TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

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BI TP LN

X L NH
ti: Tm hiu bi ton khi phc nh, m hnh quan st nh
k thut lc Wiener v kho st ng dng

Ging vin hng dn: Nguyn Th Hong Lan

Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn Vn Thin
Lp: KSTN-CNTT-K56
MSSV: 20112282

H NI
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MC LC
1. Bi ton khi phc nh. ...................................................................................................................... 3
2. M hnh quan st nh. ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. M hnh nh b xung cp bi nhiu cng ngu nhin ................................................................ 4
2.1.1. B lc Wiener. ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. M hnh nh b xung cp v nhe ............................................................................................... 8
2.3. M hnh nh b xung cp bi c nhe v nhiu cng. ................................................................ 9
2.4. M hnh nh nhiu ph thuc tn hiu........................................................................................ 10
3. Kho st ng dng ca b lc Wiener .............................................................................................. 11
4. Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................................ 15

Danh mc cc hnh v
Hnh 1. M hnh nhiu cng ................................................................................................................... 4
Hnh 2. S khi thc hin b lc ....................................................................................................... 5
Hnh 3. M phng b lc Wiener ........................................................................................................... 6
Hnh 4. nh b nho ................................................................................................................................ 8
Hnh 5. nh b nhe nhng khng bit v hm gy nhe ...................................................................... 9
Hnh 6. M hnh b lc trng hp nhiu cng nhe ........................................................................... 10
Hnh 7. Kt qu khi phc nh b nhiu ............................................................................................... 12
Hnh 8. Kt qu khi phc nh b nhe do chuyn ng ...................................................................... 13
Hnh 9. Kt qu khi phc nh do nhe v nhiu ................................................................................. 14

1. Bi ton khi phc nh.

Khi nim: Khi phc nh cp ti cc k thut loi b hay ti thiu ho cc nh hng
ca mi trng bn ngoi hoc t cc h thng thu nhn v lu tr nh n nh thu nhn c.
Ni cch khc: nu coi x m l nh s gc, y m l nh s b gim cht lng (u vo) v x m l
nh s x l (u ra). Mc ch ca bi ton khi phc nh l lm cho nh x l x m gn
ging nh nh ban u x m .
K thut khi phc nh nhm c th c lng li nh gc hay nh l tng t nh quan st c
bng cch o ngc li nhng hin tng gy bin dng. V vy khi phc c nh c kt qu,
iu cn thit l phi bit c cc nguyn nhn, cc hm (hay dng) gy ra bin dng nh. Cc
nguyn nhn bin dng thng do:
Do camera, u thu nh cht lng km.
Do mi trng, nh sng, hin trng (scene), kh quyn, nhiu xung.
Do cht lng.
Vic khi phc nh ph thuc vo loi hnh xung cp hay khi phc nh l nhm xc nh m hnh
ton hc ca qu trnh gy ra bin dng. Cc loi hnh xung cp ta xt l nhiu cng ngu nhin,
nho v nhiu ph thuc tn hiu, nh nhiu nhn. Cc thut ton lm gim nhiu cng ngu nhin
khc vi cc thut ton lm gim nho nh.
c lng s xung cp: C hai cch tip cn c thng tin v s xung cp.
Mt cch tip cn l thu thp thng tin t chnh nh b xung cp. Nu ta c th tm ra cc
vng cng xp x ng u trong nh, chng hn bu tri, th c th c lng ph cng sut
hoc hm mt xc sut ca nhiu nn ngu nhin t s thng ging cng trong cc vng c
nn ng u. Mt v d khc nh, khi nh b nho nu ta tm c trong nh xung cp mt vng
m tn hiu gc bit, th c th c lng hm nho n m . K hiu tn hiu nh gc mt vng
c bit ca nh l x m v nh b xung cp trong vng l y m , th quan h gn ng gia

y m v x m l:
y m x m n m

Theo gi thit x m v y m u bit, nn c th c c lng c n m .

Mt cch tip cn khc hiu bit v s xung cp l nghin cu c ch gy ra xung cp. V d,
xt mt nh tng t b nho bi s dch chuyn phng ca my nh lc chp. Mt v d khc
s xung cp c th c c lng t c ch ca n l nhiu ht ca phim, lm nho nh l do nhiu
x quang v gy ra nhiu lm m.

2. M hnh quan st nh.

Nh nu trn, qu trnh gy ra bin dng nh gc ph thuc vo h thng quan st v to
nh. Do vy, trc ht ta cn xem nh quan st c biu din th no, trn c s m hnh ho
nhiu sinh ra. Tip theo l dng bin i ngc (lc ngc) kh nhiu v thu li nh gc. l c
s l thuyt ca k thut khi phc nh.

