J. Petrology 2009 Tatsumi 1575 603

JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
PAGES 1575^1603
2009
doi:10.1093/petrology/egp044
Tholeiitic vs Calc-alkalic Differentiation and

Evolution of Arc Crust: Constraints from
Melting Experiments on a Basalt from the
Izu^Bonin^Mariana Arc
Y. TATSUMI* AND T. SUZUKI
INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON EARTH EVOLUTION (IFREE), JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINEÊARTH SCIENCE AND
RECEIVED JANUARY 14, 2009; ACCEPTED JUNE 15, 2009

ADVANCE ACCESS PUBLICATION JULY 13, 2009
Basaltic magmas generated by mantle melting transport

both mass and heat to the crust. When basalt magmas
reach crustal depths they may produce more evolved
magmas via closed-system fractionation (Sisson & Grove,

1993; Kawamoto, 1996; Grove et al., 2003; Pichavant &
Macdonald, 2007), crustal melting (Smith & Leeman,
1987; Petford & Atherton, 1996; Fornelli et al., 2002; Sisson
et al., 2005), or any combination of these two processes
(Sakuyama, 1981; Kay & Kay, 1985; Hildreth &
Moorbath, 1988; Tatsumi, 2000; Dufek & Bergantz, 2005).
Identification of the processes occurring within the arc
crust is of critical importance given that evolved magmas
have been produced ubiquitously, both in time and space,
to create the continental crust that is a differentiated endmember component within the solid Earth (e.g. Rudnick,
1995; Albare'de, 1998; Tatsumi, 2005; Hawkesworth &
Kemp, 2006).
It has been well established that a greater abundance of
intermediate to felsic magmas is erupted at arcs along continental margins than in oceanic arcs (Gill, 1981; Ewart,
1982; Green, 1982; Wilson, 1989; Tatsumi & Eggins, 1995).
This general observation leads us to imagine that intermediate to felsic magmas are not produced voluminously in
oceanic arc settings. However, extensive seismic experiments in the Izu^Bonin^Mariana (IBM) intra-oceanic
arc (Suyehiro et al., 1996; Takahashi et al., 1998, 2007, 2008;
Kodaira et al., 2007a, 2007b; Sato et al., 2009) have clearly
documented the occurrence of middle crust with a P-wave
velocity (Vp) of 6^7 km/s. This is identical to the Vp of
both the bulk or average continental crust and plutonic
or metamorphic rocks with intermediate compositions
*Corresponding author: E-mail: tatsumi@jamstec.go.jp
The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All

rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@
oxfordjournals.org
The liquid line of descent (LLD) for a representative basalt from

the Izu^Bonin^Mariana (IBM) arc was investigated at 03 GPa
in the presence of 049^283 wt % H2O to constrain the differentiation of arc magmas and the evolution of the arcs crust. This is of
interest as differentiated continental crust may form as the middle
crust of the intra-oceanic IBM system. The tholeiitic differentiation
trend, which is often documented in the volcanic sequences of intraoceanic arcs, is best reproduced by the LLD of an H2O-poor
(05 wt %) basalt, whereas the calc-alkalic trend in the IBM
rocks, which are likely to form middle crust of intermediate composition, mimics the LLD of a hydrous basalt with 25^30 wt %
H2O. Magmatic temperatures estimated for IBM calc-alkalic
rocks, however, tend to be higher than those for the hydrous LLD.
It may thus be suggested that an alternative mechanism, mixing of
basaltic and felsic magmas, could play a major role in calc-alkalic
middle crust formation in the IBM. Seismic velocities of the inferred
middle crustal rocks, obtained based on both the experimental results
and theoretical calculations, agree well with the observed seismic
crustal structure.
KEY WORDS:
andesite; basalt; calc-alkalic: crust; tholeiitic
I N T RO D U C T I O N
Downloaded from http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 15, 2014
TECHNOLOGY (JAMSTEC), YOKOSUKA 237-0061, JAPAN
VOLUME 50
I Z U ^ B O N I N ^ M A R I A N A ( I B M ) A RC
Tectonic evolution
The IBM arc^trench system extends for 2800 km, southward from Honshu through the Izu Peninsula to Guam
(Fig. 1). The IBM subduction zone began as part of a
hemisphere-scale foundering of old, dense lithosphere in
the Western Pacific at 50 Ma (Bloomer et al., 1995; Stern,
2004). Its initiation was perhaps aided by mantle downwelling at the Indian^Pacific asthenospheric domain boundary (Okino et al., 1999) or by plate convergence (Hall
et al., 2003). Boninite, a characteristic andesite defined by
a high MgO content, the absence of plagioclase as both
phenocrysts and groundmass phases, and the presence of
clinoenstatite phenocrysts, was the major magmatic product at this initial stage. This was followed by the generation
of low-K tholeiites (Ishizuka et al., 2006).
IBM arc volcanism continued until about 30 Ma,
accompanied until at least 33 Ma by spreading along the
WNWÊSE-trending Central Basin Fault in the western
Philippine Sea (Deschamps et al., 2002; Taylor &
Goodliffe, 2004). The IBM then began to form its first
back-arc basins. Spreading began in the south to form the
Parece Vela Basin (Fig. 1) and propagated north and south
(Okino et al., 1998). Spreading in the northernmost IBM
began about 25 Ma and propagated south to form the
Shikoku Basin (Kobayashi et al., 1995; Okino et al., 1999).
The Shikoku Basin and Parece Vela Basin spreading systems coalesced at 20 Ma, stranding the Kyushu^Palau
Ridge as a remnant arc (Fig. 1). This back-arc basin spreading stopped at 15 Ma and then subduction resumed
beneath SW Japan. This caused the short-lived transform
margin along the northern margin of the Philippine Sea
Plate (Nankai Trough, Fig. 1) to become a convergent
margin (e.g. Tatsumi, 2006) and the northernmost IBM to
AUGUST 2009
start colliding with Honshu at about 15 Ma (Itoh, 1988;

Itoh & Ito, 1989). A new episode of rifting in the southern
IBM began at about 7 Ma, with seafloor spreading forming the Mariana Trough back-arc basin from about 3^4
Ma (Bibee et al., 1980; Yamazaki & Stern, 1997).
Crust and mantle structure

A wide-angle ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) experiment crossing the IBM at 328150 N (Suyehiro et al., 1996;
Takahashi et al., 1998) defined an 20 km thick arc crust
broadly composed of three layers (Fig. 2). The upper layer,
with a P-wave velocity (Vp) of 15^58 km/s, is composed
of sediments and volcanic rocks above a middle-crustal
layer (Vp 60^68 km/s). The lower crust has an upper
layer (Vp 68^69 km/s) overlying a thick basal
crust layer (Vp 71^72 km/s). This layered crustal structure has been confirmed by a recent seismic survey across
the Mariana arc (Takahashi et al., 2007, 2008), which also
suggests, as shown in Fig. 2, the existence of a zone of
uppermost mantle with Vp of 72^76 km/s, significantly
slower than the Vp of the normal upper mantle (478 km/s).
This crustal structure has also been identified along-strike
beneath the northern and central IBM, although each
crustal layer varies in thickness (Kodaira et al., 2007a,
2007b; Sato et al., 2009).
The Moho discontinuity is a sharp seismological boundary that generally separates rocks with Vp of 6^7 km/s
from those with Vp of about 8 km/s. The sub-Moho
mantle beneath the IBM, however, shows lower Vp than
typical mantle, causing confusion in the definition of the
sub-IBM Moho. The sub-arc Moho in the IBM is identified
based on a combination of the distribution of seismic
reflectors and the velocity jump across the Moho (from
68^72 to 72^76 km/s), and extrapolation of the welldefined normal Moho from beneath the back-arc basins
of the IBM (Takahashi et al., 2007). Beneath the IBM the
Vp of the sub-Moho mantle shows cross-arc variations;
that is, from 80 km/s beneath the back-arc basin to
72^76 km/s beneath the volcanic arc.
The observed seismic structure of the sub-IBM crust and
mantle was examined by petrological modeling of arc
magma generation and differentiation (Tatsumi et al.,
2008a). The crust and mantle can be interpreted as petrological layers, descending from volcanic rocks with a bimodal composition at the surface, through tonalite,
amphibolite (the plutonic equivalent of the initial basaltic
arc crust), granulite (originally produced as a restite
during anatexis of the basaltic arc crust or amphibolite)
to harzburgite (Fig. 2).
Magma compositions
Magmatism resumed at 15 Ma and has continued to the
present day along the entire IBM, resulting in accumulation of volcaniclastic rocks, lavas, and plutonic rocks with
a wide range of compositions. As emphasized by Tamura
1576
(e.g. Christensen & Mooney, 1995), providing a compelling

