7.

Portuguese
7.0.1. We present both Brazilian and Lusitanian neutral Portuguese, in this order, although not separated, for various good reasons. e most suitable interphonemic transcription (and useful for both accents), as far as V are concerned,
has to use seven phonemes and four (or ve) diaphonemes. erefore, the seven
Brazilian phonemes, /i, e, E, a, O, o, u/, plus /e, , A, , /.
th this transcription, if we ignore or delete the dots under the diaphonemes
(even for given C] we also obtain the transcription for an international pronunciation, which is closer to the spelling and without the specic Brazilian or Lusitanian peculiarities, as we will see. e examples show pronunciation, not usage.
It seems correct to prefer neutral Brazilian Portuguese (which has its regional
variants, as Lusitanian Portuguese also has, but they will not be treated here), since
it is simpler, with fewer phonemes and fewer surprises, closer to spelling and,
therefore, more easily understandable, as well as decidedly more widespread, in
a ratio of 18 to 1! On the other hand, the Brazilians themselves may nd it dicult
to understand the Lusitanian pronunciation.
7.0.2. Should we instead proceed inversely, preferring Lusitanian pronunciation, again for the V we would need nine phonemes: /i, e, E, a, O, o, u, , /, including /E, a, O/, even in unstressed syllables, and with a massive occurrence of
/, /, almost exclusively above all // in unstressed syllables.
at is traditionally merged into //, for e ( /e/ + /N, L, S, Z, j/, and for ei
/ei/ as well) albeit very similar (particularly for some people), actually has a tiny
dierence. is can clearly be seen in our vocogram, where on the contrary it
does not appear to be so tiny (contrary to traditional practice with a rougher
quadrilateral: /e/ in these contexts (', ) and // (', )).
erefore, central Lusitanian by now neutral has /e/ ('3I, I, 'I, I ',
'N, 'L, 'S, 'Z) (compared to /e/ ('I, eI 'eI 'eJ), in the rest of Portugal and in
Brazil), that foreigners too often render as /E/, losing a functional opposition,
which is not negligible for native speakers of both accents.
Let us conclude these preliminary remarks (necessary to dene the problem
well), underlining the absurd and pointlessly complicated steps made trying to explain pronunciation, above all Lusitanian pronunciation (we restrict ourselves to
this language {obviously avoiding talking about English, or Danish, or even
French}), making use of graphemes instead of transcriptions, as is still done. On
the other hand, it must be said that no real pronouncing dictionary for Portuguese
has been written; therefore, one must make the best of it.
7.0.3. As can be seen from phonemic transcriptions, our analysis does not consider V nasalization distinctive, although it must be marked since it is clearly perceptible (above all in Brazilian pronunciation) and typical of Portuguese (but, in

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Lusitanian pronunciation, only in checked syllables in N] However, if nasalization is lacking as is often the case in foreigners' pronunciation comprehension
is not compromised; all the more so because, not rarely, in Portugal vowel nasalization may be hardly perceptible, while the nasal contoid is surely there.
As a matter of fact, we always have sequences of a (nasalized) V plus N the latter may be missing (phonetically, but not phonemically) only when a word-nal
() is followed by a word-initial () or (), instead of being dropped, since the
word ends in C\ //. e nasal contoid is homorganic in the case of stops ((m, n,
), and of stop-strictives; in Brazilian pronunciation we also nd (~)+(C, ),
which are taxophones of /t, d/), while it is semi-provelar (()) before other contoids or before a pause (as will be seen systematically in the sections on N 7.2.1).
Vowels
7.1.1.1. 7.1 shows the vocalic realizations of neutral Brazilian Portuguese.
is language also has several diphthongs, but, since their starting and nishing
points correspond to some vocoids already present, it may be sucient to list them
and give some suitable examples. However, /ei, o/ have been put in the vocogram, with their stressed and unstressed variants, not because they are considered
monophonemic, but owing to their movements which are a little particular.
erefore, there are seven phonemes, /i, e, E, a, O, o, u/ (i, e, E, a, O, o, u), with
some taxophones, such as (Au, A, [s]) for /'au, 'a, Au, A, a[s]/ and (i e,
' A '9, u) for /i, e, a, o, u/ for VN sequences, both in
checked syllables (/0/) and in unchecked ones (//).
As to /a[s]/, it is to be noted that ([s]) holds for -a(s) in nal rhythm groups,
due to a sort of attenuation, with or without a following pause. On the other
hand, however, the variant (a) is even possible, although it is more typical of traditional pronunciation (which is possible as well, provided it is not realized too low).
Anyway, () is more recommendable, and this is what we use in this chapter.
ere are three broken-line white markers as well, to show possible but not necessary articulations, also belonging to the neutral accent, for /i, a, u/ (I, x, U), occurring in rhythm-group nal unstressed syllables (with or without -s). Besides, in
the same position of (x), there may additionally be (), as a possible variant of
(stressed or unstressed) (A) /a/.
7.1.1.2. Here are some rst examples (for the time being, let us ignore the diaphonemic undersigned dots): (i'fi;si)b /e'fisi/ dicil ('e;]i)b /'ee/ ele ('E;])b /'Ea/ ela (ba'ta;t)b /ba'tata/ batata ('nO;v)b /'nOva/ nova ('no;vu)b /'novu/ novo
('u;v)b /'Suva/ >uva However, it is worthwhile reecting upon (A): ('pAu) /'pau/
pau (Au'das)b {(Au'aS)l] /Au'as/ audaz ('mA)b {('mA)l] /'ma/ mal (A'tu;R)b
{(A'tu;R)l] /A'tuRa/ altura
It is important to distinguish: seca ('se;k)b /'seka/ dry (f.) and ('sE;k)b /'sEka/
dries, drought, nuisance, cerco ('seku)b /'seKku/ siege and ('sEku)b /'sEKku/
I enclose, lobo (']o;bu)b /'obu/ wolf and (']O;bu)b /'Obu/ lobe, fosso ('fo;su)b

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/'fosu/ trench and ('fO;su)b /'fOsu/ I dig.

th nasalization, we have: ('si)b /'sin/ sim (&]ega']g)b /enga'enga/ lengalenga ('bI)b /'bein/ bem ('9;meI)b /'mein/ homem (&AmA'NA)b /Ama'Nan/ ama (bm'b9U)b /bom'boun/ bombom ('9)b /'onKa/ honra (A'gus)b /A'guns/ al%ns (kA'mi;Nu)b /ka'miNu/ camio (fe'n9;menu)b /fe'nmenu/ fenmeno (&te]ef'n;m)b /te]efo'nema/ telefonema ('u;niku)b /'uniku/ nico

7.1. Brazilian vowel elements.

/i/ ({'}i) {(I)}, /i{}/ (i)
/e/ (e), /e{}/ (, e)
/ei/ (eI), /ei/ (I, eI)
/E/ (E, )
/a/ (a, Au, A, [s]) {/a/ ()}

/u/ ({'}u) {(U)}, /u{}/ (u)

/o/ (o), /o{}/ (9, )
/o/ (oU, o), /o/ (9U, U)
/O/ (O, )
/a[i/u]{}/ (A[i/u]{}) {([i/u]{})}

7.1.1.3. Notice that nasalization slightly changes some timbres according to the
diaphonemic symbols used: in particular /a/ (A) (for which, as already seen,
() is possible as well), and /'e, ', 'o, '/ (, 9) (when stressed, sometimes, (e, ) may be heard too).
Besides, in word-nal position, we have real diphthongs for what too often and
too hurriedly is transcribed simply as /e, /, /ein, oun/ ('I, eI '9U, U).
Instead, in the same position, /an/ opposes the diphthong /aun/: ('OfA) /'OKfan/
rf ('OfAu) /'OKfaun/ rfo Later on, we will see other diphthongs, too, both
oral and (phonetically) nasalized.
It has to be noted that in modern neutral Brazilian pronunciation, the nasalization of vocoids is more and more evident (even in diphthongs). As already said,
nasalization occurs when a V is followed by a nasal consonant [N), in the same syllable or not, both in checked and unchecked syllables; and, above all, both in
stressed and unstressed syllables: (&AmA'NA)b /Ama'Nan/ ama ('bA;Nu)b /'baNu/
bao ('fi;nu)b /'finu/ no
ereas, in traditional neutral Brazilian pronunciation, nasalization occurs only in checked syllables (in N] either stressed or not; but a troublesome occurrence of nasalization is possible (or not), in unchecked stressed syllables followed
by /N/ (and with /'a/ (') as well): (&ama'NA)b;t /Ama'Nan/ ama ('bA;Nu,
'b;Nu)b;t /'baNu/ bao ('fi;nu)b;t /'finu/ no
Lastly, in mediatic pronunciation, nasalization occurs, in addition to (stressed
or unstressed) checked syllables (in N), even in unchecked stressed syllables followed by N but, again, a troublesome occurrence of nasalization is possible even
in /N/ ( an unchecked, unstressed syllable, followed by /N/): (&amA'NA, &ama-)b;m /Ama'Nan/ ama ('bA;Nu)b;m /'baNu/ bao ('fi;nu)b;m /'finu/ no

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Lusitanian peculiarities
7.1.2.1. Let us now consider 7.2 to see the vocalic realizations of neutral Lusitanian Portuguese. It is a good idea to make a close comparison of the two gures; as a matter of fact (neglecting the broken-line white markers, of the unnecessary Brazilian variants, (I, U, x ): ('e;]i, -I 'E;], -x 'no;vu, -U &AmA'NA, &m'N)b] it
is clear that Lusitanian Portuguese has a higher number of both taxophones and
phonemes: at least two more (which, in an exclusively Lusitanian phonemic transcription, would be /, / or, deviating from ocial symbols, they should rather
be /, /; but, more traditionally rendered as /, /) for (, '), (', ) in
addition to () /A/ and (A) /'a/, with occasional oppositions between them
(that, in a Lusitanian way, we ought to mark as /a, /).
Besides, (, a, ) /, A, / are needed, above all, but not only, in some pre-stress
syllables (by diachronic fusion, which is no longer visible in present-day spelling:
// = //, deriving from a prior /0/ structure, with C dropping), in addition
to /, , A; K, K, AK/, as we will see (and /Au/, and /Ai/ as well). Furthermore, /-e2 -2 -e, -/ are special cases, as in: (ab'd9;meI)b (B'O;mI,
-n)l /ab'me2/ abdmenb -menl ('ipsi]U)b (-]U, -n)l /'ipsi2/ psilon
(&ik]u'zi;vi)b (&i~k9u-, -v[], -v)l /inku'zive, -/ inclive
7.2. Lusitanian vowel elements.
/e, e/ (), () in contact with (N, L, S, Z, ) (, ), but /e/ () between (], ) (S, Z)
/i/ (i), /i/ (i)

/u, o/ (u), /u/ (u)

/'e/ (e), // (), /e/ (, e)

/o/ (o), // (), /o/ (9, )
/ei/ (I, I), /ei/ (3I, I)
/o/ (o, oU), /ou/ (9U, U)
/'e/+/N, L, S, Z, j/ ()
/O/ (O, )
/E/ (E, )
/a, a', a%/ (), /a/ (, |), /'a/ ()
/a[i/u]/ (A[i/u], 4[i/u])
/A/ ('a), /A/ ({'}), /A/ (a, {'}ai, {'}Au, {'}A)

7.1.2.2. e conspicuous Lusitanian reduction of timbres is striking in unstressed syllables, where we have (, ) /e, e/ (or, in the exclusively Lusitanian phonemic transcription, //) (u) /u/ (, |) /a/ ( 7.4.0); and, more rarely, (i) /i/
(which, however, has the complication of oscillating with (, ), as we will see).
If we thoroughly analyze the phonemic transcription, it becomes clear that the
contradiction between the diaphonemes with underwritten dots and actual phonemes is only outward; as a matter of fact, in Lusitanian pronunciation, for /a/ we
nd (), in unstressed syllables, but (), in stressed syllables, when it is followed by
N in checked syllables (with nasalization (A)) or unchecked (without nasalization ()).
Every exception is marked with /A/ (besides its other not fundamental, though
deducible use, in contact with /u, /, seen above): ('E;])l /'Ea/ ela (b'ta;t)l /ba'tata/ batata ('nO;v)l /'nOva/ nova ('su;kaR, -R)l /a'sukAK/ {(a'su;ka)b} acar (&am-

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'NA)l /Ama'Nan/ ama ('sAmb) /'samba/ samba ('k;m) /'kama/ cama

