BASIC MEASUREMENT AND UNCERTAINTY

Aliyah Nur Ibrahim, Nurul Aisyah Wahda, Maurizka Amaliah,, Selni Sanda interest
ICP A CHEMICAL
Abstract
Experiments have been conducted on the basis of measurement and uncertainty. This experiment aims to
make students able to use the basic measuring tools, able to determine the uncertainty in single and repeated
measurements and understand the numbers mean. Tools and materials used in this lab, among others, for the
appliance that is a ruler / ruler, calipers, micrometer screw, stopwatch, thermometer, balance ohauss, measuring
cups, tripod and gauze, bembakar Bunsen, and for the material is iron beams, ball -bola small, and enough
water. For procedures that work will be done in this lab consists of three measurement activities, the first is the
length measurement using three tools namely ruler, caliper and micrometer screw, the second is the mass
measurement with mengginakan three mass measuring instrument that is 2610 grams ohauss balance, balance sheet
ohauss 311 grams and 310 grams ohauss balance. Third is the measurement of temperature and time by using a
thermometer and stopwatch. Measurements were made repeatedly on each object and then record the results.

Keywords: gauge, mass, measurement, research and practicum

Problem Formulation
1.
How do I use the basic measurement tool?
2.
How to determine the measurement uncertainty of single and repeated
measurements?
3.
Ba gaimana determining significant figures?

Purpose
1.

Able to use measuring tools.

2.
3.

Being able to determine the uncertainty in single and repeated penngukuran.

Understand numbers mean.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Brief Theory
Measurement is to compare the magnitude of the unit of measurement used as
patokan.Dalam physics is something very vital.Suatu observation of physical quantities must be
through measurement. Measurements required meticulous in physics, so the symptoms of events
that will occur can be predicted with great force. But somehow when we measure a physical
quantity by using the instrument, it is not likely to get a true value X 0, but there is always
uncertainty.
A measurement is always accompanied by uncertainty. Some causes uncertainty among
others, the Smallest Scale Value (NST), error calibration, zero point errors, mistakes spring,
friction, parallax error, measurement parameters and environmental fluctuations that influence

each other as well as the skills of the observer.Thus it is difficult to obtain the true value of a
quantity by measurement.
1.
Single Measurement
Single measurement is a measurement performed only once, while the uncertainty in a
single sizing sitetapkan equal to half the smallest scale (x = x the smallest scale).
2.
Repeated Measurements
Repeated measurements are measurements dilakaukan berulang.Pada repeated measures
the value of x is determined from the average value of the sample.Suppose a physical quantity
measured N times under the same conditions, and the obtained results of measurement of
X 1, X 2, X 3,. . ., X N, then the average value sought by the following equation:
Number of digits that can be reported in repeated experiments follow the following rules:
a.
Relative uncertainty of about 10% are entitled to two significant figures.
b.
Relative uncertainty of about 1% is entitled to 3 significant figures.
c.
Relative uncertainty of about 0.1% is entitled to four significant figures.
At each measuring instrument there is a value scale that can no longer be divided, this is
called the Smallest Scale Value (NST) .Ketelitian measuring instrument depends on NST ..TO
help measure with more precision than can shown by NST, it is used Nonius . Nonius scale will
improve the accuracy of the measuring instrument readings. Generally there is a division of a
major scale with a Nonius scale that will cause a line scale of zero and a maximum point scale
Nonius coincides with the major scale.
Measuring instrument is a device for determining the value or magnitude of a quantity or
variable fisis.Pada basic measuring tools generally divided into two, namely the analog
measuring devices and digital.Ada two measurement systems are analog systems and analog
measuring digital.Alat system provides measurement results valued continuous, for example the
appointment of the temperature indicated by the scale, the scale meter needle guidance, or the
appointment of an electronic scale digital measuring instrument provides valuable discrete
measurement results. The results of measurements of voltage or current of a digital meter is a
value of the number of digits terterntu shown on its display panel.
Some basic measurement tool that is often used in practice is the caliper, micrometer
screw, barometer, technical balance, a ruler, a protractor, a stopwatch, and some means of
measuring electrical quantities. Each measuring instrument has a way to operate and also how to
read the measurable results.
3.
Smallest Scale Value

At each measuring instrument there is a value scale that can not be divided
again, this is called the Smallest Scale Value (NST) .Ketelitian measuring instrument
depends on NST.
4.

