21/10/13

Daisy Veitch
Parahyangan Catholic University 2013
Acknowledgements to Dr Gregory Zehner and
Dr Kathleen Robinette, USAF, for the use of
slides in the area of history, statistics and Air
Force examples taken from previous
presentations and workshops. See references
for details.

Aim
To broaden general knowledge of anthropometry
To look at applications in an industrial setting
To bring anthropometry to you so its an additional tool to

help you solve problems

To introduce Sizing up Australia project

To give an overview of WEAR (world engineering

anthropometry resource) and its members creating

the opportunity to network for information

Introduc2on
Background Denitions
Why is anthropometry useful?
Introduction to statistics
Problems with current data
Use of 1D and 3D, and Cases
Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics
WEAR (World Engineering Anthropometry Resource)
Sizing up Australia (in planning)
Overview of other presentations
You choose whats next.

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Timeline for Anthropometry

Developed:
Measurement tools
Scanners 1990s

1800s

Network capability (21st C)

In development:
Compilation of raw data major surveys
Standardisation & Quality Control
Tools database system
Output applications

Types of Anthropometry
Anthropometry - anthropo means human and metry to
measure, so this is the study of human body
measurements
Dierent types of anthropometry are used for dierent
purposes such as
Biological anthropology eg Martins technique
Sports science eg ISAK
Health e.g. obesity
Engineering and design eg *CAESAR survey,
anthropometric survey of 4000 people including 1D
measures and 3D body scans
Medisign the cross over between design and medicine

Engineering, ergonomics and design uses include
Ensuring maximum benet and capability of products
people use
Checking early product design at concept stage to
minimise later costly design changes

*Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource

Important deni2ons
Fit mapping the study of the relationship

between the body and items worn or used

A case is a combination of body measurements,

e.g. average or extreme measurements from a

sample,
A number of ways a case can be presented:
a three-dimensional (3D) scan of a person
or
a 2D or 3D human model often
supplemented by
a plot of 1D measurements (less
intuitive)

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What is 1D, 2D or 3D data?

1D = 1 number
2D = 2 numbers (x,y)
3D = 3 numbers (x,y,z)
4D = 3D plus time
Did you know?
Some 3D anthropometric surveys

only provide 1D data!

Why?
Privacy concerns
Clothing Buyers dont necessarily

have 3-D mindset

Example of 1-D measure

If there is only one number then it
is 1-D

Use what they know (1D)

Robinette 2005, WEAR

Use of anthropometric data

Evaluation of new designs 1-D and 3-D data used

together

can best be represented by cases that uses a

combination of body measurements

e.g. average or extreme measurements from a sample,

Evaluation of existing design

design parameters relative to t, function and safety
identication of designs that exclude or are biased

towards workers of with particular body size attributes

Use of anthropometric data

Population comparisons cultural diversity

Source - Mollard

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Design Evalua2on

PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT DATA

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
THE RIGHT WAY TO USE DATA

The status quo

Correct information is dicult to nd and use

eg rst page of raw individual data collected by traditional

methods from the HSIIAC* website:

*Human Systems
Integration Information
Analysis Center

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Go to aggregate data
Simple to use but hard to nd
Wrong population is aggregated

for the application

Printed texts or CDs summary

statistics for 1-D data (mean, SD

and %iles)
Good for comparing populations
Exactly the wrong thing to use for
engineering!!

slide from K Robinette WEAR, Adelaide 2007

Average person does not exist

Subject 1

t 2

ec

bj

Su

2 Average

1
1

x y z
1

Subject 3

Subject 1

2 3 1

Subject 2 1 2 3
Subject 3 3 1 2

Average is Dierent From Everyone!