However, there is one exceptional case where ('a;) /'A/ opposes normal
/'a/ (';), as in: (f'];mS) /fa'amus/ falamos we speak (f']a;mS) /fa'Amus/
falmos we spoke; of course, in Brazilian pronunciation, they are both (fa']A;mus).
7.1.2.3. Here are some other remarkable cases of /A/, in Lusitanian pronunciation, by contraction: (a) /A/ [a a] (a'ke;]) /A'kee/ ele (ka'vIR) /kA'veiRa/ caveira ((a, a'ke;]i, ka'veIR)b] after CC (simplied or not in their pronunciation
and in spelling): (a'sAu)l /A'saun/ a(c)o (fa'tu;R)l /fA'tuRa/ fa(c)tura ((a'sAu, fa'tu;R)b] Also (ka'm9iS)l /kA'moins/ Cames.
Before looking at the two further phonemes, let us consider the Lusitanian
pronunciation of the examples already given in Brazilian pronunciation: (d'fi;si)l
/i'fisi/, ('e;])l /'ee/, ('E;])l /'Ea/, (b'ta;t)l /ba'tata/, ('nO;v)l /'nOva/, ('no;vu)l /'novu/, ('Su;v)l /'Suva/ ('pAu)l /'pau/, (Au'aS)l /Au'as/, ('mA)l /'ma/, (A'tu;R)l /A'tuRa/ ('se;k)l /'seka/, ('sE;k)l /'sEka/, ('seku)l /'seKku/, ('sEku)l /'sEKku/, (']o;Bu)l
/'obu/, (']O;Bu)l /'Obu/, ('fo;su)l /'fosu/, ('fO;su)l /'fOsu/.
Furthermore (for both accents): (ka'da;ve)b (k'a;vR)l /ka'davK/ cadver ('sO;Ro)b (-R)l /'sORK/ sror (a'ma;ve)b ('ma;v)l /a'mav/ amvel ('Akjo)b ('Ak)l /'akw/ lcool (vo'ta)b (v'taR)l /v'taK/ voltar Of course, if only Brazilian pronunciation were taken into account, even in these cases, no diaphoneme
with underwritten dots would be necessary, since there is no dierence in the realization of /e, o, / (e) and (o).
7.1.2.4. Bearing in mind that nasalization, in Lusitanian pronunciation, is
found only in checked syllables (but, sometimes, it is so slight and hardly perceptible that it could be marked as (), instead of ()), we have: ('si)l /'sin/ sim,
(&]eg']g)l /enga'enga/ lengalenga, ('b3I)l /'bein/ bem, ('O;mI)l /'mein/ homem, (&am'NA)l /Ama'Nan/ ama, (bm'b9U, -U)l /bom'boun/ bombom,
('9)l /'onKa/ honra, (A'uS)l /A'guns/ al%ns (k'mi;Nu)l /ka'miNu/ camio,
(f'nO;mnu)l /fe'nmenu/ fenmenol (&t]f'ne;m)l /teefo'nema/ telefonema, ('u;niku)l /'uniku/ nico One further Lusitanian trouble, by diachronic assimilation
of two V adds // (besides /A/), in stressed or unstressed syllables: ('A;fR)l (a'AfoR)b /a'anfoRa/ a nfora (;n'ti;)l (aA~'Ci;g)b /aan'tiga/ antiga
7.1.2.5. Here are some specic examples to show the dierences between the
two accents more clearly. In order to account for the pronunciation of central Portugal, with Lisbon as its focal point, therefore as a model of neutral Lusitanian pronunciation, it is important to know that /e/, in stressed syllables followed by /N, S,
Z, L, j, i/, takes on the pronunciation (), which is close to the realization of the
Lusitanian phoneme // (but we must lay great stress on the fact that they are
not alike {even if, occasionally, for some words or specic speakers, the dierence
is only very slight}). However, we must point out that even the more regular and
etymological pronunciation corresponding to the Brazilian one, is neutral ( acceptable neutral] with /e, ei/ (e, eI), which is kept quite well outside the areas in-

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uenced by Lisbon, with Coimbra leading the way.

Some examples: ('v;Nu)l ('v;Nu)b /'veNu/ veo ('f;Su)l ('fe;u)b /'feSu/ fe>o
('v;Zu)l ('ve;u)b /'veZu/ vejo ('t;Zu)l ('te;u)b /'teZu/ Tejo (?S'p;Lu)l (is'pe;Lu)b /es'peLu/ peo ('s;u)l ('se;u)b /'seju/ seio ('sIS)l ('seIs)b /'seis/ se besides ('s3I)l
('seI)b /'sein/ sem ('k;Zu kU']It 'v;L)l ('ke;u kU']eICi o've;L)b /'keZu
koun'leite eo'veLa/ eijo com leite de ovea In unstressed syllables /ei/ (I)l (eI)b
remains: (']Itu)l (']eItu)b /'eitu/ leito (]I'toR)l (]eI'to)b /ei'toK/ leitor
7.1.2.6. e other pre-eminently Lusitanian characteristic, in purely Lusitanian
transcription, would resort to the phoneme // for (), with the taxophone () in
contact with /N, L, S, Z, j/ or followed by /s, a/. However, in our diaphonemic interpretation, we have word-internal /e/ corresponding to Brazilian /e/ and to written
-e- (but neither for initial e- {= /i/}, in both accents, nor for nal -e {= /e/ ()l (i)b}): (n'Nu)l (ne-)b /ne'Nun/ neum (m'LOR)l (me'LO)b /me'LOK/ meor (f?'SaR)l (fe'a)b
/fe'SaK/ fe>ar (SZ'aR)l (e'ga)b /Se'gaK/ >egar (&tZZ'i;Lu)l (&tea'-)b /teZa'iLu/ tejadio ('o;Z)l ('o;i)b /'oZe/ hoje (]';mS)l (]e'A;mus)b /e'jamus/ leiamos (&i]'Ant)l (&i]e'gA~Ci)b /ie'gante/ elegante (dZ&vt'BRaR)l (dez&vete'bRa)b /eaveKte'bRaK/
dvertebrar ('pi;RZS)l ('pi;Ris)b /'piRes/ pir (i'E;], 'E;])l (i'E;], 'E;])b /i'Ea/ e ela
However, if the sequences /e/ () + /N, L, S, Z s, a/ are preceded by /, K/ (] , )
(given their dorsal component), the taxophone that should be used is (): (&i]'ZeR)l
(&i]e'e)b /ie'ZeK/ eleger ('to;S)l ('to;is)b /'toKes/ torr In these contexts, /i/ -i- generally remains the same (/i/, but it currently becomes /e/): (]iZ'Bo, ]-)l (]iz'bo)b
/ia'boa/ Lboa ('fE;]S, -]ZS, -]ks)l ('fE;]is, -ks)b /'fEis/ Flix (mi'LAu, m-)l (mi'LAu)b
/mi'Laun/ mio (di'NIRu, d-)l (i'NeIRu)b /di'NeiRu/ dieiro We have /e/ for
() as well, while /e/ is (e): (&tn'BRo;zu)l (&tene'bRo;zu)b /tene'bRozu/ tenebroso (&tep'Ra;u)l (&tempe'Ra;du)b /tempe'Rau/ temperado
7.1.2.7. Another Lusitanian oddity consists of the change of /i/ (i) -i- sequences (not /i/ (i)) into //, /e/, in adjacent syllables (except for the last one,
whether stressed or not, and the rst one, if absolute initial, with no C-]\ (&dv'iR,
dv'-)l (&ivi'i)b /eve'iK/ dividir (m[]'niStu)l (mi'nistRu)b /me'nistRu/ mintro
(&in[]'mi;u)l (&ini'mi;gu)b /ine'migu/ inimigo (p&vi][]'Za;u)l (pRi&vi]e'a;du)b /pRevi'Zjau/ privilegiado (in the very last example, the sequence (-]'Z-) /-'Z-/ results
from what has just been said previously).
However, we nd the following exceptions, where i /i/, corresponding to an
original /'i/, remains /i/ in derivatives, as in the conditional mood of verbs in -ir:
(d[]&vi'RimS)l (i&vii'RiAmus)b /evei'Riamus/ dividiramos and in superlatives: (&df'si;]imu)l (&ifi'si;]imu)b /efi'siimu/ diclimo
For rare /u/ sequences, the same is true, so we have to resort to the diaphoneme
// to be able to account for this possible Lusitanian phenomenon: (f'tu;Ru, f-,
f-, fu-, f-, fu-)l (fu'tu;Ru)b /f'tuRu/ futuro
7.1.2.8. In Lusitanian pronunciation, /o/ (not /o/ ()) corresponds to /u/:
(&upu'BRo;zu, &-)l actually, [h]o[CV]- can be either (u)l or ()l (&opRo'bRo;zu)b /opRo'bRjozu/ oprobrioso (&munut'ni)l (&mnot'ni)b /monoto'nia/ monotonia

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(m'sAu)l (m'sAu)b /mon'saun/ mono however, in bureaucratic lexical

compounding, for -o- we nd //: (&mns']a;Bku)l (&mnosi']a;biku)b /mnsi'abiku/ monossilbico (']uz f4'seS)l (']uzo fRA'ses)b /'uzfRan'ses/ lo-francs
7.1.2.9. A diaphonemic use of /, / regards the Lusitanian possibility to have
distinct timbres, (, ), before the stressed syllable; as already seen for a this mainly occurs for diachronic contraction or after CC (simplied or not {in pronunciation or writing}): (v'se)l (vo'se)b /v'se/ voc (from vossemec vossa merc {as in
some southern Italian dialects vossa from vos(tra) signora your Lordship}), (k'oR)l (kRe'do)b /kR'oK/ credor (&k'seR)l (&ake'se)b /ak'seR/ aecer (&f'ti;vu)l
(&afe'Ci;vu)b /af'tivu/ afe(c)tivo (f9k'sAu)l (f]ek'sAu)b /fk'saun/ exo (k'Ra;u)l (ko'Ra;du)b /k'Rau/ corado (mR'o;mu)l (mo'd9;mu)b /mK'omu/ mordomo (&'ti;vu)l (&ado'Ci;vu)b /a'tivu/ ado(p)tivo (p'sAu)l (op'sAu)b /p'saun/
opo also: (bo'aR)l (bo'a)b /b'jaK/ boiar (from /oi/).
Besides, this phenomenon arises in compounds and some derivatives, with semantically more distinct elements (as seen above for o as well): (p'tO;nku)l (pRe't9;niku)b /pR'tniku/ pretnicol pret-b, but also in (more) scholarly words: ('tO;Rk)l (e'tO;Rik)b /K'tORika/ retrica
nally, note the following Lusitanian minimal pairs: (p'aR)l /pRe'gaK/ to
nail (p'aR)l /pR'gaK/ to preach both pregar ((pRe'ga)b) and (&kR'sAu)l /koRa'saun/ heart, (&kR'sAu)l /kRa'saun/ coloring corao ((&koRa'sAu)b]
Diphthongs
7.1.3.1. As far as grammatical or traditional diphthongs are concerned, let us
clarify that we consider them biphonemic, and not as unitary phonological entities, since their extreme points generally coincide with the usual Portuguese vocalic elements.
Furthermore, we want to specify, right from the start, that true diphthongs are
only those formed by two vocoids, //, as /ai/, in ('pai) /'pai/ pai certainly not
sequences of contoid plus vocoid, /0/, as /ja/, in ('pa)b ('paR)l /'pjaK/ piar On
the other hand, sequences like /'/ are not diphthongs either: (pa'is)b (p'iS)l /pa'is/
pas against ('pais)b ('paiS)l /'pais/ pa
After conrming this, let us also stress the fact that it is not good to transcribe
true diphthongs as if they were sequences of a vowel and a consonant, /0/, as
/aj/, since they are not at all comparable with sequences like /as, a, aK, an/,
which are structurally very dierent. Least of all, are we allowed to consider sequences of vowel and consonant plus vowel, /0/, as diphthong + vowel, or
vowel + diphthong, like /aja/, in (ka'a)b (k'aR)l /ka'jaK/ caiar ('sa;)b (-)l /'saja/ saia
7.1.3.2. erefore, with constant reference to 7.1-2 (for both accents Brazilian and Lusitanian), we now show the Portuguese diphthongs, even if in the vocograms only /ei, o/ appear as (eI, eI, I, oU, U, 9U)b (I, I, 3I, I oU, 9U, U 4i,