Measurement Uncertainty

Physics is the science that deals with the various phenomena that occur in nature. Science
is based on observation and experiment. Observation is the assessment of the symptoms that
occur in nature. It's just, unfortunately, a natural phenomenon that arises naturally is not
necessarily occur in a given time, making it difficult for observation. To anticipate this, then
performed an experiment that resembles a natural phenomenon was under the control and
supervision of special. Without this experiment, physicists could not evolve like today.
And then, in an experiment we tried to examine and learn hrus. How, we have to have
quantitative data on experiments that we do. Sanada with Lord Kelvin who expresses the opinion
that we do not learn anything if we can not get a quantitative data. For that reason in physics
needed an accurate measurement. However, it turns out there is no absolute right
measurements. Each measurement definitely bring a measurement uncertainty, ie the difference
between the two measurement results.Uncertainty also called fault, because shows the difference
between the measured value and the true value. This can be caused by several factors. That factor
is divided into two major lines, namely: applying uncertainty and random uncertainties.
a.

Uncertainty applying

Calibration error

Errors in scaling the time measuring devices are being made so that each
time the tool is used, the uncertainty always appear in each measurement.

Error zero point scale measuring instrument does not coincide with the
zero point of the needle measuring instrument.

Error Component Tool Often occurs in the spring. Usually occurs when
the spring has been frequently used Friction

b.

Errors arising from friction in the moving parts of the tool.

Error in reading the scale position measuring instrument.

Random Uncertainty

Brownian motion of air molecules cause the pointer scale measuring devices
affected.

Frequency voltage, the voltage change in PLN, batteries, or batteries that

Vibrating Platform

The existence of the Smallest Scale Value Measurement.

Limitations of the observer himself.

c.

Important Figures

Significant figures are calculated on the number of measurements and observations. Rules of
significant figures: All non-zero digits are significant figures. Zeros are located between nonzero
digits including significant figures. For a decimal number smaller than one, zeros are located on
the left and on the right a comma, not including significant figures. A row of zeros are located on
the right number is not zero is significant figures, unless there is another explanation.
5.

Accuracy and Precision

Accurate measurement is an important part of physics, however there is no measurement

absolutely right. There is uncertainty associated with each measurement.Uncertainty arises from
different sources. Among the most important, in addition to the error, is the limited accuracy of
each gauge and the inability to read a measuring instrument outside the limits indicated the
smallest part. Suppose you use a centimeter ruler to measure the width of a board, the results can
be accurately ascertained up to 0.1 cm, which is the smallest part of the ruler. The reason, it is
difficult to ascertain the value of the smallest dividers, and a ruler itself may not be made or
calibrated to greater accuracy. Accuracy of measurement or reading is a very relative term. as
well as from this. Accuracy is defined as the difference or proximity (closeness)between the
values read from the measuring instrument with the actual value.
In the experiment, the actual value that was never known to be replaced with a value
conventionally recognized standards. In general, the accuracy of a measuring instrument is
determined by calibration on specific operating conditions andcan be expressed in the form of a
plus-minus or a presentation on a particular scale or on a specific measurement point. All
measuring devices can be classified into levels or different classes, depending on the
accuracy. Medium accuracy of a system depends on the accuracy of the sensing element
Individual primary, secondary elements and other manipulation tools.
When stating the measurement results, it is also important to state the accuracy or estimate the
uncertainty in the measurement. For example, the width measurement results board: 5.2 plus or
minus 0.1 cm. Results Plus minus 0.1 cm (approximately 0.1 cm) states the approximate
uncertainty in the measurements so that the actual width may be between 5.1 and 5.3. Percentage
of uncertainty is the ratio between ketidakpastia and measured values, multiplied by 100%. For
example, if the measurement is 5.2 cm and 0.1 cm, the percentage uncertainty uncertainty is: (0.1
/ 5.2) x 100% = 2%.
Tools and Materials
1.

Tool

a.

ruler / ruler

b.