reason for concluding that intermediate magmas are
actively produced, although not necessarily erupted, at
oceanic arcs and for speculating that evolved or differentiated continental crust is also being created in such intraoceanic arc settings. Although intensive approaches have
been adopted in an attempt to determine how intermediate
middle crust forms at the IBM (Kawate & Arima, 1998;
Nakajima & Arima, 1998; Taira et al., 1998; Takahashi
et al., 2007; Tatsumi et al., 2008a), lack of quantitative
knowledge of the melting or crystallization regime for
magmas or rocks occurring in this arc has impeded a comprehensive understanding of arc crust evolution.
The primary aim of this study is to investigate the phase
relations and liquid^solid compositions during partial
melting of a representative basalt composition from the
IBM under pressure conditions relevant to the IBM deep
crust. Based on these data the differentiation process from
juvenile to evolved arc crust is then discussed.
NUMBER 8
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION
Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of the Izu^Bonin^Mariana Arc (IBM), created by subduction of the Pacific plate at the Izu^Bonin^Mariana trench
beneath the Philippine Sea plate. Behind the IBM back-arc basins have formed, including the Shikoku and Parece Vela Basins and Mariana
Trough. The IBM has collided with Honshu at the northern tip of the arc to form the Tanzawa plutonic complex (star), composed mainly of
intermediate to felsic plutonic rocks. Similar compositions have also been dredged along the IBM and Kyushu^Palau Ridge (circles).
1577
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NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
& Tatsumi (2002) and Tatsumi et al. (2008a), the major volcanic products are basaltic in composition, although there
are minor amounts of andesites, which is a characteristic
feature of intra-oceanic arcs. Figure 3 shows the compositions of the Quaternary volcanic rocks from the IBM. It
should be stressed that calc-alkalic andesites in the IBM
have major element compositions broadly similar to the
bulk continental crust.
Insights into the lithology of the middle crust of the IBM
are provided by exposures of deeper crust on land at the
northern end of the IBM where it is in collision with
Honshu (Fig. 1), and by exposures of deeper crust on the
scarps of deep submarine faults. The arcârc collision at
the northern end of the IBM began at about 15 Ma and
exposes the Tanzawa plutonic complex (Fig. 1), which largely consists of tonalites, with minor gabbroic suites
(Kawate & Arima, 1998). The complex is characterized by
a low-K magma series and has Sr and Nd isotopic compositions comparable with the northern IBM (Kawate &
Arima, 1998; Taira et al., 1998; Tamura & Tatsumi, 2002),
and thus was viewed as a potential candidate for a
representative of the middle crust (Taira et al., 1998;

Tatsumi et al., 2008a). However, sensitive high-resolution
ion microprobe (SHRIMP) dating of zircons from the
complex has yielded ages 55 Ma, suggesting that at least
some plutons postdate collision (Tani et al., in preparation).
Thus, rather than representing the middle crust, this suggests that the plutons formed during post-collisional magmatism. The model for the evolution of IBM arc crust
proposed by Tatsumi et al. (2008a) that assumes Tanzawa
tonalite as a possible IBM middle crust lithology may
therefore require revision.
Plutonic rocks ranging from gabbro via tonalite to granite have been dredged from fault scarps in the arc and the
Kyushu^Palau Ridge, a remnant paleo-IBM arc separated
by back-arc rifting in the Shikoku^Parece Vela Basin
(Fig. 1). The samples collected to date exhibit chemical
trends very similar to the Quaternary calc-alkalic volcanic
rocks rather than tholeiitic rocks (Fig. 3). If these are
indeed part of the IBM deep crust this suggests that it is
composed of calc-alkalic rocks with compositions similar
to average continental crust.
1578
Fig. 2. Generalized P-wave velocity (Vp) structure of the sub-IBM crust and mantle after Suyehiro et al. (1996), Takahashi et al. (1998, 2007,
2008), Kodaira et al. (2007a, 2007b) and Sato et al. (2009). The IBM arc is characterized by a middle crust with Vp of 60^68 km/s that is identical
to the Vp of both the bulk or average continental crust, and plutonic or metamorphic rocks with intermediate compositions. It should be also
stressed that the Vp of the uppermost mantle layer is significantly lower than that of the normal mantle. Petrological interpretation of this characteristic layered structure is also shown after Tatsumi et al. (2008a).
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Fig. 3. Compositions of subaerial volcanic and dredged plutonic rock from the IBM. Two chemical trends, calc-alkalic (CA) and tholeiitic
(TH), are recognized within the volcanic rocks; the plutonic rocks have compositions similar to the CA volcanic rocks. IBM calc-alkalic, intermedate rocks have compositions similar to the average continental crust (Weaver & Tarney, 1984; Taylor & McLennan, 1985; Shaw et al., 1986;
Christensen & Mooney, 1995; Rudnick & Fountain, 1995; Wedepohl, 1995). A basalt representing the IBM basalts (filled star) is used as the starting material of the melting experiments. An inferred rhyolite, which is produced by crystallization or partial melting of the starting basalt, is
also plotted (open star).
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AUGUST 2009
Table 1: Compositions of the starting basalt and hydrous glasses

D18-R04
G1
Av.
G2
s (64)
Av.
G3
s (70)
Av.
G4
s (78)
Av.
G5
s (66)
Av.
DB
s (79)
4930
4918
022
4885
031
4826
024
4807
038
4740
034
070
066
003
066
004
065
004
065
004
064
003
Al2O3
1830
1749
016
1737
016
1700
019
1703
019
1672
018
FeO
1100
1026
011
1003
011
1011
011
953
018
966
012
MnO
020
020
002
020
003
019
002
019
002
020
003
MgO
640
638
009
632
011
626
010
622
013
610
013
CaO
1240
1241
016
1231
016
1227
014
1202
018
1205
016
Na2O
160
157
006
153
006
155
006
153
006
155
006
K2O
010
015
002
015
002
015
002
015
002
015
002
H2O
Total
10000
049
114
166
243
283
9879
9856
9810
9782
9730
H2O-free and 100% normalized

SiO2
4930
5003
5014
5004
5039
5017
TiO2
070
067
068
067
068
068
08
Al2O3
1830
1779
1783
1763
1785
1770
191
FeO
1100
1044
1030
1048
999
1023
102
MnO
020
020
021
020
020
021
00
MgO
640
649
649
649
652
646
60
CaO
1240
1262
1264
1272
1260
1276
121
Na2O
160
160
157
161
160
164
16
K2O
010
015
015
016
016
016
02
500
Total Fe expressed as FeO.

The starting basalt (D18-R04) and glass (G1G5) data were determined by X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe
analysis, respectively. H2O content in the glass was measured by FTIR. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of
analytical points. Av, average. DB is a representative IBM basalt (Tatsumi et al., 2008a).
EXPERIMENTS
Starting material
Based on a compilation of volcanic rock compositions from
the IBM, Tatsumi et al. (2008a) proposed a widely distributed basalt composition (DB in Table 1) as a representative
parental basalt magma. They proposed that this originates
from a mantle-derived primary basalt magma via 20%
fractional crystallization leaving an olivine cumulate in
the mantle. It is the major basaltic component within the
IBM crust, occurring as either basaltic lavas in the upper
crust or as mafic plutons in the lower crust. A fresh basalt
from Sumisu-jima island (Figs 1 and 3, D18-R04 in
Table 1) with a composition similar to the representative
basalt proposed by Tatsumi et al. (2008a) is used as the
starting material for the experiments in this study.
Five glasses with different water contents were synthesized for use in the melting experiments as follows. The
powdered sample was first sealed in a Pt capsule (47 mm
inner diameter, 015 mm wall thickness) with a small
amount of distilled water (05, 10, 20, 25 and 30 wt %)
added in separate runs. The sample was then heated to

1350^14008C at 02 GPa for 30 min, and quenched isobarically. The recovered glasses contained 049, 114, 166, 243
and 283 wt %, H2O, measured using Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (Table 1).
Experimental procedures
Melting experiments were performed in a Kobelco
500 MPa type internally heated pressure vessel in which
pure Ar gas was used as the pressure medium. The glass
sample was placed in a Au25Pd capsule (20 mm inner diameter, 015 mm wall thickness), and was hung on Mo wire
in the hotspot of a Mo furnace within the pressure vessel
and held for 72^195 h at 03 GPa and a set temperature
(Table 2). The experimental pressure corresponds to that
in the middle to lower crust beneath the IBM. Pressures
were measured with a strain-gauge pressure transducer.
Temperatures were monitored with two W5Re^W26Re
thermocouples spaced vertically 5 mm apart, and the
observed temperature gradient across the sample was less
1580
SiO2
TiO2
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Table 2: Experimental conditions, phase assemblages, and proportions (wt %)

