Goals for Chapter 19

To represent heat transfer and work done in a

thermodynamic process and to calculate work

Chapter 19

The First Law of

Thermodynamics
PowerPoint Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

To relate heat transfer, work done, and internal

energy change using the first law of
thermodynamics
To distinguish between adiabatic, isochoric,
isobaric, and isothermal processes
To understand and use the molar heat capacities at
constant volume and constant pressure
To analyze adiabatic processes

Lectures by Wayne Anderson

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Introduction
A steam locomotive
operates using the laws of
thermodynamics, but so do
air conditioners and car
engines.
We shall revisit the
conservation of energy in
the form of the first law of
thermodynamics.

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Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Thermodynamics systems
A thermodynamic system is any
collection of objects that may
exchange energy with its
surroundings.
In a thermodynamic process,
changes occur in the state of the
system.
Careful of signs! Q is positive
when heat flows into a system.
W is the work done by the system,
so it is positive for expansion. (See
Figure 19.3 at the right.)
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Work in Thermodynamics
Work can be done on a
deformable system, such as a
gas
Consider a cylinder with a
moveable piston

Work
The piston is pushed downward by a force
through a displacement of:
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dW = F d r = Fj dyj = Fdy = PA dy
A.dy is the change in volume of the gas, dV

A force is applied to slowly

compress the gas

Therefore, the work done on the gas is

The compression is slow

enough for all the system
to remain essentially in
thermal equilibrium

dW = -P dV

This is said to occur quasistatically

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Work

Work on a pV-diagram

Interpreting dW = - P dV
If the gas is compressed, dV is negative and the
work done on the gas is positive
If the gas expands, dV is positive and the work
done on the gas is negative

The work done equals the area under the curve on a pV-diagram.
(See Figure 19.6 below.)
Work is positive for expansion and negative for compression.
Follow Example 19.1 for an isothermal (constant-temperature)
expansion.

If the volume remains constant, the work done is

zero
The total work done is:
Vf

W = P dV
V

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Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Work depends on the path chosen

Figure 19.7 below shows why the work done depends on the path chosen.

First law of thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics: The change
in the internal energy U of a system is
equal to the heat added minus the work
done by the system: U = Q W. (See
Figure 19.9 at the right.)
The first law of thermodynamics is just a
generalization of the conservation of
energy.
Both Q and W depend on the path chosen
between states, but U is independent of
the path.
If the changes are infinitesimal, we write
the first law as dU = dQ dW.

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Cyclic processes and isolated systems

In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state. Figure
19.11 below illustrates your bodys cyclic process for one day.
A isolated system does no work and has no heat flow in or out.

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Four kinds of thermodynamic processes

Adiabatic: No heat is transferred into or out of the
system, so Q = 0.
Isochoric: The volume remains constant, so W = 0.
Isobaric: The pressure remains constant, so
W = p(V2 V1).
Isothermal: The temperature remains constant.

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Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

The four processes on a pV-diagram

Internal energy of an ideal gas

Figure 19.16 shows a pV-diagram of the four different processes.

The internal energy of an ideal

gas depends only on its
temperature, not on its
pressure or volume.
The temperature of an ideal
gas does not change during a
free expansion. (See Figure
19.17 at the right.)

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Heat capacities of an ideal gas

CV is the molar heat capacity
at constant volume.
Cp is the molar heat capacity
at constant pressure.
Figure 19.18 at the right shows
how we could measure the two
molar heat capacities.

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Relating Cp an CV for an ideal gas

Figure 19.19 at the right shows

that to produce the same
temperature change, more heat
is required at constant pressure
than at constant volume since
U is the same in both cases.
This means that Cp > CV.
Cp = CV + R.

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The ratio of heat capacities

The ratio of heat capacities is = Cp/CV. For ideal gases, = 1.67
(monatomic) and = 1.40 (diatomic).
Table 19.1 shows that theory and experiment are in good agreement
for monatomic and diatomic gases.
Follow Example 19.6.

Adiabatic processes for an ideal gas

In an adiabatic process, no
heat is transferred in or out
of the gas, so Q = 0.
Figure 19.20 at the right
shows a pV-diagram for an
adiabatic expansion. Note
that an adiabatic curve at
any point is always steeper
than an isotherm at that
point.
Follow the derivations
showing how to calculate
the work done during an
adiabatic process.

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Adiabatic Processes
Assume an ideal gas is in an equilibrium state and so
PV = nRT is valid
The pressure and volume of an ideal gas at any time
during an adiabatic process are related by PV =
constant
= CP / CV is assumed to be constant during the
process

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Example 1

One mole of an ideal gas has a temperature of 25C. If the volume is held constant
and the pressure is doubled, the final temperature (in C) will be
a.
174
b.
596
c.
50
d.
323
e.
25

All three variables in the ideal gas law (P, V, T ) can

change during an adiabatic process

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Example 3

Example 2
An auditorium has dimensions 10.0 m 20.0 m 30.0 m. How many molecules of air
fill the auditorium at 20.0C and a pressure of 101 kPa?

A combination of 0.250 kg of water at 20.0C, 0.400 kg of aluminum at 26.0C, and

0.100 kg of copper at 100C is mixed in an insulated container and allowed to come to
thermal equilibrium. Ignore any energy transfer to or from the container and
determine the final temperature of the mixture.

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Example 4

Example 5

How much energy is required to change a 40.0-g ice cube from ice at 10.0C to
steam at 110C?

One mole of an ideal gas does 3 000 J of work on its surroundings as it expands
isothermally to a final pressure of 1.00 atm and volume of 25.0 L. Determine (a) the
initial volume and (b) the temperature of the gas.

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Example 5

Example 6

A 2.00-mol sample of oxygen gas is confined to a 5.00-L vessel at a pressure of 8.00

atm. Find the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule under these
conditions.

During the compression stroke of a certain gasoline engine, the pressure increases
from 1.00 atm to 20.0 atm. If the process is adiabatic and the fuel-air mixture behaves
as a diatomic ideal gas, (a) by what factor does the volume change and (b) by what
factor does the temperature change? (c) Assuming that the compression starts with
0.016 0 mol of gas at 27.0C, find the values of Q, W, and Eint that characterize the
process.
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Example 7

Example 8

A heat engine takes in 360 J of energy from a hot reservoir and performs 25.0 J of
work in each cycle. Find (a) the efficiency of the engine and (b) the energy expelled to
the cold reservoir in each cycle.

A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance equal to 5.00. The refrigerator takes in

120 J of energy from a cold reservoir in each cycle. Find (a) the work required in each
cycle and (b) the energy expelled to the hot reservoir.

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Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Example 9

Example 10

What is the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator that operates with Carnot

efficiency between temperatures 3.00C and +27.0C? .

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Calculate the change in entropy of 250 g of water heated slowly from 20.0C to
80.0C.

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