Calliper

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

s topwatch
t ermometer
n eraca Ohaus
micrometer screw
k aki three and gauze

2.

Material

a.

Iron beams

b.

Small ball

c.
d.

Bunsen burner
Sufficient water

Variable Control
Activity 1. Measurement of Length
1.

Long

2.
3.

width
high

4.
diamteter
Activity 2. Mass Measurement
1.
mass
Activity 3. Time and Temperature Measurement
1.

time

2.

temperature

Operational definitions Variable Control

Activity 1. Measurement length
1.Panjang is the distance between two points in space.
2.Lebar is the distance from one side to the one with the other side of the
to the other side, measured at right angles perpendicular to the length
objects.
3.Tinggi is vertical measurement of an object
4. The diameter is is a line segment that passes through the center and
connecting two points

Activity 2. Measurement of mass

1.Massa is a quantity that specifies the number of substances
Activity 3. Time and Temperature Measurement
1.

Time is the moment when the whole series, action, or circumstance exists or takes

place.
2.
Temperature is a quantity that menya Takan degree cold heat of an object
Variable Manipulation
Activity 1 Measurement of Length
1.
Measure the length of the beam and a small ball using a ruler caliper and
micrometer screw repeatedly.
2.
Measure the width of the beam and a small ball using a ruler caliper and
micrometer screw repeatedly.
3.
Tinngi measuring beam and a small ball using a ruler caliper and micrometer
screw repeatedly.
4.
Measure the diameter of the beam and a small ball using a ruler caliper and
micrometer screw repeatedly.
Activity 2 Mass Measurement
1.

Measure the mass of the beam and a small ball using nereca ohauss 2610 grams,

311 grams and nereca ohauss nereca ohauss 310 grams repeatedly
Activity 3 Measurement of time and temperature
1.
easuring time an temperature with the temperature initially
thermometer repeatedly interval of 1 min.

using a

Operational definitions Variable Manipulation

Activity 1 Measurement of Length
1.
Comparing the length of the beam and a small ball with the use of measuring
tools such as calipers and micrometers crossbar screws.
2.

Comparing the width of the beam and a small ball with the use of tools

be a ruler measuring caliper and micrometer screw.

3.

Comparing height of the beam and a small ball with the use of tools

be a ruler measuring caliper and micrometer screw.

4.

Comparing the diameter of the beam and a small ball with the use of tools

be a ruler measuring caliper and micrometer screw.

Activity 2 Mass Measurement
1.
Membandigkan mass of the beam and a small ball that obtained using ohauss
nereca 2610 grams, 311 grams and nereca ohauss nereca ohauss 310 grams.
Activity 3 Temperature measurement
1.
Comparing the temperature an time using a thermometer with a temperature
initially
at intervals of minute
Variable Response
Activity 1 Measurement of Length
1.
The accuracy and precision of the measurement of the beam length and small
balls using a ruler caliper and micrometer screw.
2.
The accuracy and precision of the measurement beam width and small balls using
a ruler caliper and micrometer screw.
3.
The accuracy and precision of the measurement beam height and small balls using
a ruler caliper and micrometer screw.
4.
The accuracy and precision of the measurement beam diameter and small balls
using a ruler caliper and micrometer screw.
Activity 2 Mass Measurement
1.
The accuracy and precision of the measurement of the mass of the beam and a
small ball with mengg unakan nereca ohauss 2610 grams, 311 grams and nereca ohauss
nereca ohauss 310 grams.
3 Activity Assay Time and temperature
1.
he accuracy an precision of the measurement of time an temperature with the
temperature initially
using a thermometer interval of 1 min.
Operational Definition of Variable Response
Activity 1 Measurement of Length
1.

The results of the evaluation and analysis of the length measurement beam and a

small ball using a ruler caliper and micrometer screw

2.

