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MSE 09 Phase Diagrams (39) 091116
MSE 09 Phase Diagrams (39) 091116
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Contents
Introduction
Solubility Limit
Phase Diagrams
g
Microstructural
M crostructura Evolution
E o ut on during
ur ng Cooling
oo ng
Eutectic Systems
Fe C Alloy
Fe-C
http://bp.snu.ac.kr
Issues to address
When
Wh we combine
bi two
t
elements...
l
t
In particular,
l
if
f we specify...
f
Then...
Phase B
Ph
Phase
A
Nickel atom
Copper atom
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C : # components
P : # phases in equilibrium
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Contents
Introduction
Solubility Limit
Phase Diagrams
g
Microstructural
M crostructura Evolution
E o ut on during
ur ng Cooling
oo ng
Eutectic Systems
Fe C Alloy
Fe-C
http://bp.snu.ac.kr
gas, li
liquid
id & solid
lid are
each a phase.
(b) Water and alcohol have
unlimited solubility.
(c) Salt and water have limited
solubility.
(d) Oil and water have virtually
no solubility.
7
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Solubility Limit
-Liquid copper-nickel are
completely soluble.
- Solid copper-nickel are
p
y soluble, with
completely
copper and nickel atoms
occupying random lattice
sites.
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Solubility Limit
Solubility limit - maximum concentration of solute that may dissolve in a
solvent at a given temperature to form a solid solution.
Precipitate - a new solid phase that forms when the solubility limit is
exceeded.
(Fig. 9-1)
C12H22O11 H2O
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Solubility Limit
Answer: 65 wt
wt. % sugar
If Co < 65 wt. % sugar: syrup
60
40
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)
20
0
L
(liquid)
+
S
(solid
g )
sugar)
20
40
6065 80
100
Co=Composition (wt% sugar)
Pure
e
Suga
ar
Solubility
Limit
80
Pure
e
Wate
er
100
Tempera
T
ature (C
C)
Phase Diagram of
Water - Sugar System
If Co > 65 wt.
t % sugar: syrup + sugar
10
Solub
Solubility
l ty llimit
m t increases
ncreases with
w th T :
e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80 wt. % sugar
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Components:
Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that result.
1 component (H2O)
Aluminum-Copper Alloy
(lighter
phase)
(darker
(d k
phase)
11
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Contents
12
Introduction
Solubility Limit
Phase Diagrams
g
Microstructural
M crostructura Evolution
E o ut on during
ur ng Cooling
oo ng
Eutectic Systems
Fe C Alloy
Fe-C
http://bp.snu.ac.kr
Fundamental Concepts
Phase diagram: graphical representation of the phases
present
pr
s nt and
an the
th ranges
rang s in
n compos
composition,
t on, ttemperature,
mp ratur ,
and pressure over which the phases are stable.
Gibbs
G bb phase
h
rule:
l F=C+2P
(Eq. 9-16)
C: # components,
p
P: # p
phases in equilibrium
q
F: degree of freedom (temperature, pressure, composition.)
ex)) H2O,
O C = 1,
1 F=C+2P=3-P
1 phase F = 2
2 phase F = 1
3 phase F = 0 (invariant)
13
* pressure constant F = C + 1 P
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(Fig 9-2)
(Fig.
14
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(Fig. 9-3)
Constant p
pressure:
- 2009-10-28
15
F = C + 1 P, C = 2, F = 3 - P
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Phase Diagrams
Tell us about the phases as a function of T, Co, and P
For this course:
- Binary systems: just 2 components
p
variables: T and Co (at P = 1 atm)
- Independent
1600
T(C)
1500
L (liquid)
1400
Cu-Ni
1300
Phase diagram
1200
L (liquid)
(FCC solid solution)
(FCC solid
solution)
l ti )
1100
16
1000
0
20
40
60
80
100 wt%
Ni
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A(1100, 60):
A(1100
1 phase:
1500
B(1250, 35):
B(1250
2 phases: L +
1300
L (liquid)
B(12
250,35)
Examples:
1400
1200
1100
17
1000
0
Cu-Ni
phase diagram
(FCC solid
solution)
A(1100,60)
20
40
60
80
100
wt% Ni
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T(C)
TA
130 0
tie line
L (liquid)
B
TB
120 0
At TB:
TD
Both and L
CL = Cliquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here)
20
C = Csolidus ( = 43
43wt%
t% Ni h
here))
18
D
3 032
35
C LC o
(solid)
4 0 43
50
C wt% Ni
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WL =
19
S
44 35
=
= 75wtt %
+
R S 44 32
T(C)
TA
1300
TB
Cu-Ni system
A
ti li
tie
line
L (liquid)
1200
TD
20
303235
C LC o
(solid)
4044
50
C
wt% Ni
R
35 32
=
= 25wt %
W = +
R S 44 32
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WL + W = 1
(Example 9-1)
WL
20
Co CL = R
W =
C CL R + S
moment equilibrium:
WLR = WS
1 W
solving gives Lever Rule
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Contents
21
Introduction
Solubility Limit
Phase Diagrams
g
Microstructural
M crostructura Evolution
E o ut on during
ur ng Cooling
oo ng
Eutectic Systems
Fe C Alloy
Fe-C
http://bp.snu.ac.kr
System is:
- binary
2 components: Cu and Ni
- isomorphous
complete
p
solubility
y
A phase field extends
From 0 to 100 wt. % Ni
Consider
Co = 35 wt. % Ni
microstructures?
