9.1.2.9
Both the workers and the construction works will create an increased demand for
water in addition to the existing demand. Water will be mostly used in the
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
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creation of aggregates for construction works and for wetting surfaces for
softening or hardening after creating the formworks.
9.1.2.10
Several building materials will be required for construction of the petrol station
and associated facilities. These will include sand, ballast, hard core, timber,
cement, clay tiles, metal sheets, electrical gadgets, steel, plumbing materials, glass
and paints among others. Most of these materials will be obtained locally within
Embu town and surrounding areas.
The main sources of energy that will be required for construction of the project
will include mains electricity and fossil fuels (especially diesel). Electricity will be
used for welding, metal cutting/grinding and provision of light. Diesel will run
material transport vehicles and building equipment/machinery such as
bulldozers and concrete mixers. The proponent should promote efficient use of
building materials and energy through proper planning to reduce economic and
environmental costs of construction activities.
9.1.2.12
Waste management
Large amounts of solid waste will be generated during construction of the project.
These will include metal cuttings, rejected materials, surplus materials, surplus
spoil, excavated materials, paper bags, empty cartons, empty paint and solvent
containers, broken glass among others.
Solid wastes if not well managed have a potential of causing disease outbreaks
due to suitable breeding conditions for vectors of cholera and typhoid. Malaria
outbreak could also be exacerbated by the presence of open water ditches for
breeding of anopheles mosquitoes. The major vulnerable groups are children who
could be exposed to these conditions.
The construction workers will also generate faecal waste during their day-to-day
operations. The generated waste needs proper handling to prevent disease, such
as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoea outbreak on the site. Unless this is addressed, it
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
33
Operation phase
The project will provide a modern petrol and service station for clients. Due to the
multiple nature of the station i.e. service station, carwash, restaurant, convenience
store etc the project will have multiple benefits to customers.
9.2.1.2
Employment opportunities
Through payment of relevant taxes, rates and fees to the government and the local
authority, the petrol filling station project will contribute towards the national
and local revenue earnings.
34
Waste generation
The project is expected to generate substantial amounts of solid, oil and waste
water during its operation phase. If not disposed appropriately the wastes
especially oil and waste water may end up contaminating the soil and river water
on site or at their designated disposal sites.
Solid wastes on the other hand can be injurious to the environment through
blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on
animal health. Some of these waste materials especially the plastic/polythene that
are not biodegradable may cause long-term injurious effects to the environment.
Even the biodegradable ones such as organic wastes may be injurious to the
environment because as they decompose, they produce methane gas, a powerful
greenhouse gas known to contribute to global warming.
9.2.2.2
Energy consumption
During operation, the station will use a lot of electrical energy in activities such as
pumping petroleum, lighting, cooking, running of air conditioning equipment,
running of refrigeration systems, carwash pressure hoses and running other
machines within the station. Since electricity generation involves utilization of
natural resources, excessive electricity consumption will strain the resources and
negatively impact on their sustainability.
9.2.2.3
Water use
The commercial activities during the operation phase of the project will involve
the use of substantial quantities of water in cleaning and consumption.
9.2.3 Positive environmental impacts of decommissioning activities
9.2.3.1
Rehabilitation
Employment Opportunities
For demolition to take place properly and in good time, several people will be
involved. As a result several employment opportunities will be created for the
demolition staff during the demolition phase of the proposed project.
9.2.4 Negative environmental impacts of decommissioning activities
9.2.4.1
Solid waste
Demolition of the project buildings and related infrastructure will result in large
quantities of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
35
Dust
Large quantities of dust will be generated during demolition works. This will
affect demolition staff as well as the neighbouring community.
9.2.4.3
36
10.1 INTRODUCTION
This section highlights the necessary mitigation measures for the expected negative
impacts of the proposed project. The potential impacts and the possible mitigation
measures have herein been analyzed under three categories as done in Chapter six.
These are Construction phase, Operation phase and Decommissioning Phase.