Run
H2O
T (8C)
Duration
(wt %)
melt
plag
cpx
opx
mt
ilm
qz
RSS
(h)
049
1000
170
HG384
049
1050
195
132
48
178
111
67
31
0029
HG394
049
1050 (1260)
170
143
504
188
106
59
0000
HG385
049
1100
144
204
478
138
128
52
0026
HG393
049
1100 (1250)
100
229
465
171
88
48
0011
HG402
049
1115 (1260)
117
363
399
124
86
27
0017
HG395
049
1125 (1260)
76
382
384
155
51
27
0043
HG392
049
1150 (1250)
96
609
275
48
43
26
0026
HG379
114
1000
170
176
457
181
111
71
04
0020
HG384
114
1050
195
244
432
165
88
0002
HG394
114
1050 (1260)
170
249
422
168
95
66
0002
HG385
114
1100
144
336
391
14
75
57
0005
HG393
114
1100 (1250)
100
333
399
144
73
51
0125
HG402
114
1115 (1260)
117
535
304
61
21
0003
HG395
114
1125 (1260)
76
538
30
95
48
18
0013
HG392
114
1150 (1250)
96
815
176
09
0644
HG389
166
950 (1200)
190
213
427
169
102
33
57
0051
HG379
166
1000
170
292
368
176
87
77
0015
HG363
166
1050
120
368
339
161
64
68
0001
HG394
166
1050 (1260)
170
357
341
161
75
66
0003
HG385
166
1100
144
499
285
121
37
58
0008
HG402
166
1115 (1260)
117
692
212
75
0059
HG395
166
1125 (1260)
76
844
156
0468
HG392
166
1150 (1250)
96
870
122
08
0477
HG389
243
950 (1200)
190
249
399
164
93
23
72
0037
HG379
243
1000
170
417
283
172
54
75
0010
HG391
243
1000 (1200)
120
28
387
156
85
53
0055
HG388
243
1050 (1200)
120
523
216
159
43
59
0003
HG381
243
1100
72
716
154
89
42
HG392
243
1150 (1250)
96
HG389
283
950 (1200)
190
278
379
161
86
28
69
0061
HG379
283
1000
170
435
274
159
52
0002
HG391
283
1000 (1200)
120
331
347
161
68
34
0044
HG388
283
1050 (1200)
120
631
164
145
0105
HG381
283
1100
72
786
118
59
37
HG392
283
1150 (1250)
96
100
100
0188
0250
Numbers in parentheses indicate temperature for 1 h pre-heating before the run at the planned temperature. RSS, residual
sum of squares.
than 108C. At the end of the run the hanging wire was cut
with a surging current, thereby letting the capsule fall to
the cold (52508C) bottom of the vessel and quench
isobarically.
Oxygen fugacity (fO2) during the melting experiments
was not controlled, because a normal double-capsule
method using a nickel^nickel oxide (NNO) buffer cannot

control fO2 for the long duration of these experiments
because of hydrogen leakage through the outer capsule
and dilution of Ni with the Pt capsule (Takagi et al., 2005;
Hamada & Fujii, 2008). Oxygen fugacity was thus estimated based on a solution model for coexisting magnetite
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NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Fig. 4. (a) fO2 during the melting experiments of this study (stars) and the study of Tatsumi et al. (2006) (dashed line) inferred from
magnetiteîlmenite compositions (Spencer & Lindsley, 1981). The fO2 range of arc magmas (Carmichael & Ghiorso, 1990; Ballhaus et al., 1991;
Carmichael, 1991; Ballhaus, 1993; Parkinson & Arculus, 1999) is also shown. (bê) Effect of fO2 on the liquid line of descent based on the experimental data of Sisson et al. (2005).
and ilmenite (Spencer & Lindsley, 1981). Although the

observed compositions of magnetite and ilmenite are
beyond the upper limit of their oxygen barometer, we tentatively show these estimates in Fig. 4a. The experimental
redox conditions were within a well-defined range of

NNO 25 to NNO 30, which is slightly lower than
the fO2 during previous experimental runs by Tatsumi
et al. (2006), who used a similar assembly (Fig. 4a).
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TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Mineral and glass compositions

Mineral and glass compositions were analyzed using a
JEOL JXA-8800 electron-probe micro-analyzer. The excitation potential, beam current and time spent on each elemental peak were 15 kV, 12 nA and 20 s, respectively.
A defocused electron beam of 10 mm in diameter was used
for glass, whereas a focused beam was employed for the
measurement of crystalline phases. ZAF correction procedures were employed. Modal compositions were calculated
by mass balance based on the compositions of the starting
material, minerals and glasses.
R E S U LT S
DISCUSSION
Effect of fO2 on liquid line of descent
These melting experiments allow the LLD to be defined
for equilibrium not fractional crystallization for a specific
basalt composition in the presence of different amounts of
H2O. To use these results to constrain magmatic processes,
however, we have to evaluate the effects of fO2 on melt
composition. The reason for this is the difference in fO2
between experiments and natural magmas. The fO2 of
arc magmas are generally estimated to range from NNO
to NNO 2 (i.e. NNO 2) (Carmichael & Ghiorso,
1990; Ballhaus et al., 1991; Carmichael, 1991; Ballhaus, 1993;
Parkinson & Arculus, 1999). For the IBM magmas, similar
estimates have been proposed (NNO 02^05, Yasuda
et al., 2001; NNO 0^3, H. Shukuno, personal communication). Thus, we suggest that fO2 during the present
experiments (NNO 2^3) is slightly (52 log unit)
higher than the fO2 in the IBM magmas (Fig. 4a).
Sisson et al. (2005) demonstrated that the amount and
composition of evolved liquids and coexisting mineral
assemblages vary with fO2 and temperature, with the
melt being more evolved at higher fO2, and the coexisting
mineral assemblages more plagioclase and Fe^Ti oxiderich, and amphibole-poor. A decrease in fO2 of 2 log
units can cause a maximum of 01 and 03 wt %
decrease in TiO2 and MgO, and 05 and 03 wt %
increase in Al2O3 and FeO at constant SiO2, respectively
(Fig. 4bê). These effects are shown on the LLD in Fig. 9.
Our data also demonstrate systematic and significant
changes in LLD with varying H2O content; for example,
TiO2 and FeO contents at a constant SiO2 decrease,
whereas Al2O3 increases significantly with increasing
H2O (Fig. 9). Therefore it is suggested that increasing the
H2O content from 049 to 283 wt % has a much greater
effect than that inferred for fO2.
H2O content vs tholeiitic and calc-alkalic

differentiation trends
The final goal of this experimental work is to understand
the process involved in the formation of the characteristic
middle crustal layer of the IBM, which exhibits a seismic
velocity close to that of the average continental crust and
thus is likely to have an intermediate composition, and
more generally to understand the genetic relationship
between the calc-alkalic and tholeiitic magma series.
1583
The modal compositions and the average compositions of

minerals and glasses are listed in Tables 2 and 3.
An important criterion indicating that equilibrium
has been reached is that regular and consistent partitioning of major elements between crystalline phases and melt
is achieved. The calculated orthopyroxene^melt and
clinopyroxene^melt Fe^Mg exchange distribution coefficients (KDFe^Mg) are 020 003 (1s) and 029 006 (1s),
respectively (Fig. 5a). The plagioclase^melt Ca^Na
exchange distribution coefficient changes with melt composition (Fig. 5b). These exchange distribution coefficients
are close to those previously reported (e.g. Gaetani et al.,
1993; Sisson & Grove, 1993; Grove et al., 2003; Sisson et al.,
2005; Tatsumi et al., 2006; Hamada & Fujii, 2008). This,
together with constant melt and mineral compositions
within each run product (Table 3), suggests that the experiments achieved equilibrium.
Electron microprobe analyses confirmed Fe loss, ranging
from 05 to 07 wt % relative, during the synthesis of
hydrous glass in Pt capsules (Table 1). In the Au^Pd capsules used in the long duration (472 h) melting experiments Fe loss was not observed. As a result, the minimum
Fe content of the quenched glass can be estimated, and
from mass-balance calculations is 98 wt %.
For each synthesized sample the melt fraction systematically increases as temperature increases (Fig. 6). The concentrations of particular elements at a constant melt
fraction (e.g. Si and Fe) vary significantly with H2O content (Fig. 6), as a result of systematic changes in phase
abundance with H2O content (Fig. 7). Crystallization of
plagioclase and orthopyroxene tends to be suppressed,
whereas the amount of Fe^Ti oxides increases with increasing H2O. Lower concentrations of Al2O3 and Na2O, and
higher concentrations of TiO2 and FeO in H2O-poor
melts may thus be caused by higher and lower abundance
of plagioclase and Fe^Ti oxides, respectively (Figs. 7 and
8). Higher abundance of orthopyroxene as a crystallizing
phase at higher degrees of partial melting (Fig. 7) could
account for the observation that SiO2 tends to be constant
in H2O-poor systems (Fig. 8). Na2O data tend to be scattered especially at small melt fractions (Fig. 8), suggesting
that the defocused electron beam used here may still cause
Na loss during analysis. However, the size of glass pools
present in those experiments is not large enough to use a
more defocused beam.
Major element compositions of experimental melts are
plotted as a function of SiO2 content in Fig. 9. Liquid
lines of descent (LLDs), especially TiO2, Al2O3, and FeO
vs SiO2 vary significantly with H2O content.
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Table 3: Compositions of glass and minerals (wt %)