2.1. M hnh nh b xung cp bi nhiu cng ngu nhin

Xt mt nh x quan st c c thm nhiu cng n c th hin trong cng thc sau:
y m x m n m

Hnh 1. M hnh nhiu cng

Gi thit nhiu cng ngu nhin c lp vi tn hiu (khng tng quan).

2.1.1. B lc Wiener.
Mt trong nhng phng php u tin c trin khai lm gim nhiu cng ngu nhin
trong nh l php lc Wiener.

Nguyn l da trn c lng c thc hin bng cch h thp sai s bnh phng trung bnh (Mean
Square Error) gia tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu c lng. Trong x l nh s th l sai s gia
nh gc v nh ang c.
Mt b lc Wiener c th l mt trong hai loi IIR hoc FIR. Tuy nhin b lc Wiener thng
c gn vi cc cng trnh xy dng b lc FIR. iu ny l bi v cc h s b lc Wiener thay i
theo thi gian, v b lc IIR c th tr nn khng n nh cho cc gi tr h s nht nh. ngn
chn iu khng n nh ny, chng ta thng xy dng cc b lc thch nghi vi cu trc FIR.
B lc Wiener c biu din bi mt vector trng s wT w0 , w1 ,..., wP1 ,
P 1

Quan h lc gia u vo v u ra: x m w k y m k wT y

k 0

V wT y l mt v hng nn bng chuyn v ca n, tc l: wT y ywT .

Tn hiu li m c xc nh bi s sai khc gia tn hiu mong mun x m vi tn hiu thu
c x m c tnh bng:

m x m x m x m wT y x m yT w

Hnh 2. S khi thc hin b lc

i vi b lc Wiener, hm hiu nng c chn l sai s bnh phng trung bnh E 2 m .
Trong k hiu

l k vng thng k.

E 2 m E x m wT y x m yT w
= E x 2 m wT E yx m E x m yT w wT E yyT w

Ta nh ngha vector tng quan cho gia u vo v tn hiu mong mun l rxy E x m y m ,
v ma trn t tng quan ca tn hiu u vo l : Ryy E y m yT m , ta c :
E 2 m rxy 0 2wT ryx wT Ryy w

thu c cc trng s ng vi E 2 m c gi tr cc tiu, ta cn phi gii h phng trnh

c to thnh t o hm bc nht ca E i vi mi trng s bng khng, tc l:

E 2 m 0
w
2 E x m y m 2wT E y m y T m =0
2ryx 2wT Ryy 0

Trong ton t gradian c xc nh:

,
,...,

w w0 w1
wP 1

Do : Ryy w ryx w Ryy1ryx khi :

E 2 m rxy 0 wT Ryy w .

Hnh 3. M phng b lc Wiener

(ngun: Tham kho [2])
Trong min tn s, nhiu cng c biu din:
Y f X f N f

Khi sai khc gia X f thu c vi mong mun X f bng:

f X f X f X f W f Y f

X f W f X f N f
Bnh phng sai khc:

2
E 2 f E X f W f X f N f

Tng t cch lm trn, ta tnh o hm theo W thu c:

E 2 f
W
Cho

E 2 f
W

E 2W X 2 N 2 2 X 2

0 ta thu c p ng xung ca b lc Wiener bng:

Wf

PXX f
PXX f PNN f

Trong PXX v PNN l ph cng sut ca tn hiu v nhiu. Nu gi thit rng ph cng sut PXX v
PNN ca chng bit, th c th nhn c c lng tuyn tnh ti u sai s qun phng ti thiu
ca X f bng cch cho Y f qua b lc Wiener m p ng tn s W f .

Trong nhng bi ton thng gp, c lng ph cng sut nhiu PNN tng i d lm, nhng c
lng ph cng sut nh PXX th khng n gin. Mt phng php c s dng l ly trung bnh

X f cho nhiu nh x m khc nhau.

2

Chia c t c mu ca (1) cho PNN v t SNR f

Wf

PXX f
l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ta thu c:
PNN f

SNR f
Khi SNR 0 th W f
SNR f 1

Trong nhiu cng, p ng xung ca b lc Wiener l mt s thc v 0 W f 1

By gi chng ta hy xem xt hai trng hp:
i) nh khng c nhiu PNN 0 SNR v W f 1
ii) nh ton nhiu PXX 0 SNR 0 v W f 0
Nh vy b lc Wiener gi nguyn SNR ca cc phn hp thnh tn s cao nhng lm gim SNR
ca cc phn hp thnh tn s thp. c im b lc Wiener l thng thp.