(Daniels 1952)
Summary Statistics are not good data
reduction tools for Engineering Models

Average

2 2
2

3-D Encourages Truth BUT

1-D Percentiles are NOT additive!
3-D Models from 1-D measures add undetected error!
Sum of 5th %ile Parts = 136.89 cm
5th %ile Height = 152.50 cm
Dierence = 15.61 cm
Sum of 95th %ile Parts = 188.81 cm
95th %ile Height = 173.06 cm
Dierence = 15.75 cm

% iles

SAMPLE SIZE=3235
(Robinette and McConville 1982)

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Percen2le People are not Realis2c

20th%ile

5%ile

3rd %ile

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

1D and 3D work together

Everyone is a
combination
of small,
medium and
large

Two Women:
Same Sitting Height (1-D)
Side View 3-D Scans

Image from Robinette, WEAR Valencia, 2010

Issues with Paper Publica2ons-1D

95th%ile

90%?

When there are two or

more dimensions

Stature (mm)

5th%ile

When does 5th to 95th Percentile

95th %ile
5th %ile
~82%
Weight (kg)

Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 3rd Edition, 2006, Salvendy, G. editor, John Wiley and Sons.

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More variables reduces accommoda2on

e.g. seat design

Percentage Remaining With Each Subsequent Variable

5th-95th %ile

90%

sitting height
5th-95th %ile

buttock-knee length
5th-95th %ile

knee height, sitting

82%
78%

5th-95th %ile

shoulder breadth
5th-95th %ile

functional reach

71%
67%

Robinette 2008

What approaches work?

CASE STUDY FROM USAF

Early Cockpit Decisions

178cm 69 kg
Source: Dr Greg Zehner

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Ball Turrets

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

B-58 Hustler: Enclosed Ejec2on Capsule

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

Crewsta2on Accommoda2on

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

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Example: Model Point Overlap and

Subsequent Dropping of Redundant Points

Mul2variate Accommoda2on
Method: Design Applica2on
GIVEN
An Application Environment Where the
Simultaneous Values of a Variable Set are Critical in
Accommodating Users


APPROACH
Develop a Minimal Set of Test Cases
Relevant to the Design Application

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

Anthropometric Boundary Cases II

6 Cockpit Variables

2 Principal Components (PC)

Sitting Height

Account for almost 90% of Original

Variation

Eye Height, Sitting

Shoulder Height, Sitting

PC-1: Overall Size

Thumb Tip Reach

PC-2: Contrast: Torso and Limbs

Small vs. Large

Buttock Knee Length

Short torso/long limbs vs.

Knee Height, Sitting

Tall torso/short limbs

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

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Anthropometric Boundary Cases

Females: Characterizing Real and Important Variation

L
i
m
b

C

o
n
t
r
a
s
t

All 6 cockpit
variables inuence
distribution on PC1
and PC2

P
C

2

95% of female
sample is inside
boundary circle
8 model points are
extreme size or
proportion

PC-1 (Size)

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

PCA of CAESAR body scans this is size companent o`en PCA1 Source Chang Shu

PCA 2 Limb Contrast - Leg length vs Trunk lengthSource Chang Shu

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Military Representa2ve Nearest

Neighbors pulled from dataset.

3D Scans of Nearest Neighbors in Multivariate to Cases 1-8

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

Cases for Design

Reducing the Body Size

and Shape Information to

Something Manageable
Select Key Measurements
(1D)
Select Key Individuals on
The Basis of the
Measurements (3D)
Characterize the
Individuals
3-D provides more
alternatives!
Slide from Robinette, WEAR, Paris 2008

T-37 Ejec2on Knee Clearance

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

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Finger2p Reach Shell (from 45 overlaid subject scans)

Resolution:
15 directions
-3 elevations
-5 azimuths

Three trials each
direction

This Fingertip Reach
Shell was constructed
using the Mean of
3 Trials in each
direction

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

Subject Reach Shell (Compared to Delmia/V5 Reach Envelopes)

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

Add layers of protective gear

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

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Reach Comparison with Gear

Reach Comparison with Gear

Source: Dr Greg Zehner

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Conclusions
Cant assume because something is high tech that it is accurate

this must be tested

Anthropometry alone is not enough in design t map testing

is essential

Introduced basic statistics and some common misconceptions

Simple statistics with access to raw data can improve

understanding and resulting designs

Knowledge of basic statistics must be applied using methods

that depend on the complexity of the problem

This needs to supported by a professional development program

for the use of statistics in applied design
3-D is an important tool for understanding shape
Combination of traditional and new types of technology is good

both do dierent things

What are other people doing in the

world of anthropometry?
Examples:
Sizing up Australia
World Engineering Anthropometry Resource (WEAR)