Run
T (8C)
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
Total
049% H2O
HG379
1000
plag (2)
s
opx (5)
s
1050
241
007
002
012
005
001
002
5310
026
270
1637
039
2323
24
009
003
000
027
008
106
026
005
072
05
005
001
000
187
9968
9857
058
282
1020
047
1549
028
000
002
9923
021
041
001
026
016
002
001
005
9923
mt (6)
036
647
330
7610
024
288
035
001
003
007
8981
009
017
008
017
001
004
005
002
001
003
ilm (2)
044
2581
093
6053
011
197
053
002
002
005
003
015
000
001
000
002
000
002
000
001
6708
125
1347
696
019
216
644
151
094
000
047
006
020
018
001
005
018
006
002
000
4639
004
3069
127
002
015
1530
234
007
000
019
001
027
009
002
002
032
005
000
000
5089
032
223
1445
054
2652
188
003
003
000
053
002
008
037
002
031
019
002
001
000
Melt (4)
cpx (5)
4727
071
343
1012
043
1505
1805
026
003
002
041
015
037
050
006
039
084
003
001
001
mt (3)
028
543
352
7753
038
325
031
001
003
010
003
004
002
006
002
003
004
001
001
007
qz (1)
9030
019
049
049
004
049
070
002
003
000
Melt (3)
6341
133
1413
779
022
259
748
226
080
039
003
034
013
002
008
015
006
003
4939
006
2947
163
001
027
1483
239
006
014
003
026
008
001
005
021
011
001
5219
032
241
1628
052
2505
191
004
001
053
006
041
020
003
050
021
001
001
s
plag (5)
s
opx (6)
s
cpx (10)
s
mt (1)
Melt (5)
s
plag (6)
s
opx (4)
s
cpx (3)
1100
1515
004
011
HG393
015
001
5069
opx (4)
1100
001
008
9799
HG385
114
000
cpx
plag (2)
1050
3122
000
qz (1)
HG394
005
018
5035
052
303
1111
040
1586
1672
021
001
049
009
051
091
003
042
157
002
001
049
565
394
7585
039
324
037
000
000
5971
149
1409
1033
016
372
840
148
062
9084
9275
8993
001
037
002
039
013
003
020
023
006
003
001
4910
007
2999
169
002
042
1521
226
007
001
019
004
018
022
001
025
006
010
002
001
5417
017
137
1527
037
2457
405
008
003
001
017
005
017
022
003
062
061
001
001
001
055
346
1057
023
1551
1816
025
002
000
012
024
004
010
034
001
001
000
mt (3)
028
465
453
7686
022
382
035
001
001
015
001
006
003
027
002
011
004
001
001
002
5620
145
1418
1174
028
453
928
190
044
027
004
020
013
002
011
010
006
002
4973
005
2934
176
002
032
1450
253
006
065
004
072
027
002
010
046
021
001
5237
026
302
1505
047
2579
205
004
001
opx (37)
9537
9821
008
9689
9873
037
plag (58)
9627
9811
5023
10000
9999
Melt (16)
9041
10000
9884
10009
9898
9088
10000
9831
9906
(continued)
1584
HG384
4946
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Table 3: Continued
Run
T (8C)
SiO2
1115
CaO
Na2O
K2O
019
035
003
037
022
001
001
353
1050
039
1600
1697
024
001
041
007
033
041
003
043
071
002
001
mt (15)
054
399
521
7684
034
406
031
003
001
005
007
019
041
004
011
006
002
001
5268
129
1436
1368
029
552
998
191
031
031
004
021
015
002
010
014
004
002
4943
004
3020
169
002
030
1532
245
005
092
004
076
022
002
013
061
033
001
Melt (27)
opx (25)
s
5255
022
320
1546
041
2560
217
004
000
029
003
017
021
003
026
014
002
001
5041
041
385
1071
032
1593
1733
023
001
036
005
040
051
004
054
098
003
001
mt (7)
026
367
657
7541
026
452
026
001
001
002
006
013
043
003
006
003
001
001
5214
130
1446
1366
029
584
1010
190
031
028
005
015
015
003
017
010
006
002
4956
003
2997
143
002
033
1460
263
006
062
003
052
013
002
007
041
021
002
Melt (31)
s
plag (62)
s
opx (17)
Cr2O3
Total
9841
9133
10001
9950
9965
9920
9097
10000
9863
5202
022
340
1504
040
2590
217
004
001
040
003
010
031
003
026
020
001
001
5003
040
427
1101
033
1656
1571
021
001
039
007
060
081
005
103
199
003
001
5214
102
1499
1159
027
694
1095
183
025
001
019
004
016
025
003
013
021
010
002
001
4788
003
3105
133
002
034
1606
210
005
001
084
003
060
014
002
017
059
032
001
001
5309
016
335
1215
035
2818
229
003
002
004
043
003
044
031
003
043
022
002
001
003
5056
035
426
851
027
1703
1788
023
002
005
060
008
120
054
003
048
136
007
001
003
4836
003
2949
189
002
027
1477
248
008
002
028
001
052
013
002
011
024
010
001
002
opx (1)
5353
028
228
1336
074
2832
162
002
003
001
10019
cpx(3)
4931
07
397
824
046
163
026
001
003
9748
054
005
016
022
002
021
057
005
001
001
s
cpx (58)
s
Melt (24)
s
plag (102)
s
opx (77)
s
cpx (94)
s
9920
9853
9999
9887
9966
9916
114% H2O
HG389
950
plag (2)
s
HG379
1000
mt (1)
173
131
7199
009
135
089
003
qz (1)
9439
016
055
034
005
017
003
003
9572
Melt (3)
6861
087
1412
506
011
203
577
270
073
001
10001
s
plag (10)
s
opx (13)
s
cpx (7)
109
182
9741
8829
056
000
009
009
002
023
002
003
004
001
4802
004
3160
130
001
019
1585
200
006
001
027
002
036
013
001
011
028
018
002
001
5286
031
264
1343
039
2612
176
002
002
001
069
005
040
053
004
081
029
002
001
001
5059
052
327
832
028
1489
1906
027
004
002
9908
9756
9726
(continued)
1585
cpx (33)
1150
MgO
047
HG392
MnO
003
plag (60)
1125
FeO
024
HG395
Al2O3
5030
cpx (39)
HG402
TiO2
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Table 3: Continued
Run
HG384
T (8C)
1050
SiO2
Cr2O3
004
089
069
001
001
002
7744
026
341
032
001
002
008
010
011
005
043
003
006
005
001
001
002
ilm (3)
018
2249
099
6369
012
197
042
000
002
006
001
008
001
055
001
007
006
000
001
003
6380
115
1446
689
022
298
723
263
062
001
021
001
011
008
003
002
008
008
002
002
4722
008
3061
161
003
031
1562
195
007
002
042
004
050
014
002
013
028
003
002
002
5276
025
258
1216
057
2880
168
003
002
001
038
004
035
060
004
047
021
002
001
001
4982
056
345
845
040
1605
1916
028
002
001
062
006
017
033
003
043
053
002
001
002
Melt (5)
mt (8)
031
380
398
7693
039
413
034
001
002
008
005
008
006
041
004
011
005
001
001
006
6210
111
1495
761
022
321
767
258
052
014
004
015
013
003
010
007
004
003
4783
004
3066
153
002
024
1560
198
004
043
002
030
011
002
005
028
010
001
5227
026
320
1303
052
2721
189
004
001
045
003
033
054
003
050
024
001
001
4968
055
402
868
038
1540
1907
027
001
038
008
060
038
003
042
039
003
001
Melt (18)
plag (21)
s
opx (29)
s
cpx (31)
s
369
431
7614
037
401
027
002
000
022
011
166
003
008
005
001
001
5878
122
1473
913
017
433
884
235
044
001
030
006
017
010
002
006
014
009
002
001
4769
011
3077
205
003
037
1587
194
007
002
078
008
048
038
002
011
032
011
003
001
5271
027
359
1090
032
2955
191
003
002
001
078
004
056
059
002
065
025
001
001
001
opx (17)
s
cpx (10)
5011
048
391
848
024
1639
1917
028
002
002
094
009
055
052
002
060
036
003
001
002
mt (6)
028
281
499
7725
022
491
028
001
003
010
010
007
006
034
004
009
003
001
001
002
5636
115
1495
1051
026
489
940
212
035
029
004
020
012
003
013
009
005
002
4887
004
2977
184
003
039
1513
225
005
094
003
074
019
002
012
058
029
002
5283
024
367
1147
047
2841
202
004
001
056
002
063
052
005
041
024
002
001
s
plag (60)
s
opx (21)
s
4971
049
434
896
036
1583
1844
025
001
cpx (33)
047
006
050
039
004
041
060
002
001
mt (13)
050
273
568
7711
034
481
030
001
000
002
006
009
031
003
009
005
002
001
5206
105
1504
1274
027
627
1044
189
024
028
004
015
010
003
008
009
006
002
Melt (30)
s
9886
9820
8999
8931
Melt (27)
9752
9806
050
plag (5)
9999
9843
004
8994
9794
mt (9)
8949
9999
s
Melt (9)
Total
10001
9892
9931
9910
9088
9999
9837
9916
9839
9148
10000
(continued)
1586
028
347
1115
K2O
058
HG402
Na2O
419
cpx (9)
1100
CaO
008
HG393
MgO
029
opx (10)
1100
MnO
069
HG385
FeO
mt (8)
plag (6)
1050
Al2O3
HG394
TiO2
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Table 3: Continued
Run
T (8C)
SiO2
plag (51)
s
opx (35)
s
cpx (25)
HG395
1125
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
4826
003
3103
137
001
024
1607
196
003
100
002
068
010
002
006
065
032
002
5277
017
356
1312
039
2705
219
003
001
056
004
053
056
004
048
022
002
001
037
438
949
029
1580
1866
023
001
060
005
049
044
003
041
049
002
001
mt (14)
022
251
751
7451
028
535
013
001
001
002
015
012
246
003
010
003
001
001
5179
102
1515
1293
027
636
1040
185
024
025
005
010
013
003
011
009
005
002
4838
002
3076
140
001
029
1550
221
004
090
002
071
011
002
007
056
029
002
5201
018
402
1338
037
2702
213
003
001
082
003
073
042
003
063
025
002
001
Melt (30)
s
opx (47)
s
Cr2O3
Total
9900
9929
9913
9053
10000
9861
9915
4935
039
477
968
029
1584
1797
023
001
083
007
070
042
003
076
063
002
001
mt (9)
028
242
761
7581
028
534
012
002
001
003
006
016
030
002
009
003
002
001
5090
083
1532
1170
025
763
1150
165
020
001
035
006
016
012
003
016
009
005
001
001
4855
002
3057
121
001
031
1583
238
005
001
034
003
038
011
001
002
027
017
001
001
Melt (1)
7079
022
1540
281
014
174
568
257
063
000
9999
plag (5)
4759
000
3189
150
002
014
1663
176
004
002
9959
060
001
062
021
001
004
034
017
001
002
5406
028
331
895
061
3063
117
004
002
002
041
012
040
084
006
049
017
002
001
001
cpx (22)
Melt (13)
s
plag (9)
s
9853
9189
9999
9894
166% H2O
HG389
950
s
opx (5)
s
cpx (6)
HG379
1000
4980
062
412
719
040
1535
2094
027
002
003
064
018
045
070
003
020
051
004
001
002
mt (2)
014
075
318
7996
050
466
031
003
002
006
001
000
008
034
004
004
001
002
000
002
ilm (4)
017
845
131
7617
011
105
037
001
002
004
004
058
002
038
002
010
003
002
001
003
6405
100
1630
537
014
277
704
283
048
001
027
005
006
004
003
007
013
003
001
001
4618
005
3241
129
002
012
1687
158
004
001
039
001
013
011
002
002
017
005
001
001
5282
024
346
1074
036
2741
159
005
002
002
033
003
088
051
004
088
041
005
001
001
Melt (6)
s
plag (6)
s
opx (8)
s
cpx (13)
HG363
1050
4940
060
399
767
024
1514
1978
027
003
001
059
010
030
042
003
059
085
003
001
001
mt (8)
026
317
429
7666
031
464
031
002
003
007
010
007
005
038
002
007
009
002
001
002
6011
102
1645
688
023
398
833
259
039
001
036
003
021
015
002
008
013
004
002
002
4671
006
3168
164
002
032
1649
165
005
001
Melt (13)
s
plag (15)
9909
9874
8961
8770
9999
9857
9671
9713
8976
9999
9863
(continued)
1587
4990
plag (43)
1150
Al2O3
HG392
TiO2
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Table 3: Continued
Run
T (8C)
SiO2
s
opx (10)
s
cpx (11)
HG394
1050
Cr2O3
055
003
055
024
002
013
032
012
002
001
5261
025
343
1086
048
2898
198
002
002
001
071
003
050
042
003
072
033
001