2.2. M hnh nh b xung cp v nhe

Mt nh b xung cp v nho c th m hnh ho nh sau:
y m x m * h m

Trong m hnh trn nh b xung cp y m l kt qa nhn chp nh gc x m vi mt p ng

xung h m . h m c gi l hm nho.

Hnh 4. nh b nho
(Ngun: http://www.svi.nl/BlindDeconvolution)

S xung cp ny c th c m hnh ho bng nhn chp vi nho do cc nguyn nhn nh thu

knh lch tiu c, my b rung v nhiu lon ca kh quyn. Bi ton lm gim nho c th chia thnh
hai loi. Loi th nht l gii tch chp (deconvolution), trong khi hm nho h bit, mt cch
tip cn kh nho l b lc ngc. T:
Y f X f * N f X f

Yf
N f

Loi th hai l gii tch chp m (blind deconvolution), trong nhe h l khng bit v phi c
lng t nhng thng tin sn c trc khi a ti b lc ngc.

Hnh 5. nh b nhe nhng khng bit v hm gy nhe

(Ngun: http://www.svi.nl/BlindDeconvolution)

V ta mun chia chp y m khi khng c hiu bit chi tit v h m , nn php x l ny c gi l
bi ton chia chp m.
Trong phm vi ti bi tp ln ny khng i su vo gii quyt vn ny.

2.3. M hnh nh b xung cp bi c nhe v nhiu cng.

Thc t th s xung cp ca nh thng l t hp ca nhe v nhiu.
Thng thng ta ch xt trng hp nhiu nhe nh l mt b lc tuyn tnh vi p ng xung h m
v nhiu l nhiu cng n m . Tn hiu u ra c m hnh di dng:
P 1

y m x m * h m n m x k h m k n m
k 0

Mt cch tip cn hp l khi phc nh x m l p dng mt h lm gim nhiu t y m c

lng u m x m * h m sau p dng mt h kh nho t u m c lng ra x m
Cch tip cn ln lt kh cc loi xung cp tng ci mt, cho php chng ta khai trin nhng thut
ton khi phc ring cho mi loi, sau c kt hp chng li mt cch n gin nu nh b xung
cp v nhiu loi nguyn nhn khc nhau.
Trong min tn s, m hnh nhiu c dng:
Y f X f * H f N f

Hnh 6. M hnh b lc trng hp nhiu cng nhe

(ngun: Tham kho [1])

Li: f X f X f , gi thit x m v n m l nhng mu c lp tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra, gi
thit h m bit. Vy th b c lng tuyn tnh ti u (optimal linear estimator) c th ti thiu

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ho E X f X f l mt h LSI, tng t nh bin i trn (mc 2.1.1) ta s thu c p

ng xung ca b lc Wiener trn min tn s:

Wf

PXX f H * f
PXX f H f PNN f
2

Trong gi thit nhiu v tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau. Nu khng c nhiu th PNN f 0
v b lc Wiener tr thnh b lc ngc vi W f H 1 f

2.4. M hnh nh nhiu ph thuc tn hiu.

Mt nh b xung cp y m bt k c th biu din bi m hnh:
y m D x m x m d m

Trong D[.] l ton t xung cp c p dng vo x. Nu d m khng l hm ca tn hiu x m

th n c gi l nhiu cng khng ph thuc tn hiu. Nu d m l hm ca tn hiu x m th
d m c gi l nhiu cng ph thuc tn hiu. Nhng v d v nhiu ph thuc tn hiu l nhiu

m, nhiu ht trn phim v nhiu lng t.

Mt cch tip cn lm gim nhiu ph thuc tn hiu l bin i y m vo mt min, nhiu
tr thnh nhiu cng khng ph thuc tn hiu v sau lm gim nhiu khng ph thuc tn hiu.
Mt cch tip cn khc l lm gim nhiu trc tip trong min tn hiu. Trong phm vi bi tp ln ny
khng i su vo gii quyt m ch nu vn .
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3. Kho st ng dng ca b lc Wiener

Vic kho st ng dng ca b lc da trn cng c Matlab 7.11.0 (R2010b), y l mt cng
c mnh cho x l, h tr nhiu hm cho vic thc hin nhanh chng v thun tin.

