11/8/2010

Basic training in LiDAR

Introduction

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

Content
Day 1: Introduction of LiDAR systems and
Scanning Principles
Day 2: LiDAR classification algorithms
Day 3: Surface Modeling
Day 4: Digital Photogrammetry
Day 5: Digital Orthophoto and Mosaic

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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The Topic of Today

Airborne LiDAR scanning principle
LiDAR system components
Scanning Mechanisms (Mirror & Fiber
scanning techn.)
Important Quantities
Application Fields

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

Terminology
ALS
LASER
LiDAR

November 2010

Airborne Laser Scanning

Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
Light Detection and Ranging

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

11/8/2010

ALS principle

Image Source:
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ProdMgt/Aerial/Pages/LiDARBasicS.aspx

November 2010

Scanner is mounted in
the opening of the
Aircraft floor
Laser range finder to
determine the distance
to the ground
Integrated GPS (global
positioning system)
receiver to define an XYZ
position
IMU (integrated
measurement unit) to
define orientation

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

Components of ALS

Prof.Dr.Hahn ,Lecture Notes: Airborne Laser scanning

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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LiDAR Scanning Mechanisms

Claus Brenner, Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics University of Hannover, Germany

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

Range Measurement
Measure travel time t of pulse
Known speed of light c 300 000 km/s
Range = 0.5 c t

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Multiple Reflective Surfaces

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

Multiple Returns Waveform

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Multiple Returns

First Pulse LiDAR

Last Pulse LiDAR

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Important Quantities
ALS system parameters:
Scan angle
Beam divergence
Pulse frequency
Scan frequency

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Footprint

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Point Distribution
Point Density Pd (point/m)
Flying speed above ground v (m/s)
Scanner frequency fs (Hz)

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Point Density

Flying height above ground h (m)

Flying speed above ground v (m/s)
Maximum scan angle T (deg)
Pulse repetition rate

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Lidar Intensity
Intensity refers to the ability of objects to
reflect the light
Typical reflectivity for 900nm waves:

November 2010

Material
Lumber (pine, clean, dry)
Snow
White Masonry
Limestone, clay
Deciduous trees
Coniferous trees
Carbonate Sand (dry/wet)
Beach sand, bare areas in desert
Concrete, smooth
Asphalt with pebbles
Lava

Reflectivity (%)
94
80-90
85
up to 75
60
30
57/41
50
24

Black neoprene (synthetic rubber)

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Interaction of EMR (electromagnetic

radiation) with Earth Surface Materials
Example:
1. leaves: lower reflection = higher
absorption in B, R
higher reflection in G very higher
reflection in IR ---- not plotted
2. water: lower reflection = higher
absorption in R, NiR
darker if viewed in R, NiR
higher reflection in B, G water looks
blue, green

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Hawk Eye II, Bathymetric Scanner

Principle
Topographic Data:
Accuracy:
Horizontally X/Y = 0,5 m
Vertically Z = 0,15 m

Density: 1-4 p/sqrm

Hydrographic Data:
Accuracy
Horizontally x/y = 2,5 m
Vertically z = 0,25 m

Density: 1,7 x 1,7 to 3,5 x 3,5

m

Depth Range: 0.3 to 70 m

(depending on water
transparency and turbidity)

Bathymetry the study of under water depth of

the ocean floor

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Application Fields

DTM Acquisition
City Modeling
Costal Mapping
Forest Inventory
Corridor Mapping

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Visualization

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Costal Mapping
Beach mapping
Erosion studies
Weather inducted
damage
assessment
Environmental
monitoring

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Forest Mapping/Inventory
Recording of multiple return LiDAR
To penetrate canopy small footprint and high
pulse rates are required
Useful to determine biomass
Change detection:
growth or damage
of vegetation
November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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Corridor Mapping

Highways
Gas and Power lines
Clearance analysis
Ideal if Corridor width is <=swath width

November 2010

Geomatic Engineer, M.Sc. Julia Ganitseva

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