Sizing up Australia
A group of international experts have written a

report for the Australian Government

The report covers the scope, method and

minimum scientic parameters for the Australian

Body Sizing Survey. In it we
Conduct a literature review
Dene the survey scope and the survey method

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WEAR Users Enter here

What are other people doing in the

world of anthropometry?
You choose what you want to hear more detail about.
(A) Body scanners compared (data collection) (20 minutes)
(B) Quality assurance in anthropometric data (tools) (10 minutes)
(C) Fit-mapping of a helmet (application) (20 minutes)
(D) More about WEAR standardisation of data (tools)
(10 minutes)
(E) More about the Sizing up Australia (10 minutes) (team, research
questions and methods)
(E) Something about international standards ISO (data collection)
(5-10 minutes) (slides 33-34)
(F) Use of innovative tools in apparel product development
(application) (20 minutes)
Airline seats (5 minutes) (pptx 1 slide 58)
Ideas????

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Thank you

Daisy Veitch
daisy@sharpdummies.com.au
Telephone +61 8 83700202

References

Allen, B., Curless, B., and Popovic, Z. (2003 ) The space of human body shapes: reconstruction and parameterization from range
scans in ACM SIGGRAPH 2003, 27-31 July 2003, San Diego, CA, USA

Burnsides, D. B., Files, P., Whitestone, J. J. (2000) Integrate 1.28: A Software Tool for Visualizing, Analyzing and Manipulating
Three-Dimensional Data (U), Technical Report AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2000-0100, Human Eectiveness Directorate, Crew System
Interface Division, 2255 H Street, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.

Daniels, G.S.. 1952. The Average Man. TN-WCRD 53-7. (AD 10 203) Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, OH

Harrison, C. R. and Robinette, K.M. (2002) CAESAR: Summary Statistics for the Adult Population (Ages 18-65) of the United
States of America, AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2002-0170, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Eectiveness Directorate,
Crew System Interface Division, 2255 H Street, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7022

Hudson, J. A. and Robinette, K. M. (2003). CAESAR: Summary Statistics for the Adult Population (Ages 18-65) of the
Netherlands, Crew Systems Directorate, Human Engineering Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AFRL-HE-WP-
TR-2004-0168

Robinette, K., Blackwell, S., Daanen, H., Fleming, Boehmer, M., Brill, T., Hoeferlin, D., and Burnsides, D., (2002) Civilian
American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR), Final Report, Volume I: Summary, AFRL-HE-WP-
TR-2002-0169, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Eectiveness Directorate, Crew System Interface Division,
2255 H Street, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7022

Robinette, K., Daanen, H.A.M. and Zehner, G. (2004) Three-dimensional anthropometry, in Working Postures and Movements:
Tools for Evaluation and Engineering, editors Delleman, N., Chan, D. and Haslegrave, C., June 2004, pp.30-49, CRC Press.

Robinette, K.M. and Hudson, J. (2006) Chapter 12: Anthropometry, in Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 3rd
edition, editor Salvendy, Gavriel, pp. 322-339, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Robinette, K.M. and McConville, J.T. (1982). An Alternative to Percentile Models. SAE Technical Paper 810217, in 1981 SAE
Transactions, pp. 938-946, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale PA.

www.bodysizeshape.com

Zehner, G.F., Meindl, R.S., and Hudson, J.A. (1993). A Multivariate Anthropometric Method for Crew Stations Design:
Abridged, AL-TR-1992-0164, Armstrong Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH

Example : Airline seat problem

Did you know :
Adult women are larger than

men on average for some

dimensions?
Airline seats are built to male
95%ile hip width
Must ask the right question
1D and 3D work together
1-D for case selection
1-D for population location
3-D for true shape
3-D for complete visualization

95%ile Male
Hip Width
Male
Larger

Female
larger

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Standardisa2on -WEAR AMI*

*Anthropometric Measurement Interface enables direct comparison of

measurements from dierent databases

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