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4u)l. As a matter of fact, their second elements are (I, U), which are not the exact
realization of the phonemes /i, u/; for the Lusitanian accent, even (4i, 4u) are
placed in the vocogram, because their rst element is closer, as occurs however for
/a/ (4) as well).
rst of all, we list them phonetically and diaphonemically: (eI)b (I, I)l /ei/,
(Ei, i) /Ei/, (ai) /ai/ (ui) /ui/, (oi) /oi/, (Oi, i) /Oi/ (iu) /iu/, (eu) /eu/, (Eu, u)
/Eu/, (Au) /au/, (oU, o)b (o, oU)l /o/ ((o) unstressed //).
Here are some actual examples: ('eIs)b ('IS)l /'Keis/ re (]eI'9is)b (]I'S9iS)l
/ei'Soins/ Leix ('Eis)b ('EiS)l /'KEis/ r (&i'zi;tus)b (&i'zi;tuS)l /'KEi'zitus/ reizitos ('vai) /'vai/ vai ('fui) /'fui/ fui ('sois)b ('soiS)l /'sois/ so ('sOis)b ('sOiS)l /'sOis/ s
(iRikA'm~Ci)b (iRik'mnt)l /i'ROika'mente/ heroicamente ('viu) /'viu/ viu (and
vi-o as well, since the supposed dierence between the two is not at all phonic in
neutral pronunciation but derives exclusively from a wish to keep dierent morphological forms separate), ('seu) /'seu/ seu (&apu'zi;Nu)b (&Spu'zi;Nu)l /SapEu'ziNu/ >apeuzio (a'pEu)b (S-)l /Sa'pEu/ >apu ('mAu) /'mau/ mau ('voU, vo)
/'vo/ vou Lusitanian pronunciation prefers the reverse order, ('vo, 'voU), for the
last one.
Instead, the simplication of ('eI)b ('I, I)l /ei/ changing into ('e) does not belong to neutral pronunciation, although it is quite widespread, mainly in Brazilian
(and southern Lusitanian) pronunciation.
Of course, there are other actual diphthongs, as the following: (i'f]uu)b (i'f9-)l
/in'fuu/ inuo ('mou) /'mou/ moo (']u)b (-)l /'ua/ lua ('i)b ('i)l /'Kia/ ria
('bo)b (-)l /'boa/ boa including combinations as in the true triphthongs resulting
from /i+ei, i+au/: ('vieIs)b ('viIS)l /'vieis/ veis, ('ieIs)b ('iIS)l /'Kieis/ reis, ('ieI)b
('iI)l /'Kiein/ riem, and ('iAu)b ('i4u)l /'Kiaun/ riam.
7.1.3.3. e diaphonemic transcription has to adequately show the characteristics in unstressed syllables as well, seen that, in Lusitanian pronunciation, the diphthong elements do not undergo reduction. Note (besides reizitos heroicamente
>apeuzio]\ ('faseIs)b (-IS)l /'faseis/ fce (pai'zi;Nu)b (pai'zi;Nu)l /pAi'ziNu/ paizio (f]ui'des)b (f9ui'eS)l /fui'es/ uidez (oi'ta;vu) /i'tavu/ oitavo (miu'di;Nu)b
(miu'i;-)l /miu'iNu/ miudio (&adeu'zi;Nu)b (&eu'zi;-)l /aeu'ziNu/ adeuzio
(kAu'tE;])b (-])l /kAu'tEa/ cautela in Lusitanian pronunciation, for // the monophthong (o) is preferred, without reduction to (u): (o'ba)b (o'BaR)l /K'baK/
roubar
e only seeming exception is proclitic ao(s) which is not /Au[s]/, but simply
/a u[s]/ its actual nature is a little hidden by the spelling that unies the two grammemes, which could even be a o(s); on the other hand, it is not *au(s)!
is goes for both Lusitanian and Brazilian Portuguese; as a matter of fact, pronunciations like (Au) are excessive and pedantic, against the normal realization
(au)b (u)l. Even in its Lusitanian nasalized form we have (Au, 4u), by coarticulation; or rather, in current Luso-Brazilian pronunciation, we generally nd ()
/O/: (au']a;du, ao-, -)b (u']a;u, o-, -)l /au'au/ ao lado (&auzA'mi;gus, &ao-, &-)b
(&uz'mi;S, &o-, &-)l /auza'migus/ aos amigos
erefore, it is important to mark /'au, Au 'ai, Ai/, so as to be mistaken no lon-

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ger and avoid people believing that, in unstressed syllables, in Lusitanian pronunciation they can be reduced to /u, i/ (as some texts say).
Let us briey observe (and without showing it in vocograms {although, of
course, this is unavoidable in a book entirely dedicated to the pronunciation of
Portuguese}), that when /E, O/ are half-lengthened in unchecked syllables (or, for
emphasis, even in checked syllables), besides as being realized as normal monophthongs, (E;, O;), they can also be realized as doubling, or as very narrow diphthongs
more frequently so in Brazilian pronunciation. In comparison with the articulations shown in 7.1-2, these may start from slightly raised points and reach the
indicated ones, (EE, OO), or else they may start from those and lower themselves
a little, crossing the border of the phone below (in the vocogram), ((E, O)) including intermediate shifts (however, again of the opening type, although limited), that is ((Ep, OQ)).
7.1.3.4. Moving on to the nasalized versions, instead, we nd (Ai)b ('Ai,
4i)l /ai/, (Au)b ('Au, 4u)l /au/: ('mAi)b ('mAi)l /'main/ me (&mAi'zi;N)b (&mAi'zi;N)l /'main'ziNa/ mezia (&fa]a'RAu)b (&f]'RAu)l /faa'Raun/ falaro (fa']a;RAu)b (f']a;R4u)l /fa'aRaun/ falaram (th regard to the vocalic timbres in nasalized diphthongs, note that in compounds (&) as a realization of /'/,
followed by another stress, corresponds to /'/, while a rhythmic (&) / / corresponds
to //.) As already seen ( 7.1.1.3), the diphthong /aun/ opposes /an/: ('OfAu)b
('Of4u)l /'OKfaun/ rfo ('OfA)b ('Of4)l /'OKfan/ rf
It is to be noted that, in Lusitanian pronunciation as well, there is a (not slight)
dierence between /ai/ and /ei/; and it is more remarkable in unstressed syllables (even if /ai/ is never completely unstressed, since it has a low occurrence in
the Portuguese vocabulary, and always in lexemes, not in grammemes): ('kAis)b
('kAiS)l /'kains/ c (&mAi'zi;N)b (&mAi'zi;N)l /'main'ziNa/ mezia ('sI)b
('s3I)l /'sein/ sem (seI'vi)b (sI'viR)l /sein'viK/ sem vir In its stressed Lusitanian
form, the dierence between /ai/ and /ei/ is not only in the rst elements,
(A) (higher-low central) and (3) (lower-mid front-central) respectively, but also in
the second (front) ones: (i) (high) and (I) (lower-high).
Instead, for /ei/ and /'ei/, only the rst (front-central) elements are dierent,
() (higher-mid) and ('3) (lower-mid); in Brazilian pronunciation, the latter is
(e) or ('), which have the same height, but are front, instead of front-central,
while for the rst element of Brazilian /ai/ we nd (A) (higher-low, with the possible variant ()), against Lusitanian (A, 4) (lower-mid when unstressed), which are
both central (but () is back-central).
7.1.3.5. e other nasalizable diphthongs (besides ('Ai) /ai/, ('I, eI)b
('3I, I)l /ei/) are\ ('ui) /'ui/, ('9i) /'oi/, ('9U, U) /ou/: ('vIs)b
('v3IS)l /'veins/ vens ('va;eIs)b ('va;ZIS)l /'vjaZeins/ viagens ('muintu)b ('muintu)l /'muintu/ muito (just one example, varying with ('mi-)), (]i's9is)b (-S)l /i'soins/ li ('s9U) /'soun/ som (&kUka']o)b (-~k']oR)l /kounka'oK/ com calor
We have already seen marginal cases as: (ab'd9;meI)b (B'O;mI, -n)l /ab'me2/ abdmenb -menl ('ipsi]U)b (-]U, -n)l /'ipsi2/ psilon

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e following forms, with true triphthongs and quadriphthongs, are a bit

odd: ('p9ieI, 'p9i)b ('p9iI, 'p9i)l /'poi[ei]n/ pem ('vIeI, 'veI, 'vI)b
('v3II, 'v3I, 'v3I)l /'vei[ei]n/ vm ('veIeI, 'veeI, 'vI)b ('veII, 'veI 'v3I)l
/'v[ei]ein/ vem
Of course, the other triphthongs of grammars and teaching tradition are simply sequences of the two types /0, 0/ (even + //), as for instance: ('feIs)b
('fIS)l /'fjeis/ e (']ais)b (']aiS)l /'jais/ lea ('pjeIR)b ('pIR)l /'pweiRa/ poeira
('sa;u) /'saju/ saio ('me;)b ('m;)l /'meja/ meia (']qAu)b (']qAu)l /'jaun/ leo
('pq9is)b ('p'9iS)l /'pjoins/ pe
Consonants
7.2.0. 7.3 is the table of the Luso-Brazilian consonants, which we will examine systematically, according to manners of articulation. Instead, 1.9-15 give the
orograms, equally grouped by manners, of all the contoids given in this book, even
as secondary, occasional, or regional variants, for the 12 languages dealt with.

uvular

velar rounded

velar

provelar

palatal

postalveo-palatal
protruded

postalveo-palatal

velarized alveolar
velarized alveolar
rounded

alveolar

dental

labiodental

bilabial

7.3. Table of Portuguese consonants.

(~)
N
() ()
(n) n
m
F pb
( )b
t d
kg
(C )b

f v
()l
()l
_
s z
( )b Sl Zl
/w/(j) ()b
(B)l
()l
/j/()
R
/K/

(])| ()b
L
/b/ (b, Bl), /t, d/ (t, Cb d, b, l), /k, g/ (k, b g, b, l), /K/ (b, l)

Nasals
7.2.1.1. Portuguese has three nasal phonemes: (m, n, N) /m, n, N/: ('kA;ms)b
('k;mS)l /'kamas/ cam ('kA;ns)b ('k;nS)l /'kanas/ can ('kA;Ns)b ('k;NS)l /'kaNas/ ca
In addition, there are some taxophones for /0, , /, and it is useful to linger
over them, since too many descriptions keep on ignoring them completely or in
part. As a matter of fact, the only result of transcriptions like ('Ki, 'esu, 'A, 'bRAku,
's, 'us/'uS) is to make people think that Portuguese sounds almost like French
which is decidedly misleading since they persist in groundless phonological
characteristics.

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As we have already said, Portuguese vowel nasalization is an important phonetic aspect; it is stronger in the Brazilian accent (so much so that it even occurs in
unchecked syllables followed by NV] than in the Lusitanian accent, which presents nasalization only in checked syllables in N where it is very slight and sometimes very hard to perceive (although instruments may nevertheless indicate it, as
happens in languages for which nobody would ever imagine to mark it, being automatic).
7.2.1.2. erefore, transcriptions like those just mentioned are not trustworthy,
unless they presume that foreigners will inevitably add a nasal consonant (although it is hard to believe), producing something similar to what is expected (excluding northern French people, who would then have other problems indeed).
On the other hand, this would be a very shoddy way of teaching phonetics.
erefore, taxophones are absolutely necessary for exact transcriptions of Portuguese (and for satisfying phonic reproductions), including devoiced variants especially for the Lusitanian accent (in front of voiceless C]\ (m) + /p, b/: ('tmpu)b
('tpu)l /'tempu/ tempo ('s9mbR)b ('s9mbR)l /'sombRa/ sombra (n) + /t, d/ (dental, which could be transcribed with (()), but the normal symbol is quite sucient) and (~) (for Brazilian Portuguese, before (C, ) + (i, ), /t, d/ + /i, e, j/): ('A~Cis)b ('Ant?S)l /'antes/ ant ('vnd)b ('vnd)l /'venda/ venda ('9~i)b ('9nd)l /'onde/ onde () + /k, g/: ('nuk)b ('nu~k)l /'nunka/ nunca (']igj)b (']igj)l /'ingwa/ ln%a
7.2.1.3. Lastly, the semi-provelar taxophone is very important; it occurs before any other consonant (among the phonotactically permissible ones, from
which /R/ is excluded). ey are realized as constrictives (f, v s, z b, Sl, b, Zl ):
(i'fi e-)b (-'f-)l /in'fin en-/ enm ('dsu)b ('dsu)l /'densu/ denso ('kAis)b
('kAiS)l /'kains/ c ('9)b ('9)l /'onKa/ honra (possibly even before the traditional or regional alveolar trill realization of /K/: ('9r[:])b ('9r[:])l] approximants ( j ): (']A Agu'dAu)b (']A Au'Au)l /'an iAgu'aun/ l e algodo (&seIjA'mi;gu)b (&sIj'mi;u)l /sein-ua'migu/ sem o amigo ( honra] and
laterals (]): (u']a;du)b (-u)l /un'au/ um lado it is the same before a pause as
well\ ('si) /'sin/ sim ('nAu) /'naun/ no
Instead, for /[]/ followed by N or V(N) the actual realization is (, ,
), where () is dropped, but there is no vowel elision ( 7.3.2.2, Taxophonics]
Stops
7.2.2.1. ere are three diphonic pairs, already seen in various examples, (p, b
t, d k, g) /p, b t, d k, g/, with dental (t, d) which, in Brazilian pronunciation,
becomes stop-strictives ((C, ), seen previously), before /i, e, j/: ('p9mb)b (-)l
/'pomba/ pomba ('kAg)b ('kAg)l /'kanga/ canga ('tnd)b (-)l /'tenda/ tenda
('Ci;midu)b ('ti;miu)l /'timiu/ tmido (sAu'da;i)b (sAu'a;)l /sAu'ae/ saudade
('Ca;tRu)b ('ta;tu)l /'tjatRu/ teatro Before front V or /j/, /k, g/ are realized as pre-