References are made as to where decommissioning mitigation measures can be
sought.
10.2 CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS
10.2.1 Minimization of vegetation disturbance
Clearance of part of the vegetation at the project site to pave way for construction is
also likely to occur. However, the proponent will ensure proper demarcation of the
project area to be affected by the construction works. This will be aimed at ensuring
that any disturbance to flora is restricted to the actual project area and avoid
spillover effects on the neighbouring areas. In the same vein, there will be strict
control of construction vehicles to ensure that they operate only within the area to be
disturbed by access routes and other works.
Another important measure aimed at reducing disturbance of vegetation in the
project area will be preservation of individual trees within the site. In addition, the
proponent has committed himself to re-vegetation of some of the disturbed areas
through implementation of a well designed landscaping programme.
10.2.2 Controlling soil erosion
Soil erosion within the project site will be mitigated by applying several measures
such as leveling of the project site to reduce run-off velocity and increase infiltration
of storm water into the soil, ensuring that construction vehicles are restricted to
existing graded roads to avoid soil compaction within the project site and proper
planning of site excavation works such that a section is completed and rehabilitated
before another section begins. Construction of a retaining wall and building of
gabions should also be incorporated to reduce soil erosion effects.
10.2.3 Hydrology and water quality degradation
Several measures shall be put in place to mitigate the impacts that are likely to lead to
surface and groundwater quality degradation. The proponent will prepare a
hazardous substance control systems and emergency response plan that will include
preparations for quick and safe clean up of accidental spills. It will prescribe
hazardous-materials handling procedures to reduce the potential for a spill during
Proposed petrol filling station Mbeti/Gachoka/3295
37
38
The proponents shall put in place several measures that will mitigate noise pollution
arising during the construction phase. The following noise-suppression techniques
will be employed to minimize the impact of temporary construction noise at the
project site.
39
unnecessary trips, refill petrol fuel tanks in the afternoon, and minimize idling of
engines.
Dust emissions will be controlled by the following measures:
Watering all active construction areas when necessary.
Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials or require all
trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard.
Pave, apply water when necessary, or apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on
all unpaved access roads, parking areas and staging areas at construction
sites.
Sweep daily (with water sweepers) all paved access roads, parking areas
and staging areas at construction sites.
Fast growing trees will be planted around the project area to act as a wind
breaker to reduce the particulate matter that lead to respiratory diseases.
10.2.8 Construction waste
It is recommended that land clearance/excavation and construction waste be
recycled or reused to ensure that materials that would otherwise be disposed of as
waste are diverted for productive uses. In this regard, the proponent is committed to
ensuring that construction materials left over at the end of construction will be used
in other projects rather than being disposed of. In addition, damaged or wasted
construction materials including cabinets, doors, plumbing and lighting fixtures,
marbles and glass will be recovered for refurbishing and use in other projects. Such
measures will involve the sale or donation of such recyclable/reusable materials to
construction companies, local community groups, institutions and individual
residents or home owners.
The proponent shall put in place measures to ensure that construction materials
requirements are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction
materials left on site after construction is kept minimal.
It is further recommended that the proponent should consider the use of recycled or
refurbished construction materials. Purchasing and using once-used or recovered
construction materials will lead to financial savings and reduction of the amount of
construction debris disposed of as waste.
Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste during construction of
the project include:
Use of durable, long- lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as
often, thereby reducing the amount of construction waste generated over
time.
40
10.2.10
Necessary health and safety rules shall be enforced by the site foreman to ensure that
all staff members adhere to these standards and are thus safe. Adequate collection
and storage of waste on site and safe transportation to the disposal sites and disposal
methods at designated area shall be provided. In addition covers for refuse containers
and appropriate personal protective equipments to be used by workers shall also be
provided by the proponent.
Workers accidents especially in deep trenching operations and from gas
accumulation in sewers and other confined spaces shall be mitigated by enforcing
adherence to safety procedures and preparing contingency plan for accident response
in addition safety education and training shall be emphasized.