001
001
797
035
1595
1971
026
002
001
042
004
045
068
003
001
002
mt (11)
023
259
494
7752
042
550
029
001
002
006
006
003
009
043
003
008
005
001
001
002
5989
102
1609
742
023
405
835
255
039
027
003
018
012
002
006
010
005
002
4654
004
3165
151
002
023
1661
160
002
051
003
051
008
002
012
050
021
001
5288
024
390
1143
047
2842
181
006
001
092
004
069
057
003
078
028
004
001
Melt (28)
531
769
031
1495
1978
036
002
181
030
003
100
022
009
002
mt (10)
047
282
510
7676
038
498
022
004
000
002
004
010
035
003
011
005
002
001
5634
099
1605
866
017
559
962
228
030
001
026
003
012
010
002
007
013
004
002
002
4672
004
3194
163
001
022
1678
158
003
001
028
002
032
012
001
005
019
011
001
001
5394
017
365
867
027
3146
161
003
002
000
049
003
042
038
002
043
017
003
001
001
9894
9077
5015
036
442
717
019
1654
1988
030
003
001
042
004
044
037
003
056
030
003
001
002
mt (7)
027
167
641
7501
026
689
029
002
002
007
008
002
005
025
001
006
003
002
001
003
5146
082
1593
1146
024
715
1103
173
019
033
004
028
011
003
016
007
004
001
4762
002
3122
148
002
025
1650
186
003
112
002
093
009
002
006
076
039
001
cpx (8)
Melt (20)
s
plag (17)
s
cpx (5)
024
404
808
026
1714
1854
020
001
030
005
023
043
004
018
083
002
001
mt (3)
019
170
906
7312
027
665
015
001
000
000
007
017
018
001
015
005
001
000
5098
080
1615
1154
024
723
1119
170
018
027
003
016
013
002
010
008
007
002
4757
002
3100
140
002
026
1574
207
003
064
002
045
009
002
002
019
014
002
5046
074
1636
1104
023
720
1205
173
018
001
032
003
026
011
003
014
009
003
002
001
4715
001
3172
111
002
023
1694
177
004
000
037
002
022
004
001
001
019
010
002
001
6838
028
1626
324
015
228
613
276
054
001
051
003
015
008
002
008
015
007
002
002
4714
002
3207
135
002
012
1683
161
003
001
plag (9)
s
Melt (17)
s
plag (11)
s
9896
9982
9905
9091
9900
5058
10000
10001
Melt (16)
9158
9909
9115
10001
9811
10001
9899
243% H2O
HG389
950
Melt (14)
s
plag (64)
10000
9920
(continued)
1588
051
005
opx (10)
9862
9922
038
9864
9822
5001
Melt (9)
Total
9999
plag (8)
1150
K2O
028
HG392
Na2O
438
cpx (10)
1125
CaO
005
HG395
MgO
055
opx (38)
1115
MnO
042
plag (26)
HG402
FeO
4942
1100
Al2O3
HG385
TiO2
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Table 3: Continued
Run
T (8C)
SiO2
s
opx (19)
s
cpx (39)
HG379
1000
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
062
002
039
011
002
013
037
019
001
002
5492
007
334
645
073
3220
126
002
002
001
037
003
040
035
005
052
044
002
001
001
615
041
1535
2177
029
002
001
070
056
005
047
026
003
001
002
mt (4)
012
074
363
7883
060
568
025
002
003
006
003
002
007
012
003
009
002
001
001
002
ilm (13)
008
728
144
7650
010
125
025
001
003
002
003
066
004
152
003
022
006
001
001
002
6044
089
1748
564
021
386
820
288
039
000
052
003
011
007
002
005
014
009
002
000
4447
002
3222
143
002
018
1724
138
004
001
026
002
019
020
002
002
019
007
001
001
Melt (7)
5168
024
426
928
049
2965
185
004
002
001
046
006
081
066
003
084
045
004
001
002
4732
065
496
805
033
1539
2023
029
002
001
050
008
044
080
004
020
063
004
002
002
mt (4)
023
239
518
7539
045
597
030
001
002
010
002
005
005
037
001
010
006
001
001
002
6616
047
1603
408
017
304
696
264
044
002
028
002
011
008
003
009
007
004
002
002
4726
003
3167
138
002
014
1700
143
003
001
060
002
043
009
002
005
043
018
001
001
5470
023
382
770
048
3130
140
003
003
001
064
006
053
050
007
067
022
002
002
001
Melt (14)
s
plag (5)
s
opx (10)
s
cpx (45)
5040
057
445
651
030
1542
2127
027
002
001
078
012
069
052
003
046
041
003
001
002
mt (6)
022
094
437
7541
060
696
026
001
002
005
012
002
007
026
002
005
003
001
001
005
ilm (25)
007
955
154
7402
010
175
024
001
002
003
002
037
004
050
002
009
005
001
001
002
5761
086
1732
695
023
499
928
244
030
002
045
004
007
009
003
005
012
006
001
002
4625
003
3270
141
002
016
1734
146
003
001
078
002
046
009
002
006
049
023
001
001
Melt (16)
s
plag (48)
s
opx (22)
s
cpx-1 (42)
s
cpx-2 (4)
5279
022
512
890
041
3091
169
002
002
001
054
003
054
032
003
044
024
001
001
002
4969
047
478
705
027
1590
2136
025
002
001
060
006
051
035
002
039
021
002
001
002
4312
083
1140
1076
021
1132
2128
023
002
001
089
008
070
049
004
073
045
003
001
001
mt (12)
012
183
629
7671
044
703
021
001
002
007
002
006
008
028
003
009
008
001
001
002
5336
079
1705
884
023
658
1099
193
022
001
018
003
030
010
002
014
014
005
001
002
4478
003
3229
169
001
020
1723
115
004
000
031
003
021
018
001
006
024
012
001
000
Melt (15)
s
plag (7)
s
Total
9902
9892
8996
8696
10000
9701
9752
9725
9004
10001
9897
9970
9922
8884
8733
10001
9941
10009
9980
9918
9273
10000
9742
(continued)
1589
423
cpx (9)
1100
CaO
023
opx (4)
HG381
MgO
037
1050
MnO
093
HG388
FeO
5032
plag (7)
1000
Al2O3
HG391
TiO2
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Table 3: Continued
Run
T (8C)
SiO2
cpx (6)
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
4681
046
601
782
020
1455
2078
025
002
001
072
008
052
056
002
043
019
002
001
001
mt (2)
014
115
781
7155
035
813
028
000
003
008
001
001
001
024
002
003
005
000
000
002
6723
036
1679
330
016
250
648
269
047
001
051
005
013
008
002
004
006
012
003
001
4671
002
3252
132
002
011
1727
141
003
001
042
002
031
014
002
014
036
015
001
001
Total
9691
8952
283% H2O
HG389
950
Melt (13)
s
plag (57)
s
opx (31)
s
HG379
1000
3274
108
002
002
001
005
051
015
001
001
002
5112
017
373
561
041
1581
2206
028
002
001
056
008
037
037
004
035
022
002
001
002
010
082
402
7804
058
619
020
001
002
005
003
002
050
004
005
002
001
001
002
ilm (17)
006
757
156
7678
009
142
021
000
002
002
002
076
006
079
003
030
005
001
001
002
6015
084
1758
558
022
406
844
276
037
001
025
003
008
010
003
005
010
007
001
002
4467
002
3246
126
002
012
1771
119
003
001
031
002
025
005
001
003
032
010
001
001
5230
024
421
860
043
3058
140
003
002
001
050
004
049
032
003
054
020
001
001
002
Melt (15)
opx (8)
s
cpx (8)
4884
052
460
681
031
1557
2082
026
002
001
070
008
069
062
002
062
037
002
001
002
mt (4)
024
220
554
7525
046
633
026
001
003
007
009
007
007
071
003
006
004
002
002
001
6426
049
1684
416
021
355
754
256
038
001
041
003
013
008
003
004
010
006
002
001
4696
002
3193
135
002
013
1710
136
003
001
056
002
040
007
002
009
040
021
001
001
Melt (16)
s
plag (47)
s
opx (16)
s
cpx (54)
1050
067
048
002
HG388
606
061
mt (4)
plag (12)
1000
340
003
HG391
007
063
5439
021
411
728
044
3175
139
002
002
001
057
005
057
039
004
069
046
002
001
001
5010
057
480
641
028
1536
2143
028
002
001
064
014
075
043
003
047
029
004
001
002
mt (11)
015
092
499
7425
060
776
021
001
002
004
004
005
007
037
005
007
004
002
001
002
ilm (12)
004
1042
161
7355
013
233
009
001
002
003
002
071
004
082
003
023
006
001
001
002
5643
080
1779
688
023
567
972
222
027
001
028
004
007
011
003
007
010
007
002
002
4551
001
3348
122
001
014
1816
107
002
001
037
001
036
008
001
004
030
015
001
002
5075
032
404
661
029
1730
1999
020
002
002
032
005
036
048
004
063
099
003
001
002
4199
092
1170
1168
018
1064
2158
023
002
004
052
013
052
054
003
037
036
002
001
003
Melt (24)
s
plag (48)
s
cpx-1 (24)
s
cpx-2 (4)
s
9942
9922
9922
9003
8773
10001
9749
9782
9776
9039
10001
9891
9962
9926
8895
8823
10001
9963
9954
9898
(continued)
1590
cpx (33)
5515
10000
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Table 3: Continued
Run
HG381
T (8C)
1100
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
mt (11)
009
158
736
7553
041
800
018
002
003
007
002
005
013
035
002
012
007
002
001
004
5267
077
1722
881
022
668
1164
178
020
001
021
005
012
010
002
011
010
005
002
001
4437
003
3232
171
001
023
1741
099
003
001
036
003
043
013
001
013
024
010
002
002
4589
045
675
850
017
1361
2132
023
002
001
063
005
027
036
002
028
018
001
001
002
Melt (20)
s
plag (9)
s
cpx (12)
s
mt (5)
012
099
802
7138
034
854
028
002
003
007
001
002
007
026
003
011
001
001
000
002
Total
9327
9999
9711
9695
8979
Calc-alkalic series magmas are clearly dominant in continental arcs and mature arcs with thicker crust
(Miyashiro, 1971; Baker, 1974; Gill, 1981), whereas tholeiitic
series magmas characterize magmatism in intra-oceanic
arcs. However, tholeiitic rocks have been found to coexist
with calc-alkalic rocks in a single volcanic system in some
mature arcs; for example, Mt. Shasta, USA (Baker et al.,
1994); Chichontepec, El Salvador (Bau & Knittel, 1993),
Aso in SW Japan (Hunter, 1998), and Myoko-Kurohime in
Central Japan (Sakuyama, 1981). Furthermore, along the
volcanic front of the NE Japan arc about one-third of the
Quaternary volcanoes erupt both tholeiitic and calc-alkalic magmas (Kawano et al., 1961). The genetic relationship
between these two magma series is therefore critical to
better understand andesite genesis and arc crust evolution.
It has been repeatedly proposed that the calc-alkalic
trend can be reproduced by differentiation of hydrous
basaltic magmas (e.g. Green & Ringwood, 1967; Sisson &
Grove, 1993; Kawamoto, 1996; Grove et al., 2003;
Pichavant & Macdonald, 2007). Hamada & Fujii (2008)
examined the LLDs of a basalt similar to the starting
material used here but under different pressure^fO2^H2O
conditions and demonstrated that the LLDs define calcalkalic trends in the presence of 42 wt % H2O. Although
our LLDs cannot be directly compared with those of
Hamada & Fujii (2008) because of the higher fO2 in our
experiments, they also tend to become more calc-alkalic
with increasing H2O (Figs 9 and 10). It may be thus suggested that magmatic differentiation under hydrous conditions, such as crystallization of a hydrous basaltic magma
or anatexis of gabbro or amphibolite crust under hydrous
conditions, could be a likely process to derive IBM calcalkalic magmas.
To examine more quantitatively the amount of H2O that
plays a role in IBM magma differentiation, the LLDs are
compared with the compositions of the IBM volcanic

