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Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Local Area Networks
Outline
Reading instructions
IEEE 802 architecture and services
Medium access control
Distributed coordination function
Point coordination function
MAC header format and functions
Roaming
Security (not in exam)
IEEE 802.11 physical layer
Chapter 14
All sections are included
Main service
Delivery of MSDU
Note that two stations in the same BSS communicate through the
access point
Distribution service
Between stations in different BSSs
Integration
Between a station in a BSS and a station in a connected wired LAN
Connection-mode service
Logical connection set up between two users
Flow- and error-control provided
Security
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Persistence approaches
1-persistent
Transmit as soon as the
channel is idle
Non-persistent
Wait a random period of
time before sensing again
p-persistent
When channel is idle
send with a probability p
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Transmission algorithm
Sense carrier
Wait
Yes
Busy?
No
Wait IFS
Sense carrier
Yes
Busy?
No
Send frame
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Wait procedure
t = random(0, CW-1)
Sense carrier
Measured in slots
Slot time 20 s (802.11b)
Enough time to sense transmission
in previous slot
Yes
No
No
Decrement t
Busy?
No
t=0?
Yes
Send frame
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Textbook
flow chart
22
Another view
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24
sender
data
ACK
receiver
SIFS
DIFS
data
another
station
new packet
backlogged
e.g. t=3
t
total waiting time
contention
period
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DIFS
sender
RTS
data
SIFS
receiver
CTS SIFS
other
stations
SIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
defer access
ACK
DIFS
data
t
contention
AP is the coordinator
Allows better management of quality-of-service
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Duration/connection ID
Channel allocation time
Addresses
Source, destination and intermediate nodes
Sequence control
Numbering for fragmentation and reassembly
Frame body
MSDU or fragment of MSDU
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BSSID
SA
DA
RA
TA
DA
SA
receiving AP
sending AP
receiving AP
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Acknowledgment
Request to send (RTS)
Clear to send (CTS)
Power save poll (PS-Poll)
Contention-free (CF-end)
CF-end + CF-ack
Data
Data + CF-Ack
Data + CF-Poll
Data + CF-Ack + CF-Poll
Power management
Sleep-mode without missing a message
Periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements
Association/re-association
Inclusion into a LAN
Roaming to new access points
Scanning actively for a network
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Association request
Association response
Re-association request
Re-association response
Announcement traffic indication message
Dissociation
Authentication
Deauthentication
Probe request
Probe response
Beacon
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Beacon synchronization
Sent periodically, typically every 100 ms
Beacon frames contain timestamps, BSSID and management
information
access
point
medium
B
busy
busy
B
busy
B
busy
t
beacon frame
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Re-association request
A station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
Re-association response
Success: AP has answered, a station can now participate
Failure: continue scanning
Association-related services
Association
Establishes initial association between a station and AP
Re-association
Enables transfer of association from one AP to another,
allowing station to move from one BSS to another
Disassociation
Association termination notice from a station or AP
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IEEE 802.11i
Stronger encryption
More robust authentication
Key management
Data transfer privacy
AES with 128-bit keys
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IEEE 802.11a
5-GHz band
Unlicensed use permitted only indoors
Channel bands of 100 MHz
IEEE 802.11b
Unlicensed 2.4GHz ISM band
ISM: industrial, scientific, medical
Channel bands of 22MHz
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IEEE 802.11g
Co-exists with 802.11b; multi-mode implementations available
Max data rate 54Mb/s
Improved OFDM modulation at 2.4GHz.
IEEE 802.11n
OFDM
MIMO - multiple antennas
Takes advantage of multipath reflections
Channel bonding 220MHz 40MHz
Maximum bit rate
600Mb/s with 4x4 antennas, 64-QAM, 40MHz channel and
5/6 coding rate
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Standard
Spectrum
Physical
rate
Data rate
Compatible
802.11
2.4 GHz
2 Mb/s
1.2 Mb/s
802.11a
5.0 GHz
54 Mb/s
32 Mb/s
802.11b
2.4 GHz
11 Mb/s
6-7 Mb/s
802.11
802.11g
2.4 GHz
54 Mb/s
32 Mb/s
802.11b
802.11
The experienced rate for the user is less than the physical rate.
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