10.2.11
Well designed waste management system and storm water drainage systems have to
be put in place so as to ensure that breeding grounds of disease carrying vectors are
such as rats, flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches etc are effectively controlled. Complete
waste collection and handling service will be provided by the proponent.
10.2.12
41
encompasses the inspection of such raw materials to ensure required standards are
met.
10.3 Operation Phase Impacts
10.3.1 Fire Accidents/Hazard
10.3.1.1 Design and layout
The design and layout of the facility has been based on an elaborate fire risk analysis
and proper safety distances have been observed in relation to both onsite and offsite
facilities and areas in the vicinity that might act as sources of ignition.
Strict release prevention measures and safety distances from fixed sources of ignition
be observed in the equipment design and facility layout in relation to its vicinity and
operational practice.
The design will take into consideration the facilities in the vicinity and all possible
significant hazards originating from or directed at them.
Minimum separation distances from storage areas within the facility to ordinary
electrical equipment and open flames will be observed and has been incorporated in
the design of the electrical system.
All electrical machines to be located in hazard areas will be flame proof.
All the electrical equipment and systems will be checked and certified by an
authorized electrical engineer to ensure that the required standard is followed
strictly. Records of all electrical; equipment and their hazard classification will be
available.
Smoking near the facility will be forbidden as the petroleum products are highly
flammable.
Accumulation of loose or piled combustible material, weeds and long-dry grass near
Petroleum storage areas will be avoided.
Proper and safe distances will be strictly observed between flammable or
combustible materials.
10.3.1.2 Leakage
To mitigate this risk release prevention measures have been put in place interms
of valves and instrumentation for product control.
The design has also incorporated appropriate impoundment basins and liquid traps
in the drainage system for areas with release hazard potential in order to ensure that
accidental spill is contained and does not constitute fire hazard to other areas within
the site or off site.
42
43
10.4.3
44
vJob
45
46
A schedule for the project implementation has been drawn that takes into
consideration all issues that could develop into serious risks to environment, health
and safety when the project operations start.
Finally management reviews and continuous improvement determines which of the
issues require to be revisited and at what times. Based on the policy guidelines and
development of the EMP, there are other recommended actions to be undertaken by
the management in the implementation of the project. These include:
47
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
MITIGATION MEASURES
Planning Phase
Building Design
ACTORS
Project
Architect
COST
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
Environmental Impact
Assessment/
NEMA and
Assessment study.
Registered
License
Environmental
Disaster preparedness
Establish
accidents
records
Establish Monitoring &
Evaluation system
Experts
Proponent
procedure.
Contractor
Contractor
Disaster records
Increase
in
the
number of accidents
environmental accidents.
on site.
Proponent &
Monitoring
and
Contractor
evaluation
meetings
10,000
and activities
ENVIRONMENTAL
MITIGATION MEASURES
ACTORS
IMPACT/ISSUE
Construction
Loss of Vegetation
phase
Proponent and
contractor
COST
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
Monitoring
and
evaluation
station
Construction
phase
dust
and
gaseous
emissions
Proponent and
contractor
10,000
Complaints
from
adjacent neighbours
the workers
Proponent
20,000
Observation
for
compliance
-
49
Waste management
Proponent and
5,000 per
Observation
contractor
month
scattered waste
for
requirements
Noise pollution
Proponent and
present/used
contractor
Complaint
from
neighbours
Construction activities to be
-
Proponent and
contractor
50
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
Operation
Air Emissions
IMPACTS
phase
MITIGATION MEASURES
Pollution to
Proponent
the
environment
refueling.