rocks on SiO2-variation diagrams. TiO2, Al2O3 and FeO
contents at a constant SiO2 content change significantly
with H2O (Fig. 9), allowing H2O content in the parental,
basaltic materials to be estimated. The compositional
trends for the IBM calc-alkalic rocks are best reproduced
by an LLD in the presence of 25^3 wt % H2O, which is
consistent with the experimental data of Hamada & Fujii
(2008).
Tholeiitic differentiation trends observed within the
IBM rocks are characterized by an increase in both TiO2
and FeO with increasing degrees of differentiation
during the earlier stages (Figs 3 and 9), which may be
most consistent with an LLD in the presence of 049 wt %
H2O (Fig. 9). Such an LLD also shows a typical tholeiitic
trend in an AFM ternary diagram (Fig. 10). H2O-poor
parental magmas for the IBM tholeiitic series are also consistent with the observation that tholeiitic felsic volcanic
rocks from the Sumisu caldera volcano (Fig. 1) exhibit pyroxene crystallization temperatures higher than 10508C
(Shukuno et al., 2006); such temperatures in differentiated
felsic magmas could be attained only by H2O-poor
magma differentiation (Fig. 11). Analyses of melt inclusions
in olivine and/or plagioclase phenocrysts also provide constraints on H2O content in IBM tholeiitic magmas: Saito
et al. (2005) and Hamada & Fujii (2007) analyzed melt
inclusions in tholeiitic basalts from Miyake-jima and IzuOshima volcanoes and reported 02^24 wt % H2O in
melt inclusions. Because these melt inclusions have basaltic
compositions more differentiated than that of the basalt
used here, an inferred H2O content in a parental basalt
magma (049 wt %) would be consistent with the melt
inclusion data.
It should be stressed that partial melting of an H2Opoor basaltic lower crust, an inverse process of equilibrium
1591
Numbers in parentheses indicate number of samples analyzed.
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Fig. 5. Element partitioning between (a) orthopyroxene (opx) and clinopyroxene (cpx) and (b) plagioclase (plag) and melt during the experiments. These exchange distribution coefficients are similar to those previously reported (e.g. Gaetani et al., 1993; Sisson & Grove, 1993; Grove
et al., 2003; Sisson et al., 2005; Tatsumi et al., 2006; Hamada & Fujii, 2008).
1592
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
crystallization of an H2O-poor basaltic magma, is also a

