Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue consists of highly specialized cells, which provides motion, maintenance of posture and
heat production. Classification of muscles is made by structure and function.
Muscle tissues are grouped in to skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle tissue are attached to bones, it is voluntary, cylindrical, multinucleated &
striated
Cardiac muscle tissue: It forms the wall of the heart; it is involuntary, uni-nucleated and
striated.
Smooth muscle tissue: located in the wall of hallow internal structure like Blood vessels,
stomach, intestine,and urinary bladder. It is involuntary and non-striated.

Membranes
Membranes are thin pliable layers of epithelial and/or connective tissue. They line body cavities, cover
surfaces,connect, or separate regions, structures and organs of the
body. The three kinds of membranes are
i.
mucous,
ii.
serous
iii.
synovial.
Mucous membranes (mucosa) lines body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. It is an epithelial layer.
Mucous membranes line the entire gastro intestine, respiratory excretory and reproductive tracts and constitute a
lining layer of epithelium. The connective tissue layer of mucous membrane is lamina propra.To prevent dry out
and to trap particles mucous membranes secret mucous.
Serous membrane / serosa: contains loose connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium. It lines body
cavity that does not open directly to the exterior. Covers the organs that lie within the cavity. Serosa is
composed of parietal layer (pertaining to be outer) and visceral layer
(pertaining to be near to the organ). Pleura and pericardium are serous membrane that line thoracic and heart
cavity respectively. The epithelial layer of a serious membrane secret a lubricating fluid called serious fluid. The
fluid allows organs to glide one another easily.
Synovial membrane: Unlike to other membranes this membrane does not contain epithelium. Therefore, it is not
epithelial membrane. It lines the cavities of the freely movable joints. Like serious membrane it lines structures
that do not open to the exterior. Synovial membranes secret synovial fluid that lubricate articular cartilage at the
ends of bones as they move at joints.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Chapter Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
- List the general characteristics and functions of skeletal muscle tissue.
- Describe the structure of a muscle
- Describe the connective tissue components of skeletal muscles
- Briefly describe how muscles contract
- List the substances needed in muscle contraction and describe the function of each
- Differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions
- Define the following terms: origin, insertion, synergist,antagonist, and prime mover
- Define the different bases employed in naming skeletal muscles Identify the principal skeletal Muscle in
different regions of the body by name, action, and innervations.