Result evaluation and analysis of beam width measurements and small balls

using a ruler caliper and micrometer screw

3.
The results of the evaluation and analysis of high-beam measurements and small
balls using a ruler caliper and micrometer screw
4.
The results of the evaluation and analysis of the measurement beam diameter and
small balls using a ruler caliper and micrometer screw
Activity 2 Mass Measurement
1.
The results of the evaluation and analysis of the mass measurement beam and a
small ball mengg unakan nereca ohauss 2610 grams, 311 grams and nereca ohauss nereca
ohauss 310 grams.
Activity 3 Measurement of time and temperature
1.
he results of the evaluation an sizing analysis time an
temperature initially
using a thermometer interval of min.

temperature with

Working Procedure
Activity 1 Measurement of Length
a.
Taking ruler, caliper and micrometer screw then determine NST of each tool will
be measured.
b.
Measure each 3 times for the length, width and height of the cube-shaped beam
that has been supplied by third use of measuring instruments, ie the ruler, caliper and
micrometer screw. Noting the results of measurements that have been performed on a
table with the results of observations with uncertainty.
c.
Measure each 3 times to the diameter of the ball (measured in different places)
that has been supplied by third use measuring devices that ruler, caliper and micrometer
screw. Noting the results of measurements that have been performed on a table with the
results of observations with uncertainty.
Activity 2 mass measurement
a.

NST determine each balance sheet that will be used

b.
Measure the mass of the beam cube and sphere (which is used in the measurement
of the length) repeated 3 times.
c.
Noting the results of measurements that have been done with the measurement
uncertainty.
Activity 3 Measurement Temperature and Time
a.

Setting up a measuring cup, a Bunsen burner complete with three legs and a layer

of asbestos and a thermometer.

b.
Fill the measuring cup with water to part and put over three feet without
burning.
c.
Measure the temperature as teperatur early (T o)
d.
Light a Bunsen burner and wait a few moments to look normal flame
e.
Bunsen burner lay just below the beaker along with running a timing device.
f.
Record the temperature changes the reading on the thermometer for each interval
of 1 min to obtain 10.
.
Observations and Data Analysis
Observations
1.

The length of the take Pengu

NST ruler: 1 mm
NST caliper: 0.05 mm
NST micrometer screw: 0.01 mm
Table 1.1 Results Measurement of Length
The
magnitude
Measured
of the
No.

object

measured

Results Measurement (mm)

Micrometer
Ruler
| 20,0 0,5 |
| 19,0 0,5 |

Long
1

| 20,0 0,5 |
| 20,0 0,5 |

Beam

| 19,5 0,5 |
Width
High

| 20,0 0,5 |
| 20,1 0,5 |

Term Sorong

screw

| 20.00 0.05 |

| 19.770
0.005 |

| 20.00 0.05 |

| 19.770
0.005 |

| 20.00 0.05 |

| 19.770
0.005 |

| 20.10 0.05 |

| 19.770
0.005 |

| 20.10 0.05 |

| 19.870
0.005 |

| 20.10 0.05 |

| 19.860
0.005 |

| 20.00 0.05 |

| 20.350
0.005 |

| 20,0 0,5 |
| 19,5 0,5 |

| 20.00 0.05 |

| 19.350
0.005 |

| 20.00 0.05 |

| 19.350
0.005 |

| 25.40 0.05 |

| 25.430
0.005 |

| 20.50 0.05 |

| 25.380
0.005 |
| 25.405

Ball

| 25.40 0.05 |

Diameter

2.

Mass Measurement

Ohaus Balance 2610 grams

0.005 |

Value Scale Arm 1: 10 grams

Value Scale Arm 2: 100 grams
Value Scale Arm 3: 0.1 grams
Table2.1Hasil Mass Measurement Using Ohauss Balance 2610 grams
Object

Penun.Arm Penun.Arm Penun.Arm

1
2
3

Hanging
load

Objects mass
(g)

Beam

60
60
60

0
0
0

2.6
2.7
2,55

| 62,6 0,1 |
| 62,7 0,1 |
| 62,6 0,1 |

Ball

20
20
20

0
0
0

1.7
1.65
1.6

| 21,7 0,1 |
| 21,6 0,1 |
| 21,6 0,1 |

Balance Ohauss 311 grams

Value Scale Arm 1: 100 grams
Value Scale Arm 2: 10 grams
Value Scale Arm 3: 1 gram
Value Scale Arm 4: 0.01 grams
Table 2.2 Results of Mass Measurement using Ohauss Balance 311 grams
Object