possible process for production of tholeiitic magmas, as
suggested by Tatsumi et al. (2008b) for tholeiitic magmas
at Zao volcano, NE Japan. The major observation that
may lead to this conclusion is that the tholeiitic basalt
magmas have higher 87Sr/86Sr than the calc-alkalic basaltic magmas (07042 vs 07038) and may thus be derived
from a more radiogenic crustal source rather than the less
radiogenic upper mantle. The characteristic trace element
signatures of the tholeiitic magmas are also consistent
with the presence of plagioclase and amphibole as melting
residues, suggesting that they are partial melts leaving
behind amphibolitic rather than peridotitic residues.
Origin of calc-alkalic magmas:

differentiation of a hydrous basalt?
1593
Fig. 6. Relationship between melt fraction, temperature, H2O, and

selected element abundances in the melt. For each H2O content in
the starting material the melt fraction systematically increases as temperature increases. SiO2 and FeO in the melt change significantly
even at a constant melt fraction with changing H2O content in the
starting material.
Our experimental data confirm that one possible mechanism of calc-alkalic magma production in the IBM is differentiation of a basaltic magma in the presence of
25^3 wt % H2O. If this value is accepted as the H2O content of the parental basalt, then felsic to intermediate
magmas (675^566 wt % SiO2 on an H2O-free basis),
which are differentiated from the hydrous parental basalt
via 28^63% partial melting or 72^37% solidification
(Fig. 8), should contain H2O between 45 and 102 wt %
(Table 4). Because the H2O solubility of felsic to intermediate magmas at 03 GPa (i.e. at the depth of the middle
crust of the IBM) is 10 wt % (e.g. Zhang, 1999), the
inferred hydrous andesitic melts are not oversaturated
with H2O. However, such large amounts of H2O should
cause H2O saturation in the magmas during progressive
crystallization and may significantly affect the crystallizing mineral assemblage and consequently have an effect
on the physical properties of the solidified rocks. It is therefore interesting to examine the lithology of H2O-rich intermediate plutonic rocks and to compare the seismic
velocity of such rocks with the observed seismic velocity
structure of the IBM crust, especially that of the middle
crust with intermediate composition.
Subsolidus phase equilibria for differentiated compositions at depths and temperatures relevant to the IBM
middle crust (10 km and 4108C) can be obtained using the
free energy minimization algorithm Perple_X (Connolly,
1990, 2005). The temperature profile used here is close to
the moderate temperature gradient across the IBM crust
(Tatsumi et al., 2008a). fO2 is fixed at QFM, as phase stability, and hence the physical properties, are relatively
insensitive to fO2 (Behn & Kelemen, 2006). The mineral
assemblages obtained under these conditions are listed in
Table 4. These mineral assemblages are then used to calculate the density (r), and P- and S-wave velocity, Vp and Vs,
of the inferred lithologies (Table 4) following the method
of Hacker et al. (2003). The calculated Vp (63^68 km/s) is
within the range of the observed values (60^68 km/s), suggesting that the differentiation of a hydrous mafic
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Fig. 7. Change in modal compositions of phases in the run products as a function of temperature and H2O content.
component, either via crystallization differentiation of a

hydrous magma or via anatexis of a hydrous gabbro or
amphibolite, could be a possible mechanism for the formation of the characteristic IBM middle crust.
An interesting test for this hydrous basalt hypothesis
would be to compare the temperature^composition relationship obtained for the experimentally determined LLD
(Fig. 11) with that of the natural calc-alkalic andesites.
Detailed petrographic data including the compositions of
coexisting ortho- and clinopyroxenes in the IBM calcalkalic volcanic rocks are available for basalts to andesites
from the Sumisu and Rota volcanoes, both lying astride
the IBM volcanic front (Shukuno et al., 2006; Y. Tamura
& H. Shukuno, unpublished data). It should be stressed
that all of these calc-alkalic rocks are characterized by
the presence of reversely zoned pyroxene phenocrysts.
Temperatures obtained by two-pyroxene thermometry
applied to the rims of pyroxene phenocrysts are plotted
1594
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Fig. 8. Compositional variation of the quenched melt as a function of melt fraction. Filled and open stars indicate the compositions of the starting basalt and a rhyolitic melt with 75 wt % SiO2 inferred by extrapolating the experimental results at 049 wt % H2O. Rhyolitic melt can be
produced by 6% partial melting or 94% crystallization of the starting basalt.
1595
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Fig. 9. SiO2 variation diagrams for quenched melts with different H2O contents. Calc-alkalic (CA) and tholeiitic (TH) trends observed for
IBM rocks (dashed and continuous thick grey lines, respectively) are broadly consistent with liquid lines of descent for higher and lower H2O.
Alternatively, IBM CA trends can be explained by mixing of mafic (filled star) and felsic (open star) melts. The effect of fO2 on melt compositions deduced from the experimental results of Sisson et al. (2005) is schematically shown by arrows (see Fig. 4 and text).
1596
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
Fig. 11. SiO2 vs temperature relationship along LLDs in the presence of 049^283 wt % H2O. Temperatures inferred from two-pyroxene thermometry for tholeiitic (TH) and calc-alkalic (CA) are also shown. Temperatures of tholeiitic dacites are consistent with an LLD in the presence
of 05 wt % H2O, whereas those of calc-alkalic rocks are higher than those for an H2O-rich (25 wt %) LLD that shows a differentiation
trend similar to the IBM calc-alkalic trend.
against the bulk-rock SiO2 contents in Fig. 11. Because the

melt (groundmass), which is likely to have equilibrated
with the pyroxene rims, should have an SiO2 content
higher than the bulk-rock, the temperature of naturally
occurring calc-alkalic melts at a constant SiO2 content
tends to be higher than that of the experimentally inferred

melt in the presence of 25 wt % H2O (Fig. 11).
Although further observations on other volcanoes are
needed, it is suggested that calc-alkalic andesites, at least
in some IBM volcanoes, could not be produced by
1597
Fig. 10. Experimental melt compositions projected onto an FeO ^MgO^Na2O K2O diagram. Representative calc-alkalic (CA) and tholeiitic
(TH) trends for IBM volcanic rocks and the boundary between the TH and CA series after Kuno (1968) are also shown.
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Table 4: Compositions, subsolidus mineral assemblages, and physical properties for intermediate IBM magmas
Differentiation
Basalt
Mixing
278
331
435
631
Basalt
2:1
1:1
1:2
Rhyolite
4800
6062
5796
5474
5297
4915
5569
5895
6222
TiO2
068
032
044
076
075
070
059
053
048
037
Al2O3
1782
1514
1519
1600
1670
1824
1629
1532
1434
1239
FeO
1071
298
375
508
646
1097
799
651
502
205
MgO
623
225
320
369
532
638
446
350
254
063
CaO
1207
584
680
768
912
1236
981
853
725
469
Na2O
156
243
231
251
208
160
161
162
162
164
K2O
010
042
034
034
025
010
045
063
080
116
H2O
283
1018
855
651
448
050
311
442
572
833
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
7500
Total
100
6875
SiO2
4940
6735
6440
6028
5655
4940
5747
6167
6599
TiO2
070
036
049
084
080
070
061
056
051
040
Al2O3
1834
1682
1688
1762
1783
1834
1682
1603
1521
1352
FeO
1102
331
417
559
690
1102
825
681
532
223
MgO
641
250
356
407
568
641
461
367
270
068
CaO
1242
649
756
846
974
1242
1012
892
769
512
Na2O
160
269
257
277
222
160
166
169
172
178
K2O
Total
010
047
038
037
027
010
047
066
085
126
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
Depth (km)
T (8C)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
410
410
410
410
410
410
410
hornblende
211
291
364
423
433
365
clinochlore
00
00
00
38
17
03
00
424
394
328
289
331
391
448
75
quartz
277
muscovite
40
33
33
24
43
58
paragonite
130
127
129
83
14
42
52
93
101
95
144
162
141
115
102
32
zoisite
plagioclase
55
51
00
00
00
H2O (wt %)y
148
165
183
231
188
169
150
r (g/cm3)
288
291
295
300
302
297
291
Vp (km/s)
628
632
639
657
661
646
634
Vs (km/s)
381
384
384
392
397
392
388
Melt fraction (%).