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velar, ((, l)), by coarticulation, but it is not necessary to use these symbols, except for Brazilian pronunciation before /i, e, j/, where we nd (, ): ('intu)b ('kintu)l /'kintu/ into ('tO;i)b ('tO;k)l /'tOke/ toe (iN'E;tu)b (i~'kE;tu)l /in'kjEtu/ inieto ('i)b ('gi)l /'gia/ %ia
e most interesting Lusitanian peculiarity (which is more complicated for foreigners, but also for Brazilans who might try to speak like Lusitanians) is constituted by voiced stops, /b, d, g/, which are realized as actual stops, (b, d, g), only after
pauses, after N (as can be seen in previous examples), and for /d/ (d), with an apical contact (since both of them are homorganic articulations), or for emphasis or
precision: ('b9U) /'boun/ bom ('da) /'a/ d ('ga;tu)l (-u)b /'gatu/ gato ('kAdu)l
(--)b /'kadu/ caldo (p'i;u)l (pe'i;du)b /pe'iu/ pedido with emphasis: (p"di:du)l
7.2.2.2. In all other cases, continuous realizations occur, (B, , ): two approximants and a constrictive respectively. e diaphonemic transcription shows /b, ,
g/, just to underline the dierence and to make their distribution adequately understood (avoiding forced inferences, which risk strengthening wrong concepts).
Of course, in Lusitanian Portuguese, the (word-initial) notation /b, , g/ is potential, since it corresponds to (b, d, g) or (B, , ) according to actual contexts,
not in absolute terms. In addition, we must admit that in the case of /b, g/, and
of /Rb, R, Rg/, and of (more) scholarly consonant clusters as well, stop realizations
are not rare, (b, g Rb, Rd, Rg), even without emphasis or desire for precision.
Some examples: ('a;B)l ('a;b)b /'aba/ aba (u'BRi~ku)l (u'bRiku)b /u'bRinku/ o
brinco (]iZ'Bo, ]Z-)l (]iz'bo)b /ia'boa/ Lboa ('ABu, 'Ab-)l ('Abu)b /'abun/
lbum (R'Bi;tu, R'b-)l (a'bi;tRu)b /aK'bitRju/ arbtrio (&Bi'kaR, &bd-)l (&abi'ka)b /abi'kaK/ abdicar (&um'a;)l (&umade'da;d)b /umae'aa/ uma dedada (p'RAu)l (pa'dRAu)b /pa'Raun/ padro ('aRju, 'aRd-)l ('adju)b /'aKwu/ rduo (dZ'3I)l (dez'dI)b /ea'ein/ ddm
More: ('a;u)l ('ga;gu)b /E'gagu/ gago (A'OS, A'g-)l (A'gOs)b /A'gOs/ algoz
('veZu)l (-zgu)b /'veagu/ vgo ('Ra;s)l (a'gRa;s)b /a'gRasa/ a graa (&R'ma;s,
&Rg-)l (&agA'ma;s)b /aKga'masa/ argamsa
7.2.2.3. Besides, in Brazilian (even neutral) pronunciation, /e/ (i I) is typically
added in order to separate word-nal stops, or stops + C (dierent from /R, /): (op'ta, &opi'ta, &op-)b (p'taR)l /p'taK/ optar (&advo'ga;du, &aiv-)b (&vu'a;u)l /avo'gau/ advogado ('itmu, 'i;Cimu)b ('itu)l /'Kitmu/ ritmo (p'neus, pi'-)b
(p'neuS)l /p'neus/ pne Other examples: ('kamu, -dm-)l ('kadmu, -imu)b /'kamju/ cdmio ('mi], -gd-)l (A'migda] -id-)b /a'migaa/ amgdala ('dinu,
-gnu)l ('ignu, -inu)b /'ignu/ digno ('dOm, -gm)l ('dOgm -im)b /'Ogma/
dogma (i'ze;m, ig-)l (ig'z;m, &ii-)b /ig'zema/ eczema
In Lusitanian pronunciation, there are some similar cases: (ob'E;tu, &obi-)b (B'ZE;tu &B'Z-)l /ob'ZEtu/ obje(c)to (bi']ak, -']a;i, -)b (bi']ak -k)l /bi'ak/ Bilac. Lastly, among complicated consonant clusters for Brazilians, we also nd cases like:
('aft, 'afit, -ft)b ('aft)l /'afta/ afta but ('k]a;Ru, i']-)b ('k9a;Ru)l /'kaRu/ claro as
well (due to dierences in the primary place of articulation).

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Constrictives
7.2.3.1. ere are three diphonic pairs of constrictive phonemes, plus a couple
of diaphonemes (/s, a/, which we will see presently): (f, v s, z b, Sl, b, Zl) /f, v s,
z S, Z/: ('fa;su)b (-su)l /'fasu/ fao ('po;vu) /'povu/ povo ('su)b (-)l /'su/ sul (te'sAu)b (--)l /ten'saun/ tenso ('vAs)b (-s)l /'vasa/ valsa ('pEs)b ('pEs)l /'pERsa/ persa (pa'se;u)b (p's;u)l /pa'seju/ pseio ('va;zu) /'vazu/ vo (a'za)b ('zaR)l
/a'zaK/ azar (u'zi~us)b (u'zindS)l /u'zindjus/ os ndios (e'Res)b (S'ReS)l /Se'Res/ xerez ('Eis)b ('SERS?S)l /'SEKSes/ Xerx ('o;i)b ('o;Z)l /'oZe/ hoje
In neutral Brazilian, the diaphonemes /s, a/ behave as /s, z/, with distribution:
/s|, s[]=, z[], z/, while, in neutral Lusitanian, they correspond to /S|, S[]=, Z[],
z/ (as well as in the Carioca accent, of Rio de Janeiro, but of course realized as
(|, []=, [], z)): ('tRas)b ('taS)l /'tRas/ trs (us'pais)b (uS'paiS)l /us'pais/ os pa (i'sEsu)b (?S'sEsu)l /is'sEsu/ excelso (bas'ta)b (bS'taR)l /bas'taK/ btar (pes'ka;d)b
(p?S'ka;)l /pes'kaa/ pcada (az'mAis)b (Z'mAiS)l /aa'mains/ m ('azm)b
('aZm)l /'aama/ ma (az']As)b (Z']AS)l /aa'ans/ ls (further examples occur in
other parts of this chapter).
Approximants
7.2.4.1. ere are two approximants, (, j) /j, w/ (semi-palatal, and semi-velar
rounded), corresponding to prevocalic unstressed >i e and >u o: ('mo;]u) /'mjou/ miolo ('g]O;R)b (-)l /'gORja/ glria ('pq9;n)b ('pO;n)l /'pjnja/ peniab pe-l
('pqAu)b ('p'Au)l /'pjaun/ peo (i'dE;)b /i'Eja/ idia (i';)l /i'eja/ ideia (ko'e;u)b (k';u)l /ko'Keju/ correio (km'bO;u) /kom'bOju/ comboio (sAm'pa;u)b
(sA-)l /sam'paju/ Sampaio ('a;gj)b ('a;j)l /'agwa/ %a ('pjE;t)b ('pE;t)l
/'pwEta/ poeta ('va;kju)b (-ku)l /'vakwu/ vcuo (a'gji)b (R'jiR, R'g-)l /aK'gwiK/ ar$irb -%irl ('kimbR)b ('kimbR)l /'kwimbRa/ Coimbra
If pronunciation is slowed down, either for clarity or emphasis, (, j) /j, w/ may
change (through (j, w)) to (i, u) (and to (e, o) as well, according to spelling): ('g]O;Ri)b (-i)l, (pi'9;ni, pe-)b (pi'O;ni, pe-)l (pi'Au, pe-), (i'dE;i)b (i';i)l, (ko'e;Iu)b
(k';Iu)l, (km'bO;iu), (sAm'pa;iu)b (sA-)l ('a;gu)b ('a;u)l, (pu'E;t, po-)b (-),
('va;kuu, -u), (&agu'i)b (&Ru'iR, -g-), (ku'im-, ko-).
Several examples show that, in Lusitanian pronunciation, by assimilation, we
have devoicing after voiceless C and nasalization before nasalized V (, ', q,
); in Brazilian pronunciation, we generally nd only nasalization, (q, ).
Trills
7.2.5.1. Under this manner of articulation, in addition to the alveolar tap, (R)
/R/, we will treat the theoretical uvular trill, /K/, and the diaphoneme /K/ as well.
For the former, there is not much to say, except that it has a single alveolar contact, in fact it may even become an alveolar approximant (); in Luso-Brazilian pro-

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nunciation, it occurs between V (in the same word), where it distinctively opposes /K/ and after tautosyllabic C\ ('ka;Ru) /'kaRu/ caro ( ('ka;u)b (-u)l /'kaKu/ carro] ('bRa;su)b (-su)l /'bRasu/ brao ('fRiu)b ('f-)l /'fRiu/ frio
Besides (as a realization of /K/) (R) occurs, in Brazilian pronunciation, in word-nal position too, when followed by a subsequent word-initial V with resyllabication and behavior as if in word-internal position ( /K/=/R/), while in Lusitanian pronunciation it also occurs in nal position, even before a pause or a C\
(']e 'RAgu)b (']e 'RAu, -gu)l /'eK 'agu/ ler algo (']e 'poUku, 'po-)b (']e 'poku, 'poU-)l
/'eK 'poku/ ler pouco (nAu']e)b (n4u']eR)l /naun'eK/ no ler
7.2.5.2. e phoneme /K/ occurs in word-initial position, even after C or V and
word-internally after / n, , s/ ( heterosyllabic C] in neutral Brazilian, it is realized as a voiceless uvular approximant (), independently from context, with the
following variants, again independent from neighboring phones, shown in order
of frequency: voiced uvular constrictive (), or voiced uvular trill (K), even devoiced (, ). In addition, there are two further variants, which are less neutral:
voiceless uvular constrictive trill () and, at last, voiced alveolar trill (r:), which after /[]/ may become (Rr:): ([R]r:).
In Lusitanian pronunciation, this phoneme is (), with the following variants
(again in order of frequency): (, K, , , ) (where () is the voiced counterpart of
()), in addition to ([R]r:), which a little more than a century ago was the only
neutral pronunciation (while it is in the minority today, either provincial or rural).
Some examples: ('u)b ('u)l /'Kua/ rua (az'us)b (Z'uS)l /aa'Kuas/ ru
(u'a;tu)b (u'a;tu)l /un'Katu/ um rato ('tE;)b ('tE;)l /'tEKa/ terra ('mEu)b
('mEu)l /'mEKu/ melro ('tu)b ('tu)l /'tenKu/ tenro
Speakers who have (r[:]) /K/ may also have /sK, aK/ (Rr[:]), and (zz) as well: (R'r[:]uS, z'zuS)l ru; assimilation or dropping of /s, a/ is frequent with neutral
/K/ too: (a[]'us)b ([]'uS)l.
7.2.5.3. e diaphoneme /K/ also occurs in word-internal syllable-nal position
and corresponds to /K/, in Brazilian pronunciation, but to /R/, in Lusitanian
pronunciation (where it can be realized as (r) before /m, n, /); also in the Brazilian
accent /K/ can have the variant (R), which is acceptable (or even (), which however is not neutral): (']agu ']aR-)b (']aRu -gu)l /'aKgu/ largo ('pOt 'pOR-)b
('pOt)l /'pOKta/ porta ('am 'aR-)b ('aRm 'ar-)l /'aKma/ arma ('kani 'kaR-)b
('kaRn 'kar-)l /'kaKne/ carne ('ka]s -R]-)b ('kaR]uS -r]-)l /'kaKus/ Carlos
In current rather uneducated Brazilian Portuguese, /K/ () may drop (possibly lengthening a little the preceding vocoid), above all in innitives; instead, in
Lusitanian Portuguese, /K/ is /R/, often devoiced, (, ), or followed by () (more
or less short devoiced): (fa'ze -e; -e)b (f'zeR, -, -, -R, -R)l /fa'zeK/ fazer ('ma)b
('maR, -, -, -R, -R)l /'maK/ mar
Several examples show that, in Lusitanian pronunciation, we have () in contact with voiceless C