ACTORS
COST
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
Presence of the
mitigate measures
Introduction of unleaded
oils and low sulfur diesel as
demand raises that has less
harm to the environment
Waste management
Pollution
to
environment
Recommend
disposal
Proponent
Waste
40,000
spills/littering,
suitable
methods
if
Encourage
waste
operators
in
different
51
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
PHASE
Waste management
IMPACTS
Pollution
MITIGATION MEASURES
ACTORS
Proponent
COST
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
100,000
the neighbours
Proponent
Maintaining
plant
Evidence of oil
and
Spills
Proponent
OPERATION
PHASE
Complaints from
Accidents and
Traffic Hazards.
incidents
Construction of 100 m
proponent
Discourage roadside
parking along EmbuKiritiri highway
Provide adequate
52
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
Storm water
IMPACTS
Pollution to
MITIGATION MEASURES
surface water
ACTORS
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
Proponent
COST
Observations for
40,000
Contractor
the presence of
mitigate measures.
Ensure efficiency of
drainage structures
through proper design and
maintenance
Complaints from
Construct drains to
neighbours of
standard specifications
water pollution
Aesthetic beauty
Degradation of
Proponent
Blend or clutter of
the building
30,000
Landscaping
53
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
IMPACTS
Energy
Increased
MITIGATION MEASURES
off
Provide
for
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
adequate
COST
electrical
energy
Demand
Switch
ACTORS
Proponent
-
Amount of energy
consumed
70,000
Presence of solar
panels
54
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
OPERATION
IMPACTS
Risk to workers
MITIGATION MEASURES
PHASE
ACTORS
COST
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
Proponent
Presence of
-
mitigate measure
All
wastes
properly
should
be
disposed
at
occupational
health
55
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
IMPACTS
Fire
MITIGATION MEASURES
ACTORS
Outbreak of fire
COST
MONITORABLE
(KSHS)
INDICATORS
Underground fuel
Proponent
Presence of the
mitigation
measures
Install No smoking
60,000
extinguishers
strategic locations
Regular inspection of
fire extinguishers by a
registered agency
Windows on the
buildings should not be
fitted with grills
Undertaking periodic
fire drills for the
workers.
56
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
IMPACTS
OPERATION
Security
Robberies/
MITIGATION MEASURES
car
jackings
ACTORS
Water demand
INDICATORS
Security records at
the site
Proponent
the site
water
(KSHS)
Provide security guards
Increased
MONITORABLE
PHASE
COST
demand
20,000
Recycling
of
wastewater
where appropriate.
Provide
on-site
Presence of the
Proponent
mitigate measures
water
and
demand
water sources
therefore
on
tap
100,000
especially
57
PROJECT PHASE
MITIGATION MEASURES
IMPACT/ISSUE
DECOMMISSIONING
PHASE
ACTORS
MONITORABLE
(Kshs)
INDICATORS
As per
Changes in land
proponents
use
budget
plots overtime
Proponent
&
Registered
COST
Review
the
neighborhood
development trends.
Planning
Consultant
Structural
Building
strength
and
stability
engineers and
human habitation.
Public Health
of
adjacent
Evidences
-
of
structural
weaknesses
officer
Develop a
decommissioning
framework
Architect
proponent
&
50,000
58
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
Stakeholder consultation
MITIGATION MEASURES
ACTORS
Proponent
tenants
Disconnection
and
removal
contractor
&
COST
MONITORABLE
(Kshs)
INDICATORS
As per
proponents
budget
40,000
of
Remove
all
the
underground
contractor
50,000
electricity
and
Presence
of
utilities
at
demolition time
telephone
cables
DECOMMISSIONING
PHASE
Air Quality
Proponent
50,000
59
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT PHASE
IMPACT/ISSUE
MITIGATION MEASURES
Use
of
serviced
ACTORS
and
greased
Proponent
PHASE
INDICATORS
Complaints
-
from
the neighbors
30,000
(Kshs)
Noise
MONITORABLE
COST
Complaints
Proponent
10,000
the
from
neighbors
authorities
council sites.
Observation
Aesthetic Beauty
Proponent
the
presence
for
of
mitigate measures.
60
61
REFERENCES
62
APPENDICES
63