Dng 1 nh c cht lng tt, coi nh l nh l

To ra s xung cp ln nh nh to nhiu hay lm tc ng quang hc do chuyn ng

Khi phc li bng cc hm s dng b lc weiner c chng trnh Matlab cung cp sn.

Cc hm s dng:

Hm c nh: I = imread(filename) c nh lu ma trn im nh vo ma trn I.

Hm hin th nh I: imshow(I) hin th nh c lu bng ma trn im nh I.

Hm to p ng xung: h = fspecial(type, parameters) p ng xung ny khi nhn chp

vi nh gc to ra cc hiu ng do type truyn vo nh:

motion: to nhe ging my nh chp b rung khi chp hay vt th chuyn ng nhanh qua

ng knh khi bm my

gaussan: to nhiu Gaussian

parameters: tham s b sung cho type

Hm to nhiu: J = imnoise(I,type,parameters) to ra cc loai nhiu nh gaussian, 'salt

& pepper'

Hm imfilter(A,H,option1,) hm ny s ty theo option x l A v H, trong th

nghim option = conv dng tch chp nh ban u A v H( l hiu ng quang hc chuyn
ng).

Hm gii chp s dng thut ton ca b lc Wiener:

o deconvwnr(I,H,SNR) deconvolves nh I dng b lc wiener khi bit gi tr ca nh
hng quang hc (motion) v tham s v nhiu ( y l t s SNR).

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o Ngoi ra ta cn 1 hm Wiener2 l hm lc nhiu nhng s dng nh mt phng thc

lc trung bnh
o wiener2 (I,[m n],noise) vi [m n] l kch thc p ng xung
Th nghim lc nhiu bng b lc Wiener
newImageRGB = imread('test2.PNG');
%% Chuyn nh sang nh xm
grayImage = rgb2gray(newImageRGB);
figure;
imshow(grayImage);
title('Anh goc');

%% Thm nhiu vo nh .
afferNoise = imnoise(grayImage,'gaussian',0,0.025);
figure;
imshow(afferNoise);
title('Anh Nhieu');
%% Lc nhiu nh bng b lc Wiener
afterWiener = wiener2(afferNoise,[6 6]);
figure, imshow(afterWiener);
title('Anh sau khi loc');

Kt qu chy th nghim:

Hnh 7. Kt qu khi phc nh b nhiu

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Th nghim b lc trong trng hp nh chuyn ng khng nhiu

newImageRGB = im2double(imread('test2.PNG'));
I = rgb2gray(newImageRGB);
figure;
imshow(I);
title('Anh goc');
%% Tao anh bi mo do chuyen dong
LEN = 21;
THETA = 11;
PSF = fspecial('motion', LEN, THETA);
blurred = imfilter(I, PSF, 'conv', 'circular');
figure, imshow(blurred)
title('Anh bi mo do chuyen dong');
%% Khoi phuc anh bi mo do chuyen dong
wnr1 = deconvwnr(blurred, PSF, 0);
figure, imshow(wnr1);
title('Anh khoi phuc do chuyen dong');

Kt qu:

Hnh 8. Kt qu khi phc nh b nhe do chuyn ng

Th nghim b lc bng cch thm nhiu vo nh b m do chuyn ng

%% Tao anh bi mo do chuyen dong va them nhieu
noise_mean = 0;
noise_var = 0.0001;
blurred_noisy = imnoise(blurred, 'gaussian', noise_mean, noise_var);
figure, imshow(blurred_noisy)

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title('Anh bi mo va co nhieu')
%% Khoi phuc
estimated_nsr = 0;
wnr2 = deconvwnr(blurred_noisy, PSF, estimated_nsr);
figure, imshow(wnr2)
title('Khoi phuc anh bi mo va co nhieu, Su dung ti so NSR = 0')
%% Khoi phuc anh bi mo va co nhieu co su dung ti so NSR
estimated_nsr = noise_var / var(I(:));
wnr3 = deconvwnr(blurred_noisy, PSF, estimated_nsr);
figure, imshow(wnr3)
title('Khoi phuc anh bi mo va co nhieu co su dung ti so NSR');

Kt qu th nghim

Hnh 9. Kt qu khi phc nh do nhe v nhiu

Trong trng hp SRN hay NSR 0 th ta c th thy ngay b lc Wiener tng ng vi lc

ngc v rt nhy vi nhiu.
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4. Ti liu tham kho

[1] Chap 6. Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction, Second Edition. Saeed V.
Vaseghi
[2] Two-dimentional Signal and image processing JAE Slim
[3] http://www.mathworks.com/help/images/examples/deblurring-images-using-a-wiener-filter.html

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