ARDHI UNIVERSITY

SHOOL OF INVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Bachelor of Science in Municipal & Industrial

Services Engineering
(Final year Dissertation 2014)

NAME; MANYAMA KAARE

REG # , 2795/T.2010
DISSERTATION TITTLE:

OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID WASTE SECONDARY COLLECTION AND

TRANSPORTATION : Case study area Dar es Salaam city
Supervisors:
Dr. Mbuligwe
Mr. Ligate

 INTRODUCTION

Solid waste is not uniform in terms of its constituents, but all

waste bears the shared characteristic of being perceived as
valueless and therefore unwanted. If waste generated from
various sources is not managed, it may accumulate and result
into environmental pollution.
Solid management is the storage, handling, separation and
processing, collection, transfer and transport and final disposal
of

solid

waste,(Tchobanoglous,1993).Following

global

population growth, economic and industrial development,

there has been significant increase in waste generation.

Background cont..
Tanzania, like most developing countries, generates a lot of
solid waste. The per capital urban rate for the whole of
Tanzania is estimated to be 0.68kg/person/day, (JICA

1996).This poses a high risk in the absence of proper waste

management.
This study is going to examine solid waste secondary
collection and transportation in Dar es salaam city .Dar es
salaam is chosen for this study because it is the largest city in
Tanzania with high populated places. Traffic congestion ,and
distance is among of the factors which leads to the city to fall
to meet their goal on solid waste transportation

 Statement of the problem

It is found that solid waste management is becoming prevalence
problem in Dar es Salaam though there a lots of efforts made by
CBOs, NGOs and government authority including performing
research, discussion and establish paper to solve problem, these
includes dividing the City for making easy collection, transport

and disposal of solid waste, but still today the City is Dirty. The
problems to be addressed at this study area are low transportation
frequency which result into the accumulation of solid waste in

collection points and hence resulting into environmental pollution.

 Justification/Motivation
The solid waste management and transportation system is the
most important process within our environment. But it is still a

problem in our country especially Dar es salaam city ;

therefore there is a need of finding the simplest and easiest
solution for the problem in order to find the more effectively

time for transporting solid waste from the collection point

(transfer stations) to the city dump site which is located at
Pugu Kinyamwezi by considering all necessary conditions (ie.

Peak and non peak hours, week days and weekend days)

 OBJECTIVES
Main objective
To investigate how Geographical information systems (GIS tools)
optimize the secondary collection and transportation of solid wastes
Specific objectives
To study to different physical existing characteristics of the road
network
To study the dynamic features of the road users during data
collection using Global Positioning System (GPS) on the selected
routes.

Specific objective cont

To assess the existing secondary collection of solid wastes

From the GIS map and other analyzed results of the analysis,
the causes of solid waste vehicle velocity variation
To establish GIS database for designated solid waste transfer
stations and transportation in the study area.

 Method and material

My research will be conducted through different methods
on collecting and gathering information. These are
listed below; Literature review
This conducted through reading different materials including
books ,papers, journals, internet and documents of relevant
study.

Method and material cont

Site visit and physical Observation
The site visit and observation is focused on the existing practices
on management of solid waste from the generation, collection

route, transfer and transport to disposal site . During site

visiting, various pictures will be taken to show the existing
situation and some necessary data that can be obtained.

Method and material cont

Questionnaire
Questionnaires are conducted on focusing the assessments of
different stakeholders awareness on solid waste management
based on secondary collection and transportation in order to get
their views on the current situation, and challenges.

Interview and consultation.

Interviews are conducted at various levels such as technical
personnel at the study area, local government offices and ward
residents

Method and material cont..

Photograph
Photographs ware taken in the study area to show the existing
situation of the area indicating the management, collection and
transportation of solid waste.
Equipments

The Materials which are used to collect data at the case study area
includes GPS which is used for capturing the location of existing
solid waste transfer station , speed of trucks during transportation of
solid wastes to the city dump site.

Method and material cont..