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Laterals
7.2.6.1. ere are two lateral phonemes, in both accents, /, L/. For the former
we prefer the symbol //, to a more generic /l/, since even before V it is realized as
a semi-velarized alveolar, (]) (or () as well, completely velarized alveolar, even
if it can also be (l), which used to be the traditional neutral Lusitanian pronunciation, but only optional nowadays).
After V before a pause or a C in the Brazilian accent, velarized alveolar rounded () occurs; it has a frequent vocalized variant, (u) which, however, is hardly
neutral often mistaken for ().
In the Lusitanian accent, we have () (with the possible uvularized variant, (l)):
(']eICi)b (']It)l /'eite/ leite ('k]a;Ru)b ('k9a;-)l /'kaRu/ claro (a'zu ]is'ku;Ru)b ('zu ]ZS'ku;Ru)l /a'zu is'kuRu/ azul curo ('sAtu 'sAutu)b ('sAtu)l /'satu/ salto (e'RA
-Au)b (Z'RA)l /Ze'Ra/ geral ('ta;Lu) /'taLu/ tao
ile in Brazilian pronunciation, as already said, /, 0/ may become (u); in
Lusitanian pronunciation, // may be followed by a more or less short devoiced
() in contact with voiceless C
Structures
7.3.0. e interesting subjects, for this part, are: metaphony, words in connected speech, stress and intonation.
Taxophonics
7.3.1.1. In the Portuguese vowel system, there is an important phenomenon to
consider: vowel adjustment (or metaphony), which concerns the timbre of
stressed vowels according to the vowels occurring in the endings.
It is a phenomenon of diachronic origin, going back to the archaic phase of Portuguese, under the inuence of Latin endings. e native speakers, either Brazilian
or Lusitanian, use it automatically and coherently, even if it operates in an incomplete and sectorial way, further complicated by a number of exceptions.
For foreigners, it is one of the major obstacles to achieving a good Portuguese
pronunciation; actually, it would be of fundamental importance to be able to rely on a pronouncing dictionary, with diaphonemic transcriptions (in order to deal
with both accents simultaneously), considering metaphony as well.
7.3.1.2. Simplifying our exposition a little, we may say that metaphony operates in partially dierent ways with verbs and non-verbs ( nouns adjectives and
some pronouns)
Furthermore, a distinction is to be made between e and o For non-verbs with
stressed e the endings -o os /-u, -us/ may cause the closing of timbres: (ka'pe;]u[s])b
(k'pe;]u, -S)l /ka'peu[s]/ capelo(s) but (ka'pE;][s])b (k'pE;][S])l /ka'pEa[s]/ capela(s)

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However, not all feminine forms have /E/; actually, very often it is not so: ('ze;bR)b (-BR)l /'zebRa/ zebra ('se;d)b (-)l /'sea/ seda on the other hand, not all
masculine forms have /e/ either, so we nd: ('bE;]u) /'bEu/ belo compared to ('ne;gRu)b (--)l /'negRu/ negro (plural and feminine as well).
7.3.1.3. For nouns with stressed o only -o /-u/ (m. sg.) may cause closing: ('poku)b ('poku)l /'poKku/ porco while we have ('pOkus)b ('pOkuS)l /'pOKkus/ porcos
and ('pOk[s])b ('pOk[S])l /'pOKka[s]/ porca(s) as well; besides: ('no;vu) /'novu/ novo but ('nO;vus)b (-S)l /'nOvus/ novos and ('nO;v[s])b (-[S])l /'nOva[s]/ nova(s) (fo'mo;zu)b (fR-)l /foK'mozu/ formoso but (fo'mO;zus)b (fR-, -S)l /foK'mOzus/ formosos and (fo'mO;z[s])b (fR-, -[S])l /foK'mOza[s]/ formosa(s) however, we nd: (is'po;zu[s])b (?S-, -u, -S)l /es'pozu[s]/ poso(s) and (is'po;z[s])b (?S-, -[S])l /es'poza[s]/ posa(s) but (is'pO;zus)b (?S-, -S)l /es'pOzus/ posos for the couple.
Nevertheless, we also nd several cases with no variation, such as: (a'do;bu[s])b
('o;Bu, -S)l /a'obu[s]/ adobo(s) ('godu[s], -[s])b (-Ru[S], -[S])l /'goKu[s], -a[s]/
gordo(s) -a(s) Of course, there are cases with /O/ as well: ('mO;du[s])b ('mO;u, -S)l
/'mOu[s]/ modo(s) ('fO;ku[s])b (-ku[S])l /'fOku[s]/ foco(s) and even feminine forms
with /o/: ('go;t[s])b (-[S])l /'gota[s]/ gota(s) ('fos[s])b ('fos[S])l /'foKsa[s]/ fora(s)
7.3.1.4. For verbs the endings which cause closing are -o -a - -am /-u, -a, -as,
-aun/ (for second-conjugation forms with stress on the stem): ('de;vu, 'mo;vu {-,
-s, -Au})b ({-, -S, -4u})l /'evu, 'movu {-a, -as, -aun}/ devo movo
In checked syllables in N the eect is neutralized: ('vndu, 'v~i)b ('vndu,
'vnd)l /'vendo, 'vende/ vendo vende however, in unchecked syllables, Lusitanian
pronunciation maintain the dierence (contrary to Brazilian pronunciation due
to nasalization): ('t;mu, 't;mi)b ('te;mu, 'tE;m)l /'temu, 'tme/ temo teme ('k9;mu,
'k9;mi)b ('ko;mu, 'kO;m)l /'komu, 'kme/ como come
For the same reason, nouns behave in the same way: ('s;no)b ('sE;nR)l /'snjK/ snior/snior ('k9;miku)b ('kO;mku)l /'kmiku/ cmico/cmico (with far from
unquestionable consequences on spelling, which is still overestimated).
Lastly, we have the pronouns ('e;]i[s], 'E;][s])b (-, -S, -[S])l /'ee[s], 'Ea[s]/ ele(s) ela(s) ('esCi[s], 'Est[s])b ('eSt, -?S, 'ESt[S])l /'este[s], 'Esta[s]/ te(s) ta(s) and their derivatives. For other indications, and exceptions, good grammars answer the purpose
quite exhaustively (especially if they are less recent).
7.3.1.5. In colloquial Brazilian Portuguese (in common not lofty words), another type of vowel adjustment is frequent; it is a synchronic phenomenon which
may cause pre-stressed e o to be realized as /i, u/ (i, u), often (I, U) ( 7.1), when
the next stressed vowel is /i, u/: (me'ni;nu, mi-, mI-)b (m'ni;nu)l /me'ninu/ menino
(&a]e'gRi, &a]i-, &a]I-)b (&]'Ri)l /ae'gRia/ alegria (so'i;zu, su-, sU-)b (s'i;zu)l /su'Kizu/ sorro (ve']u;du, vi-, vI-)b (v']u;u)l /ve'uu/ veludo
However, the same vowels may be realized as (, ) when the stress is on opener V\ (e']O;u, -)b (']O;Zu)l /Ke'OZju/ relgio (ko'E;tu, k-)b (k'E;tu)l /ko'KEtu/ correto/correcto
A systematic use of /e, o/ may give the impression of meticulous attention (or,

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perhaps, formality); on the other hand, a methodical use of (i/I u/U , ) would
certainly produce something excessive, and strange or foreign, since lofty or rare
words must remain unchanged. Furthermore, we have for instance: foia /fo'LiNa/ (fu'Li;N)b (f'Li;N)l calendar, but (fo'Li;N)b (f'Li;N)l small leaf, which
is felt as a derivative, contrary to the other.
Words in connected speech
7.3.2.1. Clusters such as // (where the rst V is word-nal {even in unstressed
monosyllables: me te se e e e de o do, no} + initial V] produce some simplications within intonation groups, not only in rhythm groups.
Generally, /e, i/ and /u/ are realized as /j, w/, respectively, or are dropped: (en'tRe;]is)b (en'te;]S)l /entRe'ees/ entre el ('da;gj, 'a;-)b ('da;j)l /e'agwa/ de %a ('oUtR 'koiz, 'o;-)b ('o;t 'koiz, 'oU-)l /i'otRa 'koiza/ e outra coa (si'k]i;n)b (s~'k9i;n)l /sein'kina/ se inclina
Further examples: ('to; d[j]esCi'tmpu)b ('to; [j]eSt'tpu)l /'tou este'tempu/
todo te tempo (sa'vi;Ris)b (s'vi;RZS)l /sia'viRes/ se a vir (&ist[j]u'oUbu, -'o;-)b
(?St[]u'o;Bu, -oU-)l /estuEun'Kobu/ to um roubo (A'mi; gjita']A;nu)b (j'mi; jt'];nu)l /ua'migu ita'janu/ o amigo italiano
More: (nAum'po; '[]i)b (n4u'po; '[]iR)l /naumpoe'iK/ no pde ir ('muin
t[j]a']E;gRi)b (k'muin t[]']E;R)l /keE'muintu a'EgRe/ e muito alegre ('i;si L[]a'e;]i)b ('di;sZ L[]'e;][])l /'iseLe a'ee/ dse-e a ele ('deI[is] 'ta)b ('dIS[?S] 'taR)l /'eiSe
is'taK/ deixe tar ('u; R[]i'd9;nu)b ('Zu; R[]i'O;nu)l /'ZuRi i'nju/ jri idneo/idneo
Besides: ('be;b[j]u 'to;du)b ('be;B[j] 'to;u)l /'bebuu 'tou/ bebo-o todo ('t[j]u;zz
'muin 't[j]i;su)b ('t[]u;zZ 'muin 't[]i;su)l /tu'uzas 'muintu 'isu/ tu muito so
('gRA~ o'o, -n do-)b ('gRAn d[]'oR)l /'gRande o'KoK/ grande horror (An't9;nu)b
(j4n'tO;nu, 4n-)l /uan'tnju/ o Antnio/Antnio
7.3.2.2. en the V in contact are two /a/, in Lusitanian pronunciation we
have /aa/ = (a) /A/ (with greater lengthening, especially if one of them is stressed;
however it is kept only for clarity): ('to;d [a]'~Ci)b ('to;a 'Znt)l /'toa a'Zente/
toda a gente (aA'mi;g, A;'m-, ;'m-)b (a'mi;)l /aa'miga/ a amiga (a'a;gj)b ('a:j,
'a;-)l /a'agwa/ a %a (a[;]'a;gj)b ('a:;j, a'a:-)l /A'agwa/ %a ('vi[] An'da)b ('vi
n'daR)l /'via an'daK/ vi-a andar (a'Am)b ('A;m, 'A-)l /a'ama/ a alma (a'Am,
a;'A-)b ('A:m, a'A;-)l /A'ama/ alma
Further cases: (&]a'E;R, ']E;R)b (&]'E;R, ']E;R)l /Ea'ERa/ ela era (u'mO;R, &uma'O-)b (u'mO;R, &um'O-)l /uma'ORa/ uma hora (&aoRa'sAu, &Ra-)b (&R'sAu, &R-)l /auRa'saun/ a orao ('da;vau, -v)b ('da;vu, -v)l /'avau/ dava-o ('p9;N u&seua'pEu,
'p9; N&seu-)b ('po;N u&seuS'pEu, 'po; N&seu-)l /'poNa useuSa'pEu/ poa o seu >apu
('nuk o'vi fa']a 'ni;su, 'nu k'vi)b ('nu~k o'vi f']aR 'ni;su, 'nu~ k'vi)l /'nunka 'vi fa'aK 'nisu/ nunca ouvi falar nso
As already mentioned ( 7.2.1), /[]/ followed by /, , / are respectively realized as ([], [], []), where () is dropped but nevertheless protects the V from elision: (']A natu'RA)b (']A nt'RA)l /'an natu'Ra/ l natural (&kU-

