1.Filters are also often referred to as First Order, Second Order, etc.

This refers to
the number of components (capacitors and inductors, not resistors or transistors) that
affect the steepness or shape of the filters frequency response.
2. Astable multivibrators are used in amateur radio equipment to receive and transmit radio
signals. Astable multivibrators are also used in morse code generators, timers, and systems that
require a square wave, including television broadcasts and analog circuits
3. The monostable multivibrators are used as timers, delay circuits, gated circuits etc.
4. Roll-off is the steepness of a transmission function with frequency, particularly in electrical
network analysis, and most especially in connection with filter circuits in the transition between
a passband and a stopband.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define a filter. How are filters classified?
a. Electronic filters are analog circuits which perform signal processing functions,
specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal.

assive or active
analog or digital
high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, band-stop (band-rejection; notch), or all-pass.
discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time
linear or non-linear

infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)

2. Explain the operation of a second order High pass filter.

4. Explain the operation of a second order Low pass filter.
5. What is band pass filter? Which are the 2 types of BPF?
6. What is a notch filter?
A notch filter is a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband (high Q factor).
7. Give some applications of filters as applied to communication.
Noise reduction, demodulation, signal detection, multiplexing, sampling, sound and
speech processing, transmission line equalization and image processing, to name just a few.
8. What is the difference between Butterworth and Chebyshev filter?

The phase linearity of the Butterworth is better than that of the Chebyshev. In other
words, the group delay (derivative of phase with respect to frequency) is more constant with
respect to frequency. This means that the waveform distortion of the Butterworth is lower. Of
course, with a single input frequency, there is no waveform dostortion in either filter.
Another point to consider; the Butterworth filter is completely defined mathematically by 2
parameters: Cutoff frequency and number of poles. The Chebyshev filter has a third parameter:
Passband Ripple.
9. Draw the frequency response of a band elimination filter?
10. What is all pass filters? What is its application?
An all-pass filter is a signal processing filter that passes all frequencies equally in gain,
but changes the phase relationship between various frequencies. It does this by varying its phase
shift as a function of frequency. Generally, the filter is described by the frequency at which the
phase shift crosses 90 (i.e., when the input and output signals go into quadrature when there is
a quarter wavelength of delay between them).
They are generally used to compensate for other undesired phase shifts that arise in the system,
or for mixing with an unshifted version of the original to implement a notch comb filter.
11. What is the roll off of 3rd order filter?
A first-order filter's response rolls off at 6 dB per octave (20 dB per decade) (all firstorder lowpass filters have the same normalized frequency response). A second-order filter
decreases at 12 dB per octave, a third-order at 18 dB and so on.
12. Explain the working of op-amp inverting and non inverting amplifier
13. What is a zero crossing detector?
14. Explain op-amp as a Schmitt trigger.
15. What are the applications of Schmitt trigger?
16. Explain the functional block diagram of IC555.
17. Explain the use of IC555 as a monostable multivibrator.
18. State the working of IC555 as an astable multivibrator.
19. Define duty cycle.
20. How astable mode of 555 can be modified to get a symmetrical square wave?


21. What are the basic components of electronic communication?
22. What is a communication channel? State two types of communication channel
A medium through which a message is transmitted to its intended audience.
Wired/Wireless
23. Define analog and digital signals.
24. What is a carrier signal?
25. Name the basic types of continuous modulation.
26. What do you understand by precision rectifiers? How do they differ from conventional
rectifier?
A simple rectifier circuit uses a diode and there is a turn ON voltage for the diode. The
input voltage has to exceed the turn ON voltage (0.6V for ordinary Si diode) before rectification
is achieved.
A precision rectifier is an active circuit using an opamp and a diode in the feedback loop. This
overcomes the turn-on "knee" voltage.
27. Where do you find application of precision filters?
Audio and instrumentation purposes.
28. What is the difference between A/D and D/A converters?
29. Explain R/2R ladder technique of D/A conversion.
30. What are the different types of D/A conversion?
R-2R, PWM, Successive approximation
31. What is frequency deviation in FM?
Frequency deviation (f) is used in FM radio to describe the maximum instantaneous
difference between an FM modulated frequency and the nominal carrier frequency
32. When maximum frequency deviation occurs in FM?

Maximum frequency deviation occurs at the maximum amplitude of the modulating

signal.
33. Define amplitude modulation.
34. Define modulation index for AM, FM and PM.
As with other modulation indices, this quantity indicates by how much the modulated
variable varies around its unmodulated level.
35. What is over modulation? Why over modulation is not preferred?
36. How much power will be saved if the carrier of a 100 percent modulated AM wave is
suppressed?
66.66%
37. What is the position of the operating point of class-C amplifier used in collector modulation?

