CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction Heat transfer

Y. A. Abakr

Applications of heat transfer

Heat exchangers:
boilers
condensers,
Radiators
Evaporators

Heating, Cooling of
buildings ( passive
Active)
Y. A. Abakr

Applications of heat transfer

cooking:

Cookers, ovens,
steaming etc

Cooling of Electronic
components
Cooling of turbine
plates (aircraft
propulsion)
Y. A. Abakr

Heat Conduction Equation

Fouriers law of heat
conduction

Qcond

dT
kA
dx

(W)

(1)

The temperature gradient is

negative when heat is
conducted in the positive xdirection.
Y. A. Abakr

Direction of heat transfer is perpendicular to lines of

constant temperature (isotherms).
Heat flux vector may be resolved into orthogonal
components
Q y

Q n

Q x

dT
Qn kA
dn

(W)

(2)
Y. A. Abakr

 In rectangular coordinates, the heat

conduction vector can be expressed in
terms of its components as
(3)
Qn Qx i Qy j Qz k
which can be determined from Fouriers
law as

T
Qx kAx x

Qy kAy
y

T
Qz kAz
z

(4)

Y. A. Abakr

Heat Generation

Egen egen dV
V

(W)

(5)
Y. A. Abakr

Specific heat capacity

The specific heat
(capacity) c is a
measure of the
quantity of heat
accumulated per
unit temperature
rise per unit mass.

It is the amount of heat

needed to increase the
temperature of 1kg mass
by one degree

Y. A. Abakr

thermal diffusivity
is the thermal conductivity K divided by
density and specific heat capacity c at
constant pressure.
m/s

It is the measure of the ability of a material to

conduct thermal energy relative to its ability
to store thermal energy.
Y. A. Abakr

One-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Equation - Plane Wall

Rate of heat
conduction
at x

Rate of heat
conduction
at x+Dx

Rate of heat
generation inside
the element

Qx Qx Dx Egen,element

Rate of change of
the energy content
of the element

DEelement

Dt

(6)
Y. A. Abakr

Qx Qx Dx Egen,element

DEelement

Dt

The change in the energy content and the rate

of heat generation can be expressed as
D
Eelement Et Dt Et mc Tt Dt Tt cADx Tt Dt Tt

Egen,element egenVelement egen ADx

Qx QxDx egen ADx cADx

Tt Dt Tt
Dt

(7)

Dividing by ADx, taking the limit as Dx 0 and Dt 0,

and from Fouriers law:
1 T
T
kA

gen
A x x
t

(8)

Y. A. Abakr

The area A is constant for a plane wall the one dimensional

transient heat conduction equation in a plane wall is

Variable conductivity:

T
k
x x

egen c
t

Constant conductivity:

2T egen 1 T

2
x
k
t

k
c

The one-dimensional conduction equation may be reduces

to the following forms under special conditions
1) Steady-state:

d 2T egen

0
2
dx
k

2) Transient, no heat generation:

2T 1 T

2
x
t

3) Steady-state, no heat generation:

d 2T
0
2
dx

(9)

Y. A. Abakr

Y. A. Abakr

Example2-3

Y. A. Abakr

One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation Long Cylinder

Rate of heat
conduction
at r

Rate of heat
conduction
at r+Dr

Rate of heat
generation inside
the element

Qr Qr Dr Egen,element
Q r

DEelement

Dt
Dr

Rate of change of
the energy content
of the element

(2-18)

Q r Dr
r
E gen
Y. A. Abakr

For cylindrical system Qr Qr Dr Egen,element DEelement

Dt

The change in the energy content and the rate

of heat generation can be expressed as
D
Eelement Et Dt Et mc Tt Dt Tt cADr Tt Dt Tt

Egen,element egenVelement egen ADr

Substituting into Eq. 218, we get

Qr Qr Dr

egen ADr cADr

Tt Dt Tt
Dt

Dividing by ADr, taking the limit as Dr 0 and Dt 0,

and from Fouriers law:
1 T
T
kA

gen
A r r
t

Y. A. Abakr

Noting that the area varies with the independent variable r according to A=2prL,
The one dimensional transient heat conduction equation in a plane wall becomes

Variable conductivity:
Constant conductivity:

1 T
T
rk

gen
r r r
t
1 T egen 1 T

r r r k
t

The one-dimensional conduction equation may be reduces

to the following forms under special conditions
1) Steady-state:

2) Transient, no heat generation:

1 d dT
r
r dr dr

egen
0

1 T
r
r r r

1 T

3) Steady-state, no heat generation:

d dT
r
dr dr

Y. A. Abakr

One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

- Sphere

Variable conductivity:

1 2 T
T
r k
egen c
2
r r
r
t

Constant conductivity:

1 2 T egen 1 T

2
r r r k
t

Y. A. Abakr

General Heat Conduction Equation

Rate of heat Rate of heat

conduction
conduction
at x, y, and z at x+Dx, y+Dy,
and z+Dz

Rate of heat
generation
inside the
element

Qx Qy Qz QxDx Qy Dy Qz Dz

Rate of change
of the energy
content of the
element

Egen,element

DEelement
Dt
Y. A. Abakr

Repeating the mathematical approach used for the onedimensional heat conduction the three-dimensional heat
conduction equation is determined to be
Two-dimensional

Constant conductivity:

2T 2T 2T egen 1 T
2 2

2
x
y
z
k
t
Three-dimensional

1) Steady-state:

2T 2T 2T egen
2 2
0
2
x
y
z
k

2) Transient, no heat generation:

2T 2T 2T 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z
t

3) Steady-state, no heat

2T 2T 2T
generation: 2 2 2 0
x
y
z
Y. A. Abakr

Cylindrical Coordinates

1 T 1 T T T
T
k
k
rk
2
egen c
r r r r z z
t
(2-43)
Y. A. Abakr

Spherical Coordinates

1 2 T
1
T
1

T
T
k
2
kr
2 2
k sin
egen c
2
r r
r r sin r sin

t

Y. A. Abakr

Boundary and Initial Conditions

Specified Temperature Boundary
Condition
Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

Y. A. Abakr