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ni'gI)b (-3I)l /kounnin'gein/ com nin%m (']A A~'Ci;g, ']A;~ 'C-)b (']A 4n'ti;,
']A;n 't-)l /'an an'tiga/ l antiga (kU'As)b (kU'As)l /koun'ansja/ com nsia (']A
a'zu, ']A; 'z-)b (']A 'zu, ']A; 'z-)l /'an a'zu/ l azul (kU'i;su)b (-su)l /koun'isu/ com so (u'9;meI 'Atu, '9;-)b (u'O;mI 'Atu, 'O;-)l /un'mein 'atu/ um homem alto (se'qE;])b (s'qE;])l /sein'Ea/ sem ela (nA'E)b (n4'E)l /naun'E/ no
7.3.2.3. en the syllables in contact have identical or similar C we can nd
some geminate, due to the dropping of the vowel element: ('fi;[i] k'mi;gu)b ('fik[]
k'mi;u)l /'fike ko'migu/ e comigo (da&ke][i]']a;du)b (d&ke][]']a;u)l /a'kee 'au/ daele lado ('k9;m[i] 'muintu)b ('kO;m[] 'muintu)l /'kme 'muintu/ come muito ('k9mpRuCi 'tu;du, -t 't-)b ('k9put[] 'tu;u)l /'kompRute 'tuu/ compro-te tudo
('kAmp[u] peRi'go;zu)b ('kAp[u] pRi'o;zu, -p pi-)l /'kampu peRi'gozu/ campo perigoso
More: (us'peIi zis&tAuna'dAndu, -eI is-)b (uS'pISZ zZS&t4un'Andu, -IS S?S-)l /us'peiSe zistaunna'andu/ os peix to nadando ('oUv[i] 'vO;zis, 'o;-)b ('o;v[] 'vO;zZS, 'oU-)l
/'ove 'vOzes/ ouve voz ('pa;s[i] 'se;du)b ('pa;s[] 'se;u)l /'pase 'seu/ pse cedo ('pE;[i] 'tu;du, - 't-)b ('pE;[] 'tu;u, - 't-)l /'pEe 'tuu/ pede tudo ('s~C[i] 'bu;L, -n
'b-)b ('snt[] 'Bu;L, -n 'b-)l /'sente 'buLa/ sente bua
Chiey when the syllables contain /t, /, one of them may drop completely: (&faku'da;[i] i']e;tRs, -a i-)b (&fk'da;[] ']e;tS, -a -)l /faku'dae e'etRas/
faculdade de Letr ('pO;[iz &]dez]i'ga, 'pOd d-)b ('pO;[Z &]Z]i'aR, 'pO -)l /'pOea
eai'gaK/ pod dligar ('kA[du] i'kA;n)b ('kA[du] d'k;n)l /'kadu e'kana/ caldo de cana
More examples: ('~[Ci] i'fO;R)b ('Znt 'fO;R, -n d-)l /'Zente e'fORa/ gente de
fora ('~[Ci] i'ReIt)b ('Znt 'RIt, -n d-)l /'Zente e'Reita/ gente direita also:
('ba;[Ci]Ci, -CCi)b ('ba;[t]t, -tt)l /'batete/ bate-te ('vEs[Ci]Ci, -sCCi)b ('vES[t]t, -tt)l
/'vEstete/ vte-te
7.3.2.4. Most of all, in Lusitanian pronunciation, even in connected speech, /e/
tends to drop, after voiced C as well: (f']i;p[])l (fi']i;pi)b /fe'ipe/ Filipe (']a;v[])l (']a;vi)b /'ave/ lave on the other hand, /u/ has the same tendency: ('ti;p[u])l ('Ci;pu)b
/'tipu/ tipo (']a;v[u])l (']a;vu)b /'avu/ lavo
However, generally a fairly perceptible dierence is maintained between forms
like /'ave/ and /'avu/, since /u/, although dropped, labializes the preceding C even
if it is bilabial or labiodental. In actual fact, strictly speaking, we have: (']a;, 'ti;()l;
the same is true of all other admitted C including /s, z/, which phonetically
may then occur even before a pause (with or without lip rounding): ('sintz[])l
('sintezi)b /'sinteze/ snte (u'mAs[])l (o'mAsi)b /Ko'manse/ romance (&duvi'o;z[u], -z)l (&duvi'do;zu)b /uvi'ozu/ duvidoso ('pa;s[u], -s)l ('pa;su)b /'pasu/ pso compared to ('pa;s[])l ('pa;si)b /'pase/ pse Of course, we generally use a simpler
transcription, except when we want to lay special stress on the fact.
e sequences /0je, je/, in the Lusitanian accent, in addition to having a pronunciation which corresponds to its spelling, preserve the once, more systematic possibility of blending the last two elements: ('sE;R, -R, -R, -Ri)l ('sE;Ri)b /'sERje/
srie ('ka;, -, -a;, -a;i)l ('ka;i)b /'kaje/ caie (where lengthening may be the only

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dierence as to ('kai) /'kai/ cai] In Lusitanian pronunciation, again, the rare instances of /i/ oscillate between /i/ (which is more modern and closer to spelling)
and (the more traditional) /e/: ('taksi, -s)l ('taksi)b /'taksi/ txi forms like /'ZuRi/ jri and /'ZuRe/ jure (which are alike in Brazilian pronunciation: ('u;Ri)b], in the Lusitanian one, may either be alike: ('Zu;R)l, or dierent: ('Zu;Ri)l (-R)l (respectively).
7.3.2.5. en, at word boundaries, /KK, / come together, they normally simplify: ('ma[] 'A)b ('ma[R] 'A)l /'maK 'Kja/ mar real ('ma[] umo'Ro;zu)b ('ma[R]
umu'Ro;zu)l /'maK Kumo'Rozu/ mar rumoroso (kA'nA[] ']impu)b (k'nA[] ']ipu)l
/ka'na 'impu/ canal limpo (kA'nA[] ]imi'ta;du)b (k'nA[] ]m'ta;u)l /ka'na emi'tau/ canal limitado
e same occurs to /ss, az, sS, aZ/, when they are alike: ('dE[s] 'sE;ku]us)b ('dES
'sE;k]S)l /'Es 'sEkuus/ dez sculos ('dEs 'a;]is)b ('dE[S] 'Sa;]S)l /'Es 'Sais/ dez xal
(a[z]'z9;ns)b (Z'zo;nS)l /aa'zonas/ as zon (&azA'nE;]s)b (&[Z]Z'nE;]S)l /aaZa'nEas/
janel however, we nd (Ss)l (s)b /ss/ in cases such as: (&?Ss']nt)l (&ise']~Ci)b
/isse'ente/ excelente (kZS'seR)l (kRe'se)b /kRes'seK/ crcer
7.3.2.6. In the Lusitanian accent, the sequences /0, 0R/ are often realized as
(0], 0R) (even if it is better to avoid such a pronunciation): ('f9oR f']- f']-)l
('f]o)b /'foK/ or ('k9a;Ru k']- k']-)l ('k]a;Ru)b /'kaRu/ claro ('g]O;R g']- g']-)l
('g]O;R)b /'gORja/ glria on the other hand, the sequences /0e, 0eR, 0o, 0oR/,
while behaving in exactly the opposite way, produce similar results, even if in this
case one can use that pronunciation without hesitation (provided one's speech
rate is not slow).
Some examples: (k'Ri k'i 'ki)l (ke'Ri)b /ke'Ria/ eria (ko'Ro k'Ro 'ko)l
(ko'Ro)b /ko'Roa/ coroa (f'ROS, f'OS, 'fOS)l (fe'ROs)b /fe'ROs/ feroz (&mR'seR, m'seR)l
(&meRe'se)b /meRe'seK/ merecer in current speech it is normal to reduce the prepositions combined with the denite article pelo(s) pela(s) to /p, p/, also in Brazilian Portuguese [p'lo po]\ (p]A'mAi, &pe]A-)b (p9'mAi, &p]-)l /p[e]a'main/ pela
me ('p]ja, p]u'a, &pe]u-)b ('p9jaR, p9u'aR, &p]u-)l /p[e]u'aK/ /p[e]u'aK/ pelo ar
Compare also: pra ('pa;R)b (-)l /'paRa/ and para (&paRa, pRa0, pa0, paR,
pR)b (&pR, p0, p0, pR, p)l /&paRa, pRa0, pa0, paR, pR/: (&paRa'ka,
pRa'ka &paRa'i, pRa'i)b (&pR'ka, p'ka &pR'ki, p'ki)l /para'ka, pRa'ka para'ki,
pRa'ki/ para c para aqui; besides, cada is generally (&kada)b (&k)l /&kaa/. ese
are restressed forms, when they occur in isolation (as it happens in metalinguistic
usage), in comparison with normal forms, which have no primary stress, but secondary or weak ones. e same holds true for a(s) da(s), na(s) (a{s}, da{s},
na{s})b ({S}, d{S}, {S})l /a{s}, a{s}, na{s}/, and even for mas (mas)b (mS)l /mas/
(with a possible secondary stress for rhythmic reasons, (&mS)l).
In Lusitanian pronunciation again, also /0es, 0es/, mainly in the ending - may
be quite reduced, up to becoming intense syllabic (however the dropping of
the V is an uneducated feature): ('f9o;RZS, -R -S)l ('f]o;Ris)b /'foRes/ or; combining
what we have just seen above, in a fairly uneducated type of Lusitanian pronunciation, we may also nd (f']o;S)l), (u'mAs?S, -s)l ('mAsis)b /Ko'manses/ romanc (&StAu'RAnt?S, &t-, -nt)l (&estAu'RA~Cis)b /Kestau'Rantes/ rtaurant

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In the Lusitanian accent, the sequences /peK, pRe/ often receive an intense C
and confuse with one another (as has happened to per%ntar in comparison to
Spanish pre%ntar] therefore (p'fItu)l may stand for (pe'feItu, pRe'feItu)b /peK'feitu, pRe'feitu/ perfeito prefeito (with additional variants (p'fItu, p'fItu)l].
7.3.2.7. In both accents, the preposition com /koun/, followed by the articles,
is reduced to /kon-/ (k), and to (ku, kj, k) as well: (ku'pai, ku-, kju-)b (ku'pai, ku-, ku-)l /kon-u'pai/ com o pai (k&umAmu'LE, ku-)b (k&ummu'LER,
ku-)l /kon-umamu'LEK/ com uma muer (kaz'mAus, kaz-, kjaz-)b (kZ'mAuS, kZ-, kZ-)l /kon-az'mauns/ com mos (kuz']o;bus, kuz-)b (-Z']o;BS,
k-)l /kon-uz'obus/ com os lobos
Even em is considerably reduced, up to /in/: (eIm&putu'ges, im-)b (I&pt'eS, i-)l /impuKtu'ges/ em portu%s (eI'ka;z, i-)b (I~'ka;z, i~-)l /in'kaza/ em
casa (&eqAu'si;]u, iAu-, q-)b (qAu'si;]u, iAu-, q-)l /in-Au'siju/ em auxlio e dash put
before a V in the diaphonemic transcription, could even be dispensed with, without creating problems, since those forms are recognizable, somehow, thanks to the
dot under the symbols too, /kon, in/. Otherwise, we could use //, as a diaphoneme (but in a systematic way, then, for all cases of //); however, this would
make the transcription heavier and the phonemic analysis more complicated.
In rhythm groups, sequenze // = (0): (u&mejA'mi;gu)b (u&mej'mi;u)l
/umeua'migu, umewa-/ o meu amigo.
7.3.2.8. In the neutral Lusitanian accent, as the various examples have shown,
we systematically nd (in addition to (, n, ~, , , 9, , , ), except in slow and
very precise pronunciation) even (, ? u), when between voiceless C, or between
them and pause, and vice versa. It is quite common to hear things like: (uS&pf'so;RZS &pt'e;zZS)l (us&pRofe'so;Ris &potu'ge;zis)b /uspRofe'soRes poKtu'gezes/ os profsor portu%
In Lusitanian pronunciation, /e, u/ are fairly regularly devoiced, even completely, up to their dropping (after voiced C as well) which occurs, for /e/, even
within words or rhythm groups: (S'kup, d?S'kup)l (is'kupi)b /es'kupe/ dculpe (&tvi'zAu, &tv-, &t]-)l (&te]evi'zAu)b /teevi'zaun/ televo (p'tE;s, &p'tE;s)l
(&ape'tE;si)b /ape'tEse/ apetece ('pOt, ?S'pOtuS)l (is'pOtus)b /es'pOKtus/ dportos
More: (S'paR, &?Sp'RaR)l (&espe'Ra)b /ispe'RaK/ perar (St'tA, &?S-)l (&ista'tA)b /ista'ta/ tatal (Sk'seR, &k-, &?S-)l (&iska'se)b /iska'seK/ cser (&'B;Nu, )l (e'bA;Nu)b
/Ke'baNu/ rebao (&supuRi'a[] u'sO, &sp&Ru-)l (a&supeRoRi'da[i] du'sO, -'dad
du-)b /asupeRjoRi'ae u'sO/ a superioridade do sol (u'fin s';n, s-, ds-)l (u'fi~ ise'mA;n)b /u'fin dese'mana/ o m-de-semana (p'RE;s um'Bo i';, p'RE;s
u-, p'RE;s m-, p'RE;s mu-)l (reading: (pa'RE;semi uma'boa i'dE;, -se mqu-)b} /pa'REseme uma'boa i'Eja/ parece-me uma boa ideial/idiab
7.3.2.9. We will now consider some examples of /0u/ = () (the symbols for
/0e/ are more normal, as in ('knt)l ('k~Ci)b /'kente/ ente]\ ('a;t[[])l ('a;Cimu[s])b /'atimu[s]/ timo(s) ('p9;[])l ('p]A;nu[s])b /'panu[s]/ plano(s) ('b;[])l ('bA;-