38. What is the maximum efficiency that you can get with Class C amplifier?
39. List some advantages of FM over AM.
40. What is noncoherent detection? Explain how envelope detector works?
41. Differentiatiate coherent and non coherent detection techniques.
42. What is the carsons rule for bandwidth of FM wave?
43. What is super heterodyne receiver? State the advantage of it.
To heterodyne means to mix to frequencies together so as to produce a beat frequency,
namely the difference between the two
ADV:
It reduces the signal from very high frequency sources where ordinary components
wouldn't work (like in a radar receiver).

It allows many components to operate at a fixed frequency (IF section) and therefore they
can be optimized or made more inexpensively.
It can be used to improve signal isolation by arithmetic selectivity

44. Define sensitivity, selectivity and fidelity as applied to radio receiver.

Sel: he ability of a device to respond to a particular frequency without interference from others.
Sens: is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output signal
having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria.
Fid: to the correspondence of the output signal to the input signal,
45. Define intermediate frequency.
Converting modulating signal and LO signal into a difference frequency called IF.
46. What are the standard intermediate frequency values of AM radio and FM radio?
AM: 455kHz
FM: 10.7 MHz
47. State various pulse modulation methods.
PAM, PPM, PDM and PWM.
48. What is pulse amplitude modulation? What is the value of minimum carrier frequency that is
to be used in order to get back the original signal?
49. How PPM is advantageous compared to PWM and PAM?
50. What are the basic blocks of PLL?
51. What is the difference between lock range and capture range?
52. Give some applications of PLL.
Demodulation, DTMF decoders, DC motor drive, clock multipliers.

SOME VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION(AC) LAB:

1. What is low pass filter?

2. How many types of filters are there?
3. What is first order and second order low pass filter? Differentiate between these two.
1. A first order filter would have one capacitor or one inductor, that affects the filters
frequency response.

A second order filter would have two capacitors or two inductors, or one capacitor and
one inductor, that affects the filter's frequency response.
Basically, the number of the order is determined by the number of components that
affect the filter's frequency response.

4. How a first order low pass filter converted into a second order type filter?
1. first order filters can be easily converted into second order filters simply by using an
additional RC network within the input or feedback path. Then we can define second
order filters as simply being: two 1st-order filters cascaded together with
amplification.

5. What is gain of LPF?

6. Why the graph of second order filter became constant and then decreasing?
7. What is pass band and stop band for a low pass filter?
8. What is active high pass filter? Explain.
9. What is the difference between low pass and high pass filter?
10. Explain the graph for a active high pass filter.
11. Explain active band pass filters.
12. How many types of band pass filters are there?
13. What is quality factor, and what will be the quality factor for same?
14. In active band pass filter at some particular frequencies the output remains same, why is
it so?
15. Explain active band rejector filter, and differentiate between active band pass and active
band rejector filter.
16. What is band elimination filter?
17. What is figure of merit?
18. What is twin-T notch filter? And why it is used in active notch filter?
19. At some particular designed frequencies, the voltage reaches maximum value, explain
about it.
20. What is modulation? Why modulation is needed in communication channels?
21. What is an amplifier, tell me something about error amplifier, phase detector, voltage
controlled oscillator(VCO).
22. What is demodulation? Where is it need?
23. What is phase locked loop(PLL)?
24. Define following- i) Lock range
ii) Capture range
iii) Pull-in time.
25. What is collector modulation?
26. Why IFT and AFT is to be used in this type of circuit?
27. Give a design for modulation and demodulation of the collector modulation circuit.
28. What is pulse amplitude modulation?
29. What does sampling theorem states about PAM?
30. With respect to input sine wave explain the output of PAM.
31. Differentiate between pulse width modulation(PWM) and PAM?
32. Give the advantage and disadvantages of both PWM and PAM.
33. Explain all about pulse position modulation.

34. Why PWM signal is used as an input for PPM circuits?

35. Explain Frequency modulation, here which IC is used to produce the desired wave?
36. What is frequency sweeping?
37. Explain the graph obtained from a FM signal with respect to input signal for IC 8038.
38. What is modulation index and transmission bandwidth?
39. What is tuned amplifier? Define class C tuned amplifier.
40. Why it is called tuned amplifier?
41. What should be the performance obtained from class C tuned amplifier?
42. Give the application of class C tuned amplifier.
43. Why class C tuned amplifier is used in a transmitter or receiver, why not class A or class
B, or class AB, D, E?
44. Define the power for a class c tuned amplifier.
45. What is conduction angle?
VIVA QUESTION FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What is amplitude modulation?