Penun.Lengan1 Penun.Arm Penun.Arm Penun.Arm

Objects

mass (g)
|
62.70 0.01

0
0
0

Beam

60
60
60

0
0
0

Ball

20
20
20

2
2
2

1
1
1

0.70
0.46
0.61

0.61
0.62
0.62

|
| 62.46
0.01 |
|
62.61 0.01
|
| 21.61
0.01 |
| 21.62
0.01 |
| 21.62
0.01 |

Balance Ohauss 310 grams

Value Scale Lengan1: 100 grams
Value Scale Lengan2: 10 grams
Value Scale Lengan3: 0.1 grams
Total Scale Nonius: 10 grams
NST Ohauss Balance: 0.01 grams
Table 2.3 Results of Mass Measurement using Ohauss Balance 310 grams
Object

Penun.Arm Penun.Arm
Penun.Arm Objects
1
2
Penun.Lengan3
4
mass (g)
| 62.36
0.01 | |
62.47

Beam

0
0
0

60
60
60

2.3
2.4
2.4

0.06
0.07
0.07

0.01 | |
62.47
0.01 |
| 21.72

Ball

0
0
0

20
20
20

1.7
1.6
1.6

0.02
0.09
0.07

0.01 |
| 21.69
0.01 |

| 21.67
0.01 |
3.
Penguk u ran Temperature and Time
NST Thermometer: 1C
At temperatures - Start: 32C
NST Stopwatch: 0,1C
Table 3.1 Results of sizing Temperature and Time
No.

Time (s)

Temperature (C)

Changes
intemperature ( C)

1.

| 60 0,1 |

| 32,0 0,5 |

2.

| 120 0,1 |

| 33,0 0,5 |

3.

| 180 0,1 |

| 35,0 0,5 |

4.

| 240 0,1 |

| 37,0 0,5 |

5.

| 300 0,1 |

| 38,0 0,5 |

1.75

6.

| 360 0,1 |

| 39,7 0,5 |

1.25

Data Analysis
Ruler (Beams)

Penguk u ran Length

a.

| 20,0 0,5 | mm

b.

| 19,0 0,5 | mm

c.

| 20,0 0,5 | mm

= | 19,7 0,7 | mm

Width Measurement

a.

| 20,0 0,5 | mm

b.

| 19.5 0,5 | mm

c.
| 20,0 0,5 | mm
= [19.8 0.3] mm

High measurement

a.

| 21, 0 0,5 | mm

b.

| 20,0 0,5 | mm
c.

| 19.5 0,5 | mm

mm
= [20.2 0.8] mm
Term Sorong (Beams)

Measurement of Length
a.

| 20, 0 0 0, 0 5 | mm

b.
| 20.00 0, 0 5 | mm
c.
| 20,0 0 0, 0 5 | mm
= [20.00 0.05] mm

Width Measurement

a.
| 20.10 0.05 | mm
b.
| 20.10 0.05 | mm
c.
| 20.10 0.05 | mm
= [20.10 0.05] mm

High measurement
a.
b.

| 20, 0 0 0, 0 5 | mm
| 20,0 0 0, 0 5 | mm

c.
| 20.00 0, 0 5 | mm
= [20.00 0.05] mm
Micrometer screw (Beams)

Measurement of Length

a.
b.

| 19 77 0 0, 00 5 | mm
| 19.770 0, 00 5 | mm

c.
| 19.770 0, 00 5 | mm
= [19.770 0.005] mm

Width Measurement

a.

| 19 77 0 0.0 0 5 | mm

b.
| 19 87 0 0.0 0 5 | mm
c.
| 19.860 0.005 | mm
= [19.83 0.06] mm

High measurement

a.
b.

| 20 35 0 0, 0 0 5 | mm
| 19.35 0 0, 0 0 5 | mm

c.
| 19.35 0 0, 0 0 5 | mm
= [19.7 0.7] mm
Term Sorong (Ball)

Diameter

a.
| 25 4 0 0, 0 5 | mm
b.
| 25 5 0 0, 0 5 | mm
c.
| 25 4 0 0, 0 5 | mm
= [25.43 0.07] mm
Micrometer screw (ball)

Diameter
a.