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Nu[s])b /'baNu[s]/ bao(s) ('t([])l ('tmpu[s])b /'tempu[s]/ tempo(s) ('ti;[])l ('tRi;bu[s])b /'tRibu[s]/ tribu(s) ('paT[])l ('patu[s])b /'paKtu[s]/ parto(s) ('sa;k[])l ('sa;ku[s])b
/'saku[s]/ saco(s) (']a;)[])l (']a;gu[s])b /'agu[s]/ lago(s)
Furthermore: ('tu;5[])l ('tu;fu[s])b /'tufu[s]/ tufo(s) ('po;, 'pO;)l ('po;vu, 'pO;vus)b
/'povu, 'pOvus/ povo(s) ('po;s, 'pO;s)l ('po;su, 'pO;sus)b /'posu, 'pOsus/ poo(s) ('ka;z[])l
('ka;zu[s])b /'kazu[s]/ co(s) ('o;[])l ('o;u[s])b /'KoSu[s]/ roxo(s) ('bI[])l ('beIZu[s])b
/'beiZu[s]/ beijo(s) ('m;[])l ('me;u[s])b /'meju[s]/ meio(s) ('ka;[])l ('ka;Ru[s])b /'kaRu[s]/ caro(s) ('ka;R[])l ('ka;u[s])b /'kaKu[s]/ carro(s) ('o;3[])l ('o;]u[s])b /'Kou[s]/ rolo(s) ('fi;[])l ('fi;Lu[s])b /'fiLu[s]/ o(s)
In neutral Brazilian pronunciation, devoicing is quite rare; nevertheless, it may
occur, mainly after voiceless C before a pause, in particular for /e, u/: ('k~Ci, C,
-Ci)b ('knt)l /'kente/ ente ('po;su, -s, -su)b (-su)l /'posu/ poo
7.3.2.10. An oral V followed by a nasalized V may be nasalized, especially in
current pronunciation: (&impRe'sAu, &Aim-)b (&ip'sAu, &4i-)l /aimpRe'saun/ a
imprso ('impu, im-)b (-pu)l /E'impju/ mpio
Stress
7.3.3.1. e position of stress is fairly well indicated in spelling, once we know
its rules, which are explained in all grammars. From a phonetic point of view, some
secondary stresses occur. ey are distributed alternatively, for rhythmic reasons,
in a similar way as they occur in Spanish or Italian.
Generally, monosyllabic grammemes (and the like) are unstressed (except for
rhythmic secondary stresses, of course): articles [o a os um uns] personal pronouns [me te se o a e nos vos os and combinations mo ta os {};
eu tu as well, if weak), possessive adjectives [meu te sua {}), prepositions [a
com de em por sem sob] prepositions with articles [ ao da do na no num
{}, pro/pr = para o {}, plo/p'lo = pelo {}), conjunctions [e ou m nem
e se] the relative pronoun e auxiliaries [sou s so so tens tem tm
(es)tou (es)ts (es)t] forms of tratamento [dom frei so seu = senhor), others [cem gro o to impersonal h]
7.3.3.2. en there are (actual) lexical compounds, which maintain a fairly strong
stress on their rst element, uctuating between a primary and a strengthened secondary one (according to the scale ('), (), (&)); so we have a rst /'/ followed by another which is realized as () (or (&), if adjacent to the primary stress): (gjada'oUp, -o;-)b (-R'o;p, -oU-)l /'gwaKa'Kopa/ %arda-roupa (agja'fOCi)b (aj'fOt)l /'agwa'fOKte/ %a-forte (ACi'baiu)b (At'BaiSu)l /'ati'baiSu/ altibaixo (&mA'kRa;du)b (&mA'ka;u)l /'ma'kRjau/ malcreado (pAu~i']O)b (pAund']O)l /'paunde'O/ po-de-l (]uzobRazi']eIRu)b (-BRzi']I-)l /'uzbRazi'eiRu/ lo-brileiro
ere are even some particular compounds, still considered as such (rather than
crystallizations), which maintain the two elements fairly independent; rst of all,
we nd adverbs in /-'mente/ -mente: (ustA'm~Ci)b (ZuSt'mnt)l /'Zusta'mente/ j-

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277

tamente (]indA'm~Ci)b (]ind'mnt)l /'inda'mente/ lindamente (&fRiA'm~Ci)b

(&fi'mnt)l /'fRia'mente/ friamente (ko&tez'm~Ci)b (k&teZ'mnt)l /koK'tea'mente/ cortesmente (fasi'm~Ci)b (fas'mnt)l /'fasi'mente/ facilmente
7.3.3.3. In addition, nouns with the diminutive inx /-z-/ -z- follow the same
pattern: (mu&L'zi;N)b (mu&LR'zi;N)l /mu'LEK'ziNa/ muerzia (ku&L'zi;N)b
(k&LR'zi;N)l /ku'LEK'ziNa/ coerzia (fA'zi;N)b (f4'zi;N)l /'OKfan'ziNa/ orfzia (avena'zi;N)b (Savn'zi;N)l /'Savena'ziNa/ >avenazia (a&v'zi;N)b (&v'zi;N)l /a'vO'ziNa/ avozia (a&vo'zi;Nu)b (&vo'zi;Nu)l /a'vo'ziNu/ avozio (&pai'zi;Nu)b (-'zi;Nu)l /'pai'ziNu/ paizio (9meI'zi;Nu)b (mI'zi;Nu)l /'mein'ziNu/ homenzio (9meIza'Au)b (mIz'Au)l /'meinza'Kaun/ homenzarro (a&pa'ze;Lu)b (&pa'z;Lu)l /Ka'pa'zeLu/ rapazeo (]e&s'zi;tu)b (]e&s'zi;tu)l /en'sO'zitu/ lenolzito (Once, a graphic grave accent was used in such compounds.)
As to the (phonic) stressing of verbs, it is important to examin the following
examples well; they are very signicant and certainly not free from serious doubts
when consideredmerely from an orthograc point of view; they are given in simple diaphonemica transcription: /li'mitu, li'mita{s}, li'mitaun/ limito, limita(s)
limitam; /'bailu, 'baila{s}, 'bailaun/ bailo, baila(s), bailam; /'kauzu, 'kauza{s}, 'kauzaun/ causo, causa(s), causam.
Besides: /aK'kwaK/ arcuar, /aK'kuu/ arcuo, /aK'kua{s}/ arcua(s); /in'flwiK/ inuir,
/in'fluu/ inuo, /in'flui{s}/ inui(s), /in'flwi/ inu, /in'flwiu/ inuiu, /in'flwia{s}/
inua(s); /pa'sjaK/ passear, /pa'seju/ passeio, /pa'seja{s}/ passeia(s), /pa'sejaun/ passeiam; /'KiK/ rir, /'Kiu/ rio, /'Kiu/ riu, /'Kia{s}/ ria(s), /'Kiein/ riem, /'Kiaun/ riam; /i'zia/ dizia, /i'Ria/ diria, /i'Rei/ direi.
Now, let us observe very carefully the following: /sa'iK/ sair, /sa'iu/ sado, /sa'indu/ saindo, /'sai{s}/ sai(s), /sa'i{s}/ sa(s), /'saju/ saio, /'saja{s}/ saia(s), /sa'iu/ saiu,
/sa'ia{s}/ saa(s), /sa'iaun/ saam, /'saein/ saem, /sa'iRaun/ saram, /sai'Riaun/ sairiam,
/sai'Raun/ sairo, /sai'Ria{s}/ sairia(s), /sai'Rei{s}/ sairei(s), /sa'iReis/ sareis, /sai'Rieis/
saireis.
Lastly, we nd inxed futures and conditionals (which are quite odd {for
foreigners or Brazilians, too}): (&se']jI)l /'se'wei/ s-lo-ei (t&ta'sa)l /tRa'taK'sja/
tratar-se- (&diR'LjaS)l /'iK'Lwas/ dir-o-s (kn&ta']jAu)l /kon'ta'waun/ cont-lo-o
(&faR'L[]i)l /'faK'Ljia/ far-e-ia (pu&e's[]i)l /po'eK'sjia/ poder-se-ia (&di']jiS)l /'i'wias/ di-lo-i (kn&ta']i4)l /kon'ta'wian/ cont-lo-iam (reading: (&se']jeI, tRa&ta'sa, &i'Ljas, kn&ta']jAu, &fa'L[]i, po&de's[]i, &i']jis, kn&ta']iA)b).
Intonation
7.3.3.4. 7.4-5 show the preintonemes and intonemes of the two neutral Portuguese accents. It is important to make comparisons both between them and with
those of other languages:
/./: (t;Nu Ami;gu muintu simpa;Ciku3 3)b ('t;Nu 'mi;u muintu sipa;tiku3 3)l /'teNu un-a'migu 'muintu sim'patiku./ Teo um amigo muito simptico.

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/?/: (&useNo; RmE;iku12)b (&usZ'No; R'mE;ku21)l /use'NoK E'mEiku?/ O seor

mdico?
//: (&AmANA sa;badu2 2| odmigu3 3)b (&am'NA 'sa;Bu2 2| oumigu3 3)l /Ama'Nan E'sabau oo'mingu./ Ama sbado, ou domingo?
7.4. Brazilian preintonemes and intonemes.
/ / (2 2 2 2 2 2 2)

/./ (2 3 3)

/ / ( 2 2 2 2 2 2 2)

/?/ (2 1 2)

/ / ( 2 2 2 2 2 2 2)

// (2 2 2)

/ / ( 2 2 2 2 2 2 2)

/,/ (2 ' 2)

7.5. Lusitanian preintonemes and intonemes.

/ / (2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 2)

/./ (2 3 3)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 2)

/?/ (2 ' 2 1)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 2)

// (2 ' 2 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 2)

/,/ (2 ' 2)

International accent
7.4.1. We will now provide the international pronunciation of Portuguese.
Of course, it is based more on the Brazilian accent (rather than on the Lusitanian
one, with all its phonetic idiosyncrasies), also if we consider the actual number of
its native speakers. However, even in respect of the Brazilian accent, its most peculiar characteristics are to be put aside (within Brazil itself), from a more international point of view or, rather, point of hearing.
erefore, an International pronunciation of Portuguese does not relate to the
Carioca pronunciation of Rio de Janeiro, but more generally to that of So Paulo
City and other cities in the southern states of Brazil. As a matter of fact, this kind
of pronunciation moves less away from spelling, which is a great advantage internationally.
7.4.2. Obviously, native speakers (Lusitanian as well) will understand it without problems. But it is not the same to foreigners faced with Lusitanian pronuncia-

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279
/i/ (i, i)

/u/ (u, u)

/e/ (e, e)

/o/ (o, )

/E/ (E, )

/O/ (O, )

/a/ (a, A)

/ai, au/ (ai, au Ai, Au)

/ / (2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 2)

/./ (2 3 3)

/?/ (2 ' 1 2)

// (2 2 2)

tion. However, in teaching and learning, it is important to have the opportunity

to be able to show a kind of pronunciation which is not the mere result of approximative and partial study (subject to so many interferences from other languages,
also because of very dierent orthographic rules, as generally happens when foreigners study the Portuguese language with no adequate phonic method). On the
contrary, this results from a long reection, based on phonic naturalness, but also
from true typicalness (which does not sound foreign).
Perhaps, this accent might add some local peculiarities from the two neutral
accents (either Brazilian or Lusitanian, including some regional variants), thus
making it more native-like, although many native speakers do not nd the international one to be strange at all. To Lusitanians it might sound rather Brazilian-like, but with no typical Southern, Central, or Northern peculiarities.
7.4.3. As shown in the gure, the vowels are (i e 'E, a 'O, o u) /i, e, E, a,
O, o, u/ (we still use the diaphonemic transcription as in the preceding chapters):
('vi, 'e;li, &la'dE;vi, 'ga;ta, 'pO;su, &psu'daR, 'o;ku, 'u;va) /'vi, 'ee, Ea'Eve, 'gata, 'pOsu,
pOsu'aK, 'oku, 'uva/ vi ele ela deve gata posso posso dar oco uva; including their
nasalized taxophones (i, e, A, , u): ('si, pen'denti, 'kAntu, 'knta, 'mundu) /'sin,
pen'dente, 'kantu, 'konta, 'mundu/ sim pendente canto conta mundo. Of course,
the phonemes /e, E O, o/ must be keep distinct, although they are troublesome
for foreiners, including the other thorny vocalic problem metaphony otherwise,
we would really have a foreign pronunciation. Written e o, in unstressed syllables, always correspond to /e, o/ (even for esC-); while, only for nal -e(s) -o(s), we
have /e, u/: ('lentis, 'mu;Rus) /'entes, 'muRus/ lentes muros
7.4.4. e diphthongs are simpler, as well. In fact, they all have (i, u) as second
elements: (ei, Ei, ai, Oi, oi, ui iu, eu, Eu, au, ou), /ei, Ei, ai, Oi, oi, ui iu, eu, Eu, au,
ou, o/: ('rei, 'vou) /'Kei, 'vo/ rei vou; with their nasalized taxophones (ei, Ai, i,
ui Au): ('bei, 'mAi, 'pi, 'muintu, 'nAu) /'bein, 'main, 'poin, 'muintu, 'naun/
bem me pe muito no. Certainly, () would not be a feasible proposition for
the nasalized diphthongs, or for nasalized /a/. ey are too far away from native-speaker's reality (although this would certainly not prevent understanding).
On the other hand, a kind of pronunciation which is still international, but a
little less genuine, might easily renounce the nasalization caused by // in checked