GIS Software
GIS software was used for mapping, analysis and finally to
explore the routing efficiency which were suitable for solid
waste collection and transportation for the selected routes ,also
to establish GIS database for solid waste management system
GPS Utility
Converting GPS data to one of several different text formats (i.e.
compatible with spreadsheets, ESRI shape files, and other
GIS compatible formats, etc.) ,converting

GPS

data (i.e.

Waypoints, routes, etc.) Between different map data and many

coordinate formats (Lat/Long, UTM, country grids, etc.)

Description of the study area & Existing situation

Location
Dar es Salaam is Tanzanias
largest and most important
industrial and commercial
centre with an estimated

population of more than 4

million in 2012,

Municipal Characteristics

Table 1: Basic Data by Municipality

% of

the City
Population in
Area
2012
(sq.km.)

Male

Female

Average
Household
Size 2012

1,220,611

595,928

624,683

4.0

36

1,775,049

860,802

914,247

4.0

639

44

1,368,881

669,056

699,825

3.9

1,456

100

4,364,541

2,125,786

2,238,755

4.0

Municipality

Land Area
(sq.km)

Ilala

286

20

Kinondoni

531

Temeke
Dar Region

Source : Dar es salaam city council

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

Physical existing characteristics of road network
Current Condition of the Existing Road Network in Ilala
Type of road

Road Condition
Good (km) Fair (km) Poor (km)

Total

% of total

Paved

5.5

50

77.4

132.9

31

Gravel

22

58

80

18.6

Earth

15

201

216

50.4

Total

5.5

87

336.4

428.9

100

Source( Ilala municipal council)

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION cont.

Physical existing characteristics of road network
Current Condition of the Existing Road Network in Kinondoni
Type of road

Road Condition
Good (km) Fair (km) Poor (km)

Total

% of total

Paved

69

10

36

115

17

Gravel

37

21

258

316

45

Earth

263

263

38

Total

106

31

557

694

100

Source( kinondoni municipal council)

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION Cont

Physical existing characteristics of road network
Current Condition of the Existing Road Network in Temeke
Type of road

Road Condition
Good (km) Fair (km) Poor (km)

Total

% of total

Paved

114

52

170

16

Gravel

186

68

172

426

41

Earth

182

269

451

43

Total

300

254

493

1,047

100

Source( Temeke municipal council)

Physical existing characteristics of road network

(Different season condition of roads)

During dry season

During rain season

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION Cont

Secondary collection and transportation of solid
waste
Municipal authorities, NGOs and CBOs are the one taking

responsible for solid waste collection and transportation although

others NGOs and CBOs do not take any responsibility in case of
transportation

Secondary collection points

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION Cont

Geographical information system (GIS)

approach:

GIS Software data base for solid waste transportation system

DATA COLLECTED ON THE SELECTED ROUTES

Route

Time of the

Start of

End of

data

the trip

the trip

collected
Peak Hours

Temeke

(1856 hours) mwisho

Gongo la
mboto

Type of
road user
considered
Truck
(TATA open
truck)

Route 1
Non-Peak
Hours
(1122 hours)
Peak Hours
(0835)
Route 2 Non-Peak

Temeke

Gongo la

mwisho

mboto

Clock

Pugu

Clock

Pugu

Truck
(TATA open
truck)

Truck
tower(Pos kinyamwe (Closed
tipper truck )
ta)
zi

Truck
Hours
tower(Pos kinyamwe (Closed
tipper truck )
(1347 hours) ta)
zi

Trucks used during data collection and solid

waste transportation

 Analysis and applications of truck position and speed data

Time of the data
collected
Route 1

Route speed (Km/hr)

Max
speed
(km/hr)

Peak
Hours

Min
speed
(km/hr)

Average
speed
(km/hr)

Travel
speed
(km/hr)

Delay
time(sec)

Evening
48.96

17.56

23.609

1153

66.24

24.43

25.757

263

(1835Hrs)

Route 2

NonPeak
Hours

Morning

Peak
Hours

Evening

(1122Hrs)

51.8

25.37

20.147

3183

61.2

21.14

17.658

2575

(1558Hrs)
NonPeak
Hours

Afternoon
(1323Hrs)