What is modulation?
What are the different types of analog modulation?
What is the need for modulation?
What are the objectives met by modulation?
What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?
What is pulse position modulation?
What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM?
What are the applications of pulse position modulation?
1. RF app.
10. What are the purposes of using differential pulse position modulation?
11. What are the advantages of pulse position modulation?
12. What are the applications of PPM?
13. Explain the principle of PPM?
14. What is the purpose of PPM?
15. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM, and PWM?
16. What is frequency modulation?
17. What is PWM? Or pulse length modulation? Or pulse duration modulation?
18. What are the disadvantages of PWM?
1. cost and complexity of the circuit.
2. Large bandwidth.
19. Explain the principle of PWM?
20. Mention the applications of PWM.
1. Voltage reg.
2. Servo control
3. Power delivery(control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring the
losses that would result from linear power delivery by resistive means)

21. What is the purpose of PWM?

22. What is PAM?
23. What are the drawbacks of PAM?

24. How is modulation done in PAM?

25. Mention the applications of PAM.
26. Explain briefly how PAM can vary in different systems?
27. What is PAM in practical circuits?
28. What is the basic principle of PAM?
29. What are the advantages of PAM?
30. What is a filter?
31. Give the application of filter.
32. What are the different types of filter?
33. What are active filters?
34. Why inductors are not often used in active filters?
35. What is low-pass filter?
36. What is an ideal low-pass filter?
37. What is the difference between an ideal and a practical low pass filter?
38. Why doesnt low-pass filter use DSP?
39. What is high pass filter?
40. What does the term pass mean in any low pr high pass filter?
41. What does roll off mean?
42. What are passive filters?
43. What is a pass band?
44. What is stop band?
45. Why is butterworth filter used most often?
46. What is band pass filter?
47. What is an ideal band pass filter?
48. What are band reject filter?
49. Name the types of band rejection filter.
50. What are signal filters?
51. What are digital filters?
52. How do EMI and RFI filters work?
53. What are long pass filters?
54. What are RF and microwave filters?
55. What is a precision rectifier?
56. With only one diode, why does a precision half wave rectifier saturate?
57. What is the solution to saturating precision rectifier?
58. How can we obtain two output precision half wave rectifier?
59. Why use an op-amp as a rectifier?
60. Why an absolute value circuit is called so?
61. What is a precision full wave rectifier?
62. Who invented the full wave rectifier?
1. Karol Pollak
63. What are the advantages of Precision rectifier?
64. What is DAC?
65. What are the different types of DAC techniques?
66. What is an R-2R ladder network?
67. Explain switch bounce or contact bounce.
68. What are harmonics?

1. A harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple

of the fundamental frequency.

69. What do you mean by timer?

1. A timer is a specialized type of clock for measuring time intervals.
70. What is an Oscillator?
71. What are flip-flops?
1. In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used
to store state information. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator.

72. What is a multivibrator?

73. What is the purpose of a multivibrator?
74. Why is an astable multivibrator called so?
75. Why is an monostable multivibrator called so?
76. What is an astable multivibrator?
77. What is an monostable multivibrator?
78. What is the purpose of a monostable multivibrator?
79. Give some example of a multivibrator?
80. Mention the applications of multivibrator?
81. What does the term stable mean to you?
82. Explain the operation of an astable multivibrator.
83. Explain how an astable multivibrator can be recognized?
84. What is the principle of a monostable multivibrator?
85. Explain the principle of operation of a monostable multivibrator circuit.
86. How does a monostable multivibrator work in terms of the astable multivibrator?
87. What is the disadvantage of astable multivibrator?
88. Give examples of a monostable multivibrator in use.
89. What are the different types of multivibrator circuits?
90. What is the principle of basic of BJT monostable multivibrator?
91. What is a Schmitt trigger?
92. Explain the operation of a Schmitt trigger.
93. What are the advantages of a Schmitt trigger?
94. Who invented Schmitt trigger?
1. Otto H. Schmitt
95. What is the purpose of Schmitt trigger?
96. Why is a Schmitt trigger called a regenerative comparator?
1. feedback in which the portion of the output signal that is returned to the input has a
component that is in phase with the input signal.