Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Milgram Kishino 1994
Milgram Kishino 1994
12 DECEMBER 1994
1321
[INVITED PAPER
SUMMARY
This paper focuses on Mixed Reality (MR)
visual displays, a particular subset of Virtual Reality (VR)
related technologies that involve the merging of real and virtual
worlds somewhere along the virtuality continuum which con
nects completely real environments to completely virtual ones.
Probably the best known of these is Augmented Reality (AR),
which refers to all cases in which the display of an otherwise real
environment is augmented by means of virtual (computer
graphic) objects. The converse case on the virtuality continuum
is therefore Augmented Virtuality (AV). Six classes of hybrid
MR display environments are identified. However, an attempt to
distinguish these classes on the basis of whether they are primar
ily video or computer graphics based, whether the real world is
viewed directly or via some electronic display medium, whether
the viewer is intended to feel part of the world or on the outside
looking in, and whether or not the scale of the display is
intended to map orthoscopically onto the real world leads to
quite different groupings among the six identified classes, thereby
demonstrating the need for an efficient taxonomy, or
classification framework, according to which essential differences
can be identified. The obvious distinction between the terms
real and virtual is shown to have a number of different
aspects, depending on whether one is dealing with real or virtual
objects, real or virtual images, and direct or non-direct viewing
of these. An (approximately) three dimensional taxonomy is
proposed, comprising the following dimensions: Extent of
World Knowledge (how much do we know about the world
being displayed?), Reproduction Fidelity (how realistically
are we able to display it?), and Extent of Presence Metaphor
(what is the extent of the illusion that the observer is present
within that world?).
key words: virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR),
mixed reality (MR)
1.
IntroductionMixed Reality
4
Real
Environment
Augmented
Reality (AR)
Augmented
Virtuality (AV)
Virtual
Environment
IEICE TRANS. INF. & SYST., VOL. E77-D, NO. 12 DECEMBER 1994
1322
e
S
d
a
f
S
~,
1323
1324
IEICE TRANS. INF. & SYST., VOL. E77-~D, NO. 12 DECEMBER 1994
tuality
94
1325
rDt
r
r
1326
Where / What
Where
World
LU~m0delled
+What
World
~
Modelled I
Completely
4. 2
Reproduction Fidelity
94
15
it
0-
Conventional
(Monoscopic)
Video
Colour
Video
Stereoscopic
Video
High
Definition
Video
3D HDTV
Simple
Wireframes
Visible
Surface
Imaging
Shading,
Texture,
Transparency
Ray
Tracing,
Radiosity
Real-ime,
Hi.fideliiy,
3D Animation
in
is,
am
in
er
nie.
in
Lely
of
m
to
al
in
of
to
re
ite
tal
in
Tis
is
iat
3 S
le,
al.
in
tic
is
ItS,
1327
Monitor
Based (WOW)
Monoscopic
Imaging
Large
Screen
Muliiscopic
Imaging
HMDs
Surrogate
Travel
Realtime
Imaging
e,
n,
at
Fig. 5
4. 3
Extent of
Presence
Metaphor (EPM)
dimension.
IEICE TRANS. INF. & SYST., VOL. E77-D, NO. 12 DECEMBER 1994
1328
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
5.
Conclusion
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
ronments,
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous sup
port and contributions of Dr. N. Terashima, President
of ATR Communication Systems Research Labora
tories and Dr. K. Habara, Executive Vice President of
[14]
[15]
[17]
2
3
[21]
g
c
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
Y
-
[26]
[27]
[28]
185, 1990.
[29]
[30]
[31]
3.
il
y
[32]
[33]
Paul Milgram
Fumio Kishino
is a head of Artificial
Intelligence Department, ATR Communi
cation Systems Research Laboratories.
He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees
from Nagoya Institute of Technology,
Laboratories,
Nippon