Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Elastic Beam Model
Elastic Beam Model
Elastic Beam Model
BEAM MODEL
differential
length: dz
dz
Basic assumptions:
planar cross sections
small displacements (deformations)
2/12
bending
N
M
V
V
T
shearing
twisting
3/12
l
l sin
l
l
cos 1
sin
tan
x
x2 x4
cos x1
2! 4!
x3 x5
sin x x
3! 5!
l tan
l
l
f (x) = x
x
2 x3
tan x x
15 4/12
KINEMATICAL
(deformations, strains)
de (du , dv , dw)
dz
= (dex , dey , dez)
de
W (Mx , My , T)
d (dx , dy , dz)
6 components
Vx
x
z
z
y
(2bending, 1twisting)
x
y Vy
(3 relative displacements)
6 components
dv
N
z
x
y
du
dy
x
z
y
Mx
x
y My
(3 relative rotations)
T
z
x
y
z
y
x
dx
dw
dz
z
y
5/12
V+dV
M+dM
N+dN
KINEMATICAL
(deformations, strains)
relative displ.: difference of two absolute ones
r (z)
w (z)
Def.: AB = A B
N (z)
M (z)
V (z)
AB
dz
this
BA
A
B
S
y x
P
dwP = yP dx
z
yP
dx/2
dz
dwP/2
displacements
rotations
compared to this
A C = 0
B
A B
C
absolute
relative
ex , ey , ez ex , ey , ez
u , v , w or u, v, w
x , y , z x ,y ,z
specific forces
over a SURFACE (A)
STATICAL
(internal forces, stresses)
r (z)
w (z)
pz(x,y,z)
pz+dpz
dz
zx
yz?
xz?
z
zy
pz(z , zx , zy),
pz
stress vector:
assigned to a
- point and a
- plane
KINEMATICAL
(deformations, strains)
dz
xz
= 0
yz
zx zy
specific deformations
over the LENGTH (z)
specific displacements (z , zx , zy )
for each material point,
specific rotations (x , y , z )
only for the whole beam element!
x
dA
zt OK, tz??
zx
(dz is drawn larger
for practical reasons
elementary stripe)
rigid
panels
=
zy
dz
strain vector:
assigned to a
and a
xz -- point
plane
0 yz
zx zy z
7/12
FORCES
(INTERNAL FORCES)
STATICAL
or
EQUILIBRIUM
equations
(e.g. N)
differentiation
integration
DEFORMATIONS
(e.g. u)
differentiation
KINEMATICAL
or
integration GEOMETRICAL
equations
(e.g. )
(e.g. )
STRESSES
STRAINS
material constants: E, G ( = 0)
MATERIAL or PHYSICAL
equations
8/12
dz
dv
Fix: Vx = zx (x,y) dA
(A)
Fiy: Vy = zy (x,y) dA
(A)
Fiz: N =z (x,y) dA
(A)
Mix: Mx =z (x,y)y dA
(A)
Miy: My =z (x,y)x dA
(A)
N
z
T M x Vx
y
x
My x
z
zx
Vy zy dA
y
E.g.:
z dA = dFz
xdFz = dMy
zy
zx =
shear strain
zy =
dw
z
dx
x
dz
normal
strain
specific
bending
(curvature)
specific
twisting
z =
x =
y =
z =
du
dz
dv
dz
dw
dz
dx
dz
dy
dz
dz
dz
9/12
Vx=zx (x,y) dA
Mx=z (x,y)y dA
Vy=zy (x,y) dA
My=z (x,y)x dA
N = z (x,y) dA
T =(zx (x,y)y +
(A)
zy (x,y)x) dA
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
1
z= z x y
E
y =... ,
x =...
du
zx =
dz
dv
zy =
dz
dw
z =
dz
MATERIAL or PHYSICAL
equations
linear elastic material:
Hooke's law
z = E z x = y =0
zx =G zx
xy =0
zy =G zy
dx
x =
dz
dy
y =
dz
dz
z =
dz
z
z=
and
E
x = y = xy =0
10/12
Simple loading
Centric tension or compression: only N
N z = const. z = const. w = ez
Simple shear: only V (important: no bending about the axis perpendicular to V)
e.g. Vy zy = const.
zy = const. ?
Twisting: only T
T zx (x,y), zy (x,y)
Bending: only M
e.g. Mx z (x,y)
z (x,y); x = const.
Combined loading
Eccentric tension or compression: N and M
N, Mx , My z (x,y)
z (x,y)
w, x , y
zy (x,y), (z (x,y))
v = ey , (x)
11/12
Criteria:
10. Formulate the principle of planar (rigid) cross sections.
11. The assumption of small displacements. Give a justification of the use of this principle in civil
engineering problems.
12. The concept of a bar (beam); the differential beam element. Linear elastic material model for the
beam element.
13. List all possible (internal) forces and stresses applied to a beam element.
14. List all possible (relative) deformations and strains (specific deformations) applicable to a beam
element.
15. Definition of equilibrium, geometrical and material equations of a beam element. Explain what
kind of mechanical variables are related by each of these types.
16. Internal forces acting on a beam element; clasification of simple and combined loading. What kind
of stresses arise from different loading cases?