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2425 Formulas
2425 Formulas
1D Kinematics
General 1D Motion: x as a function of t
v = Dx .
Dt
v = x ,
t
a = Dv .
Dt
a = v
t
Work-Energy Theorem
Wnet = DK
v = v0 + a t
D x = 1 Hv0 + vL t
F is conservative 0 = F r
conservative forces DU = -W (U is potential energy)
D x = v0 t + 1 a t2
v2 - v20 = 2 a D x
Gravity: U = m g y
Spring: U = 1 k x2
2
A=
Ay
Ax
for Ax > 0
Power:
Ay
180 + tan-1 K O for Ax < 0
Ax
General 2D Kinematics
D r r
v=
, v=
, a = D v , a = v , Ave. Speed = Total Distance
t
Dt
Total Time
Projectiles
Horizontal: ax = 0 vx is const.
R=
1D: F = - U,
x
3D: Fx = -
U , Fz = -
p = m v (mom.) I = ti F t (impulse)
Vertical: ay = -g
Discrete :
M = i mi
i mi ri
cm
M
r = 1 r m
cm
Continuous : M = m
Relative Motion v = v + v0
Newton's Laws
First Law: v is const., unless net force.
particle :
Weight
U , Fy = -
F net Dt = I net = D p = m Iv f - vi M
r as a function of t
Dt
= W = F v
F net = m a
system : F ext
net = M acm
F net = p
t
ext
F net =
p
t tot
Conservation of Momentum
Mass: W = m g
F ext
net = 0 D ptot = 0 ptot,i = ptot, f
ext
Fnet,x = 0 Dptot,x = 0 ptot,i,x = ptot, f ,x
Collisions
ptot,i = ptot, f m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1 v1 f + m2 v2 f
2
General Circular Motion: ac = v , at = v
r
t
A B = A x B x + A y B y + Az Bz
Work
W = F r
w = Dq ,
Dt
w = q ,
t
a = Dw , a = w
Dt
Dq = 1 Hw + w0 L t
Dq = w0 t + 1 a t2
w2 - w20 = 2 a Dq
mi m j
Two masses: U = -G M m , Several masses: U = -G i< j
a = 0 w = const = 2 p
Moment of Inertia
I for a distribution - r is dist. from axis
2
Circular Orbits v2 = G M and T 2 = 4 p r3
Discrete: I = mi r2i ,
ri j
Continuous: I = r2 m
GM
2
Simple Harmonic Motion 2x = -w2 x, w = 2 p f = 2 p
T
t
v
x HtL = A cos Hw t +fL = x0 cos w t + 0 sin w t
w
1
k A2
2
1
1
2
2
Energy E = m v + k x = :
(mass/spring)
1
2
2
m v2max
2
2GM
R
12
v= w
solid: I = 2 M R2
5
Hoop about axis thru. center: I = M R2
Mass/Spring: w =
Simple Pendulum: w =
1D Wave Equation
Rotational Energy
K = 1 I w2 , U = M g ycm , Ktot = 1 Icm w2 + 1 M v2cm
2
2
2
`
Cross or Vector Product AB = u A B sin q , right hand rule u`
x` y` z`
A y Az
A x Az ` A x A y
-y`
+z
AB = Ax Ay Az = x`
B y Bz
B x Bz
Bx By
B x B y Bz
km
Physical Pendulum: w =
m g dI
gL
2
x2
u = 12
v
t2
f = w ,
2p
v= fl= w
k
= 1 m v w2 A2
2
Torque
TF = 9 TC +32, DT F = 9 DT C , TK = TC + 273
Angular Momentum: L = I w
System of Particles
m m
Vector: F 21 = -G 12 2 r` 12
Continuous Distribution: F = -G m 2 m
r
Sph. Shell: F = G M2m Hr > RL, F = 0 Hr < RL
r
g = G M2 (at surface of spherical planet)
R
b = 3 a (for solid)
First Law
D U = Q -W, U = dQ -dW, Hd is inexact differentialL
m
Discrete Distribution: F = -G m 2i r` i
ri
r`
Ltot
t ext
net =
t ext
net = 0 D Ltot = 0 (Conservation)
m m
Magnitude: F = G 1 2 2 ,
r
DL = a L0 DT, DV = b V0 DT,
r12
Entropy
S =
Const. T: DS =
dQ
dQ
DS =
T
T
Q
, Changing T: DS = m c ln
T
Tf
Ti
QH
QH
TC
Max. Eff.: emax = 1 (Carnot Engine is H.E. of max. eff.)
TH