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Cooling
g in Cu-Ni
(nonequilibrium)
(skip)
( i 9-5)
(Fig.
9 )
Consider
Co = 35 wt. % Ni.
23
X
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Contents
24
Introduction
Solubility Limit
Phase Diagrams
g
Microstructural
M crostructura Evolution
E o ut on during
ur ng Cooling
oo ng
Eutectic Systems
Fe C Alloy
Fe-C
http://bp.snu.ac.kr
2 components
Eutectic
E
i reaction
i
L +
____
+
25
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It h
has a special
i l composition
iti
with a minimum melting T.
T(C)
(Fig. 9-7)
120 0
L (liquid)
10 00
TE 800
L+
8.0
600
Cu
71 .9 91.2
400
200
0
L+
779C
779
C
20
40
60 C E 80
Composition (wt. %)
10 0
Ag
- 2009-11-02
26
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L+
L
200
00
183C
183
C
59
= 67 wt %
W =
88
29
= 33 wt %
W =
88
27
18.3
150
1 00
0 11 20
Pb
61.9
97.8
+
40
60
80
Composition (wt. %)
9910 0
Sn
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T(C)
4 00
L: Co
Result
R s lt
polycrystal of grains
3 00
2 00
TE
L +
(Pb S
(Pb-Sn
: C o wt%Sn
1 00
System)
0
Co
28
(Fig. 9-11)
wt. % Sn
10
20
30
C o , wt% Sn
2
(room T solubility limit)
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(Fig. 9-12)
L: C o wt.% Sn
T(C)
( )
Result polycrystal
with fine crystals.
400
L
300
L+
+ X
1 00
29
: C o wt%Sn
200
TE
Pb-Sn
system
10
20
30
C o C o , wt.
2.0
2
0
18.3
(solubility limit at Troom )
(solubility limit at TE )
% Sn
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200
TE
L+
30
20
18.3
L+
183C
183
C
1 00
0
0
L: C o wt%Sn
(Fig. 9-14)
Pb-Sn system
40
: 97.8wt%Sn
: 18.3wt%Sn
60
CE
61.9
80
160m
100
97.8
C o , wt% Sn
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(Fig. 9-15)
31
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Pb-Sn
Pb
Sn
system
200
TE
L+
R
R
1 00
0
0
(Fig. 9-17)
32
300
S
S
40
Co
C = 18.3 wt. % Sn
L+
C L = 61.9 wt. % Sn
W = S =50 wt. %
R+S
WL = (1-Wa ) =50 wt. %
Just below TE :
C = 18.3 wt. % Sn
+
20
18.3
Just above TE :
L: C o wt%Sn
60
61.9
80
primary
p
im
eutectic
eutectic
100
97.8
C o , wt.
t % Sn
S
C = 97.8
9
wt. % Sn
W = S =73 wt. %
R+S
W = 27 wt. %
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Invariant Reactions
___
____
33
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Other Examples
((Fig.
g 9-20))
34
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Other Examples
(Fig 9-21)
(Fig.
9 21)
35
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Other Examples
(Fig. 9-22)
36
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Contents
37
Introduction
Solubility Limit
Phase Diagrams
g
Eutectic Systems
Fe C Alloy
Fe-C
http://bp.snu.ac.kr
(Fig. 9-24)
A
iron
F
Ferrite
i
(BCC)
soft & ductile
A; eutectic
B; eutectoid
38
B
Cementite ((Fe3C))
hard & brittle
C concentration
t ti
0.008w%
0
008 %
2.14w%
2
14 %
67 %
6.7w%
iron
steel
cast iron
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Summary
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
39
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Prob 9
Prob.
9-3
3
Prob 9
Prob.
9-4
4
Prob 9
Prob.
9-5
5
Prob.
Prob 9
9-8
8
Prob. 9-9
Prob. 9-11
Prob. 9-12
Prob. 9-17
P b 9-27
Prob.
9 27
P
Prob.
b 9
9-28
28
Prob.
P b 9
9-36
36
Prob.
P b 9
9-45
45
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