Source ( field data)

Truck Speed on the selected roads

Truck Speed on the selected roads

The dynamic feature of the GPS data collected when exported into the Google Earth

Dynamic vehicles features

when running

 Traffic Delay of the road users on selected route during Transportation of

solid wastes

Route 1

Time of the data

collected

Peak
Hours
NonPeak
Hours
Route 2

Peak
Hours

Evening

(1835Hrs)
Morning
(1122Hrs)
Evening
(1558Hrs)

NonPeak
Hours

Afternoon
(1323Hrs)

Time
used(sec)

Required
time(sec))

Delay time(sec)

2185

1032

1153

2001

1032

969

4921

1738

3183

4313

1738

2575

Source ( field data)

Causes of traffic congestion in the study area

Many private vehicles on these
routes:

Shift of transport mode, from

public to private transport lead

to the increased number of
private cars on roads, in the
study

area,

while

the

improvement of road network

capacity to cope with this
increase is definitely stagnant

to the traffic demand

Showing private cars caught in the traffic

jam during morning hours

Causes of traffic congestion in the study area cont..

Poor existing roads surface
conditions to some roads
Poor operating and maintenance of the

roads near by the dump site (Pugu

kinyamwezi) Although the route
selected is paved but for the road
which approaching to the dump site
in unpaved which and is poor
operation

and

maintained

which

cusses the delay of trucks especially

during rain seasons.
Solid waste trucks in the traffic jam near
to the dump site

Causes of traffic congestion in the study area cont..

Lack of alternative routes in the
study area:
According

to

the

physical

observation conducted on some

area within the case study area it
shows that there is limited number
of routes used in transportation of
solid

wastes

from

nearly

secondary collection points to the

city dump site which leads a lot of

difficult especially during peak

time

Poor city planning:

Causes of traffic congestion in the study area cont..

Lack of alternative routes in

the study area:

Time usage patterns:

Most people need to be at school or

According to the physical observation

conducted on some area within the
case study area it shows that there
is limited number of routes used in
transportation of solid wastes from

work place between 08:00 and

09:00 am hours (peak hours),

therefore during this time the
transportation of solid wastes to

nearly secondary collection points

the city dump site found to be

to the city dump site which leads a

difficulty since it consume more

lot of difficult especially during

time on the road and also it is cost

peak time.

full.

Best time required for transportation of solid wastes

Best time
Non-Peak Hours
0930-1530
Night time
2200 -0530

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions
Also

both

municipality

should

From the data collected using hand

transport solid wastes during non peak

held GPS its found that there is the

hours (0930-1530) and during night

variation

and

time (2200-0530) in order to minimize

position. And this speed variation is

to loss of fuel and time , as well as to

due to the following reasons

minimize the accumulation of wastes

of

vehicle

speed

When the vehicle approaching the

bus bay
Approaching to the junction
Approaching the traffic queue

Road surface (dirty surface of the

road due to distresses especially the
road approaching to the dump site).

to the secondary collection points.

CONCLUSION cont..
Also from finding ,it found that Both municipality should use
there is no alternative routes for

the GIS data base for operation

transporting

and

solid

wastes

especially during peak hours

when the traffic jam is high, so
that the truck will be able to
cover more than four trips per
day compared to the existing
when

the

truck

cover

maximum of two trips only.

the

management

wastes

which

of

describe

solid
all

roads within the municipality

especially

in

case

of

transportation and secondary

collection
points.

from

generation

RECOMMENDATIONS cont
The government authority should increase the number collection trucks and
solid waste collection contractors so as to increase the amount of waste
collected per day compared with the amount of solid wastes generated.
Poor solid waste secondary collection and transportation should be not be
looked at a narrow perspective, it requires a lot of strategic plan which
incorporate community and technical personnel so as to reduce risks and
negative effects on public health and the environment.
GIS has to be introduced in solid waste secondary collection and
transportation by contractors, municipal and city councils in order to ease

information management and able to manage huge spatial and non spatial
data.

-THANK YOUContact:
manyamakaare@yahoo.com
+255782616292