| 25.430 0.005 | mm

b.

| 25.380 0.005 | mm

c.
= [25.41 0.03] mm

| 25.405 0.005 | mm

Mass Measurement

Balance Ohauss 2610 grams (Beams)

a.

| 62,6 0,1 | g

b.

| 62.7 0.1 | g

c.

| 62, 6 0.1 | gra m

gram
= [62.60 0.10] g

Balance Ohauss 311 grams (Beams)

a.

| 62.70 0.01 | gra m

b.
c.

| 62.46 0.01 | gra m

| 62.61 0.01 | gra m

mm
= [62.59 0.01] mm

Balance Ohauss 310 grams (Beams)

a.

| 62.36 0, 0 1 | g

b.
c.

| 62.47 0, 0 1 | g
| 62.47 0, 0 1 | gra m

gram
= [62.43 0.01] g

Balance Ohauss 2610 grams (Ball)

d.

| 21,7 0,1 | g

e.
f.

| 21,6 0,1 | g
| 21,6 0,1 | gra m

gram
= [21.60 0.10] g

Balance Ohauss 311 grams (Ball)

a.

| 21.61 0.01 | g

b.
c.

| 21.62 0.01 | g
| 21.62 0.01 | gra m

gram
= [21.62 0.01] g

Balance Ohauss 310 grams (Ball)

d.

| 21.7 2 0, 0 1 | g

e.

| 21.69 0, 0 1 | g

f.

| 21.67 0, 0 1 | gra m

gram
= [21.69 0.03] g
Creep Correction
a.

Volume Beams

Ruler

Term Sorong

M i k rometer Screws

,3
%

88.25
mm
b.

Volume Ball

Term Sorong

Mik rometer Screws

8580.96 mm 3
25.23
99.71%
Massa Type
a.

Beam

1.
Ruler
uncertainty
%

Ball

2.

Term Sorong

3.
%

Micrometer screw

1.
Term Sorong
0.00003
%
2.

Micrometer screw
0.002 5
99.34%
Object

Beam

Marbles

Measuring tool
Ruler
Calliper
Micro meter
screw
Ruler
Calliper
Micro meter
screw

Results of calculation
Volume
|

The density of

DISCUSSION
The first experiment was performed two measurement activities, ie measurements of
length, width, and height on a beam and measuring the diameter of the marbles by using
measurement tools such as rulers, calipers, and a micrometer screw. This experiment was
performed three times to obtain some results of experimental data. After doing three attempts at
getting the same results on the measurement by using the ruler and the results are slightly
different measurements using calipers and micrometer screw. The difference in the data that was
obtained due to the differentiation of the measuring instrument readings made by the
practitioner. This difference in the form of differences in reading accuracy praktikan
appointment scale. Factors that influence this difference is noisy environmental conditions so
that distraction and negligence in reading scale.
The second experiment measured the mass of the beam and marbles using measurement
tools such as balance ohauss 2610 grams, 311 grams ohauss balance, and balance ohauss 310
grams. This experiment was performed three times to obtain some experimental results. There
are some differences after the measurement is made.On balance ohauss measurement results
using 311 grams of the different results obtained by using the balance ohauss 310 grams. This is
because the practitioner taking the results of the data at the time of reading Nonius scale and
rotate the scale has not stopped right on the normal scale.
The third experiment measured the time and temperature by using a sample of water that
is heated using a Bunsen burner on foot three and gauze. This measurement is performed six

times with interval changes in temperature of 2 C. After performing the experiment results of
the data obtained in the form of a different temperature changes every hike. This is due to the
ever-increasing pace thermometer caused by burning Bunsen with an interval of one minute.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
1.

The use of measuring devices at each measurement is determined by the utility,

the limit measure and precision measuring instrument.

2.
Accuracy and focus are essential in determining the measurement uncertainty of
the single and repeated
3.

Understand the concept and rule numbers mean.

REFERENCES

http://www.siswapedia.com/pengukuran-tunggal-dan-pengukuran-berulang/
Herman. 2014. Guidance basic physics lab. Laboratory of Physics, State UNM

.Makassar

http://alvinburhani.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/dasar-pengukuran-ketidakpastian/