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syllables all the more so that, in many types of Lusitanian pronunciations, this
nasalization is really very reduced, so that it corresponds to the merely phonetic one
which is present in // sequences, in most languages without distinctive/phonemic nasalization. Normally, this slight degree of nasalization is not indicated.
7.4.5. Beside the ocial phonemic diphthongs, we nd a new series of diphthongs, derived from the vocalized realizations of //l0, l// sequences (diaphonemically indicated as /0, /). By explicitly adding only the one which
does not already coincide with the ocial diphthongs, we have (Ou): as in
(bRa'ziu, 'feutRu, 'mEu, 'sau, 'sOu, 'soutu, 'suu) /bRa'zi, 'fetRu, 'mE, 'sa, 'sO, 'sotu,
'su/ Brasil feltro mel sal sol solto sul.
Actually, these diphthongal realizations are more convenient, for their articulatory simplicity and for better understanding spoken Portuguese, because they prepare foreigners for the interpretation dilemma of // as (u) (coinciding with
many phonological /u/ diphthongs).
7.4.6. As to consonants, as already said, our international pronunciation does
not make use of particular taxophones, which are peculiar of native accents of Portuguese, but are not sustained by a suciently widespread natural universality.
us, we regularly nd the assimilation of /n0/, always with full nasal contoids
(not attenuated, as neutral semi-nasals are, instead), before any consonants: ('sAmba, 'fRA~Za, 'fRAngu) /'samba, 'fRanZa, 'fRangu/ samba franja frango. In addition, in
word-nal position, () is normal, even before vowels or nasals at the beginning
of a following word: (nAu'E, 'lA a'zuu, u'o;vu, u'mau) /nau'E, 'a a'zu, un'ovu, un'ma/ no l azul um ovo um mal Note that in this only case the neutral
pronunciations, both Brazilian and Lusitanian, have ().
Compare also ('wo;vu, u'mau) /u'ovu, u'ma/ o ovo o mal.
7.4.7. In the international pronunciation of Portuguese, we do not have either
the Brazilian taxophones of /t, d k, g/ + /i, j/, (C, , ): (di'kinta) /de'kinta/ de
quinta; nor the continuous taxophones of /b, d, g/ (of Lusitanian, (B, , ), indicated as /b, , g/): (&obRi'ga;du) /obRi'gau/ obrigado. Even more so, /s{}0, z{}0/ e
/s/ (diaphonemically /s, a/) are exactly realized as (s, z), without changing their articulations: ('pas, 'dezdi) /'pas, 'eae/ paz desde (which are so remarkable in Lusitanian: ('paS, 'deZ) and in Carioca: ('pa, 'dei)). us, we only have (S, Z) /S, Z/
for written ch x j g: ('Sa, 'Si;kaRa, 'Za, Ze'Rau) /'Sa, 'SikaRa, 'Za, Ze'Ra/ ch xcara j
geral
7.4.8. Also the approximants, more naturally, are such, (j, w) /j, w/ (not semi-approximants, (, j)): ('glO;Rja, 'ligwa) /'gORja, 'ingwa/ glria lngua As to /R/,
of course, we have (R) (even in word-nal position before a pause or C, where in
neutral Bazilian we nd () /K/). ile, for /K/, a more natural (r) is better (after C\ /n, l, s/, diaphonemically /n, , s/): ('nra, &ura'pas, 'biuru, ra'laR) /'onKa, unKa'pas, 'biKu, Ka'aK/ honra um rapaz bilro ralar, and (Rr), after V: ('kaRru, &uRra'pas) /'kaKu, uKa'pas/ carro o rapaz en, it occurs even in word-initial position;

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281

while we have ()b, ()l (with so many other variants, 7.2.5.2).

Besides, /L/ is maintained ('vE;Lu) /'vELu/ velhu; but, more naturally, we have
both (l) and (u) (as already seen), which diaphonemically are //): ('ljau) /'ja/
leal.
Stress(es) and duration coincide with the neutral ones; while intonation is a
compromise between the two neutral types. To simplify a little, the gure gives
only the unmarked preintoneme and the three marked intonemes.
Text
7.5.0. e transcribed passage, e North Wind and the Sun, given in six dierent normalized versions. We start with the (Brazilian and Lusitanian) neutral
pronunciations of (neutral British) English this is the rst step of the phonetic
method (the written text is given in 2.5.2.0). e Portuguese translation follows,
in its neutral Brazilian, Lusitanian, and international Portuguese versions. e
variants given in brackets might need slight adjustments, on which the reader is
invited to reect, according to the occurring segments.
In the text, for the Lusitanian accent, we indicate (|) /a/, before a pause (even
though in the isolated examples given we simply put (), in order to better show
the dierence with the Brazialian accent).
At the end, as usual, the version showing the English pronunciation of Portuguese is given; it represents the habits of neutral British speakers, who are uent
in Portuguese (after prolonged contact with native speakers, but with no help
from the phonetic method), who have adequately learned the relative prominences, but who substantially use segmental and suprasegmental elements which are
typical of neutral British English (although, of course, a neutral accent is not so
common). Obviously, the same principle is valid for the foreign pronunciations
of English, given rst.
Speakers of American English could prepare their own version both of the Portuguese pronunciation of English and of their pronunciation of Portuguese, as an
excellent exercise, by listening to native speakers, best of all after recording them.
Of course, speakers of other languages could do the same thing. e author would
be happy to receive their transcriptions and recordings, both in case of help
should they need it and to make their contribution known to others (possibly
in our website on canIPA Natural Phonetics 0.12).
Brazilian pronunciation (of English)
7.5.1. (i5nOs 'ji~i2 ~i'sA2 jis'pu;Ci 'j jzistR9ge3 3| 'jn A'tRE;ve]e2 'kI mA']92 'Epi CinA'jOm k]oUi3 3| de'gRid2\ di5jAn u'fE sk'sii2 i'meIi~ i'tRE;ve]e2 'teI is'k]oU kOf2 2| &Ubikn'side istR9ge d~a;ze3 3||
'd~2 i'nOs 'ji~i2 'b]u2 'zai2 zikui3 3| &bi'mO Rib]u2 2| i'mO 'k]oUz]i2

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&ii'tRE;ve]e2\ 'foU is'k]oU kRAuni3 3| &ndt']asCi2\ i'nOs 'ji~i2 5geI 'vap

iatmpiCi3 3|| 'd~2 i'sA~ '9U AuCi3 3 jOm]i3 3| &~i'mi;at]i2\ i'tRE;ve]e
'tu kOf3 3 isk]oUi3 3|| n'soU2 i'nOs 'ji~i2 &jzob]ais tukM'fEs2| &disA3 3 jzistR9geR3 3 &vitu3 3||
&iu]aii12 is'tO;Ri2| u'j9n 'tji;Ri tag12|||)
Lusitanian pronunciation (of English)
7.5.2. (d'nOs 'jind[]2 nd'sA2 jRZS'pu;t jiS jZZSt9gR3 3| 'jn 'tE;v]2
'kI m']92 'Ep tnjOR k9oUk3 3| d'Ri2\ dE'jAn fES sk'si;2 i'mIkn d'tE;v]2 'tI k?Sk9oU 'kOf2 2| &Sbk'si;R ZSt9gR nda;R3 3||
'dn2 d'nOs 'jim2 'b]u2 'zaR2 zku3 3| &ba'mO Ri'B]u2 2| d'mO 'k9UZ]i2 &i'tE;v]R2\ 'fU dZSk9oUk RAundi3 3| &nd't9aSt2\ d'nOs 'ji2 'gI vap itmpt3 3|| 'dn2
d'sA S9U Aut3 3 jORm]i3 3| &ndi'mi;t9i2\ d'tE;v] tu kOf3 3 ?Sk9oUk3 3|| 'soU2
'nOs 'jind[]2 &jzu'B]aiS tuk'fEs2| &dsA3 3 jZZSt9gR3 3 &vtu3 3||
&diu']aik21 dZS'tO;Ri2| &duj9n'ti;R t'21|||)
Portuguese text
7.5.3. O vento norte e o sol poravam sobre al dos do era o ma forte, ando sucedeu psar um viajante envolto numa capa. Ao v-lo, pem-se de acordo em como aele e primeiro conse%se obrigar o viajante a tirar a capa seria considerado o ma forte.
O vento norte comeou a soprar com muita fria, m anto ma soprava, ma
o viajante se embruava na sua capa, at e o vento norte dtiu. O sol briou
ento com todo o plendor, e imediatamente o viajante tirou a capa. E sim o vento norte teve de recoecer a superioridade do sol.
Voc gostou da htoria? Queremos repet-la?
Brazilian pronunciation
7.5.4. (uvntu nOCi u'sO2 pofa;vAu &sobRikjA duz'dois2\ R9&maisfOCi3 3|
kAndu &susedeu pasa; Ruva'A~Ci2\ evotu &numaka;p3 3| 've;]u2 'p9i[I]si
a'kodu2 eIk9; mjake;]i &ipRimeIRu2 &ksei; sobRiga; Ruva'A~Ci2 aCiRa;
Raka;p2 2 se&Riak&sideRa;du2 u&maisfOCi3 3||
uvntu 'nOCi2 &kmesoU aso'pRa2 kmuint fu;R3 3| maskAntu mai[s] sopRa;v2 2| mai zuva'A~Ci2 &simbRuLa;v &nasjaka;p3 3| a'tE2 uvntu 'nOCi2 &izisCiu3 3|| usO bRiLoU en'tAu2 knto;du [u]sp]endo3 3| &imeatA'm~Ci2 uvaA~[Ci] CiRoU3 3 aka;p3 3| a'si2 uvntu nOCi2 2\ te;vi &ie&kNe'se2\ a&supe&RoRida;[i]3 3 dusO3 3||)
vo'se gostoU12 &daisto'Ri;N2 keR;mu[s] &epeCi;]12|||)

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Lusitanian pronunciation
7.5.5. (u'vnt nOt 'sO2 p'fa;v4u &soBRkA duZ'oiS2\ R&maiSfOt3 3|
'kAndu &sus'eu psa; Ruv'ZAnt[]2\ i'vot &numka;p3 3| 've;]u2 'p9i[I]s[] 'koRu2 I~'ko; mjke;][] &kpi'mIRu2 &ks[]'i; &sBRia; Ruv'ZAnt[]2 t'Ra; R'ka;p2 2 s&Rik&s'Ra;u2 u&maiSfOt[]3 3||
u'vnt[] 'nOt[]2 &km'so su'pa2 k'muint fu;R3 3| mS'kAnt maiS su'pa;v2 2| 'mai zuv'ZAnt[]2 &simbRu'La;v &nska;p3 3| 'tE2 ku'vnt[] 'nOt[]2 &zZStiu3 3||
'sO BRiLo en'tAu~2 kn'to; [j]Sp9endoR3 3| &imat'mnt[]2 uv'ZAn[t]2 tRo3 3
ka;p3 3| 'si2 u'vnt[] 'nOt[]2 2\ 'te;v[] &kNZ'seR2\ &sup&RoRia;[]3 3 sO;3 3||
vo'se S'to21 &[]ZSt'Ri;N2| k'Re;mu[Z] &p'ti;]21|||)

International pronunciation
7.5.6. (u'ventu 'nORti ju'sOu2 poR'fja;vAun &sobRi'kwau duz'dois2\ Rau&maisfORti3 3|
'kwAndu &suse'deu pa'sa; RuMvja'ZAnti2\ eM'voutu &numaka;pa3 3| au've;lu2 'pinsi dja'koRdu2 ei'ko; mwa'ke;li &kipRi'meiRu2 &knse'gi; sjobRi'ga; Ruvja'ZAnti2 ati'Ra; Raka;pa2 2
se&Riakn&side'Ra;du2 u&maisfORti3 3||
u'ventu 'nORti2 &kome'sou aso'pRaR2 k'muinta fu;Rja3 3| mas'kwAntu 'mais sopRa;va2 2| 'mai zuvja'ZAnti2 &sjimbRu'La;va &naswaka;pa3 3| a'tE2 kju'ventu 'nORti2 &dizistiu3 3|| u'sOu bRi'Lou en'tAu2 kn'to;du usplendoR3 3| &jimedjata'menti2 uvja'ZAnti2 tiRou3 3 aka;pa3 3| ja'si2 u'vntu nORti2 2\ 'te;vi &diRre&koNe'seR2\ a&supe&RjoRida;di3 3 dusOu3 3||
vo'se gos'tou12 &daisto'Ri;Na2| ke'Re;muz &repe'ti;la12|||)
English pronunciation of Portuguese
7.5.7. (u5vnT 'n;Ti ju's;2 ph;fi'A;vn &sb>i'khwA: Dz'Ds2\ &>u&mas'f;Ti3 3| 5khwnDu &sus'DI p'sA:> uMv'ZnTi2\ M5vTu &num'khA;p3 3|
a5vIlu2 'phnsi Di'kh;Du2 I5khm 'khIli &khIip>'m>u2 &kns5gIisi b>'gA:> uv'ZnTi2 T5>A:> 'khA;p32 s&>kn&sD'>A;Du2 u&mas'f;Ti3 3||
u5vnT 'n;Ti &km5s; s'ph>A:2 k5munT 'fu>i3 3| ms5khwnT 'mas
s'ph>A;v32| 5ma;z uv'ZnTi2 &smb>u5ljA;v &ns'khA;p3 3| 'Th;I2 ku5vnT
'n;Ti2 &Ds'sTIiu3 3|| u5s b>'j; In'Than2 kn5ThD spln'D:3 3| Ii&mDT'mnTi2 uv'ZnTi2 T'>;3 3 'khA;p3 3| Ii'sI;in2 u5vnT 'n;Ti32\ 5ThIvi D&>k~j's2\ &sup>i&;>'DA;Di3 3 D's;3 3||
v5s;I g'sT;21 &DasT'>Iinj2| kh5>Ims &>p'ThIil21|||)