yH2O in hydrous phases.
crystallization differentiation of hydrous (H2O425 wt

%) basaltic magmas.
Origin of calc-alkalic magmas: mixing of

mafic and felsic magmas?
An alternative mechanism for the production of calc-alkalic andesite magmas is mixing between mafic and felsic
magmas. This idea is often proposed to explain the chemical and petrographical characteristics of calc-alkalic rocks
(e.g. Eichelberger, 1975; Sakuyama, 1979, 1981; Clynne,
1999; Dungan & Davidson, 2004; Tatsumi et al., 2008b),
although the physical process of magma mixing continues

to be a matter of debate (e.g. Wiebe et al., 2004). One chemical characteristic that may suggest magma mixing
is straight-line differentiation trends for calc-alkalic
rocks, and concave or convex trends for tholeiitic rocks,
as a result of the fractionation of solid phases with continuous compositional changes. The calc-alkalic rocks of
the IBM exhibit straight-line differentiation trends
(Figs 3 and 9), and thus it is possible that they can be
explained simply by mixing of mafic and felsic endmember magmas.
1598
SiO2
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
The petrographic characteristics that are common to

calc-alkalic rocks but not observed in tholeiitic rocks are
the following disequilibrium features (e.g. Sakuyama,
1979, 1981; Wada, 1981; Fujinawa, 1988, 1990: Clynne, 1999;
Tatsumi et al., 2008b):
These observations can be also explained by mixing or

mingling of a mafic, high-T magma with a felsic, low-T
magma. The mafic magma contains higher Mg/Fe pyroxenes and higher Ca/Na plagioclases and olivine, whereas
the felsic magma may contain quartz.
If we accept magma mixing as a possible mechanism
responsible for the generation of calc-alkalic rocks, the
compositional range of calc-alkalic volcanic and plutonic
rocks from the IBM suggests mixing between a basaltic
magma containing 50 wt % SiO2 and a rhyolitic
magma containing 75 wt % SiO2 (Figs 3, 8 and 9). The
basalt used as a starting material for the experiments in
this study, which has a composition representative of IBM
arc basalts and may be produced by fractional crystallization of a mantle-derived primary basalt magma, seems to
be a reasonable candidate for the basaltic end-member
(Figs 3 and 9). Although our experiments do not yield
felsic melts with 75% SiO2, such a felsic composition can
be achieved by extrapolating the relationship between
melt fraction and composition (Fig. 8). In this estimation,
we tentatively assume that such a felsic melt is a tholeiitic
differentiation product of an H2O-poor (05 wt %)
basalt. If so, then the composition of a felsic melt with
75% SiO2 can be produced by either 6% partial melting
of a basaltic rock or 94% crystallization of a basaltic
magma (Table 4). It should be stressed that the compositions of the calc-alkalic intermediate rocks, which may
form the characteristic IBM middle crust layer, plot close
to the mixing line between the inferred basaltic and rhyolitic magmas (Figs 3 and 9).
The origin of this felsic end-member magma is still open
to debate. One possible mechanism includes self mixing
(Couch et al., 2001) or internal mixing, in which felsic
and mafic magmas are essentially co-magmatic; that is, a
felsic magma is derived from a basaltic magma via fractional crystallization. Alternatively, a felsic end-member
Implications for the structure and

evolution of the IBM crust
The IBM system is a suitable site for examining arc
evolution and continental crust formation, because the
structure of the crust has been extensively surveyed seismically, revealing a well-developed middle crust with
Vp 60^68 km/s (Suyehiro et al., 1996; Takahashi et al.,
1998, 2007, 2008; Kodaira et al., 2007a, 2007b), values identical to the average Vp of continental crust (e.g.
Christensen & Mooney, 1995). To understand the process
that creates this distinctive crust and mantle structure, the
lithology of the crust and mantle is inferred from magma
generation and differentiation models, for which seismic
velocities are calculated and compared with the observed
seismic structure. Tatsumi et al. (2008a) examined whether
a petrological model including mixing of mantle-derived
basaltic magma with felsic magma could lead to the genesis of IBM crust and mantle, and found that the lithology
predicted by the model has a Vp consistent with the
observed values (Fig. 2). On the other hand, the new experimental results presented here, including the melting^
crystallization regime for a representative IBM basalt
composition and variable H2O contents in the magmas,
may provide better constraints on the composition of the
IBM crust. Thus, it may be interesting to examine the
implications these results have for the lithology and the
physical properties of the IBM crust.
The basalt end-member is here assumed to be the starting material used in this study with 05 wt % H2O,
whereas the rhyolite end-member is an experimentally
inferred felsic melt. Accepting either 94% crystallization
of basaltic magma or 6% partial melting of basaltic crust,
then the felsic magma could contain 83 wt % H2O.
The compositions of the intermediate magmas are then
obtained by mixing the basalt and rhyolite end-members
in proportions of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 (Table 4). The mineral
assemblages and Vp for these compositions at 10 km and
4108C are then calculated using the methods described
above (Table 4), suggesting that the calculated Vp
(63^66 km/s) is close to that observed for the IBM
middle crust (60^68 km/s). The major difference between
this calculation and that of Tatsumi et al. (2008a) is the
H2O content of the mixed intermediate magmas, 31^57
and 03 wt %, respectively. We consider that the H2O contents used in modelling in this study are more realistic
1599
(1) the presence of reversely zoned pyroxene phenocrysts

with a lower Mg-number [100 Mg/(Mg Fe)]
core surrounded by a higher Mg-number rim;
(2) the presence of groundmass pyroxenes with a higher
Mg-number, which yield higher equilibration temperatures than the phenocrysts;
(3) a bimodal distribution in the core compositions of plagioclase phenocrysts;
(4) disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages such as Mgrich olivine and quartz;
(5) patchy groundmass with different colors and/or
amount of mafic minerals.
magma could form by anatexis of pre-existing arc crust

and mix with a mantle-derived basaltic magma (e.g.
Tatsumi et al., 2008b), which may be considered as external
mixing. When mantle-derived basaltic magmas are underplated and/or intruded into the arc crust they transfer
heat into the overlying and surrounding crust, which can
lead to partial melting of the wall-rocks (e.g. Hildreth,
1981; Raia & Spera, 1997; Annen & Sparks, 2002).
VOLUME 50
NUMBER 8
AUGUST 2009
Table 5: Compositions of inferred basaltic, rhyolitic, mixed andesitic magmas and restites
This study
basalt
Tatsumi et al. (2008a)

rhyolite
andesite1
restite
basalt
rhyolite
andesite
restite
4940
7500
6220
4776
5000
7500
6000
TiO2
070
040
055
072
080
030
060
086
Al2O3
1834
1352
1593
1864
1910
1400
1706
1967
FeO
1102
223
663
1158
1020
200
692
1111
MgO
641
068
355
678
600
020
368
664
CaO
1242
512
877
1289
1210
300
846
1311
Na2O
160
178
169
159
160
450
276
128
K2O
010
126
068
003
020
100
052
011
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
050
833
442
000
010
030
000
Total
H2O
4722
1:1 mixture of basalt and rhyolite.
that those of Tatsumi et al. (2008a). Although the above difference results in the difference in the amount of amphibole
(20% vs 36% in H2O-poorer and -richer rocks, respectively), the calculated Vp is rather constant at 65 km/s.
Petrological modeling by Tatsumi et al. (2008a) assumed
10% partial melting of a basaltic composition for the production of the felsic magma that mixes with the basaltic
magma to form the IBM middle crust with an intermediate composition, and suggested, based on this melting
regime, that the restite after extraction of 10% felsic melt
may be a likely lithology for the characteristic low-V uppermost mantle immediately below the Moho (Fig. 2). The
present experiments, on the other hand, suggest 6% partial melting for production of a felsic magma. As listed in
Table 5, however, the restite composition based on
the experimental results is very similar to that of
Tatsumi et al. (2008a), suggesting that the mechanism
proposed by Tatsumi et al. (2008a), including transformation of a crustal component (i.e. restite) across the transparent and permeable Moho, could still be valid for
interpretation of the characteristic crust^mantle structure
of the IBM.
the temperatures of the natural andesitic magma tend to

be higher than those of the experimentally obtained calcalkalic LLD. Instead, production of a felsic melt either by
partial melting of rather H2O-poor (505 wt %) basaltic
or amphibolitic crust or by crystallization differentiation
of a similar basaltic magma, and subsequent mixing with
basaltic magma, may reasonably account for both the
calc-alkalic trend of the IBM plutonic or volcanic rocks
and the disequilibrium petrographic characteristics generally observed in calc-alkalic volcanic rocks.
The Vp calculated for an inferred solidified mixed
magma is consistent with the observed value for the characteristic IBM middle crust. Furthermore, the restite after
separation of a felsic melt has a composition similar to
that proposed by Tatsumi et al. (2008a) and exhibits Vp
values similar to the low-V uppermost mantle beneath the
IBM. It may be thus speculated that a juvenile arc crust
with a basaltic composition could evolve into a more differentiated, mature crust via transformation of mafic restites
from the crust to the upper mantle across a chemically
transparent and permeable Moho.
CONC LUSIONS
AC K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
It is generally accepted that the calc-alkalic trend can be

reproduced by crystallization differentiation of a hydrous
basalt magma (e.g. Sisson & Grove, 1993; Kawamoto,
1996; Grove et al., 2003; Pichavant & Macdonald, 2007;
Hamada & Fujii, 2008). Our experimental results confirm
that a parental basaltic magma with 25 wt % H2O differentiates to produce calc-alkalic liquids. However, we
hesitate to generalize this mechanism as the single process
for the genesis of the IBM calc-alkalic andesites, because
We thank Alex Nichols, Satoshi Okamura, and Satoru

Nakashima for analytical assistance, Yohsihiko Tamura
and Hiroshi Shukuno for providing the petrographic
data, and Miki Fukuda for preparing the manuscript and
figures. Constructive comments on the manuscript by
Alex Nichols, Trevor Green, two anonymous reviewers,
and the editors John Gamble and Marjorie Wilson are
appreciated. This work is partially supported by Grantin-Aid for Creative Scientific Research (19GS0211).
1600
SiO2
TATSUMI & SUZUKI
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY

Tholeiitic vs Calc-alkalic Differentiation and

RECEIVED JANUARY 14, 2009; ACCEPTED JUNE 15, 2009

Basaltic magmas generated by mantle melting transport

magmas via closed-system fractionation (Sisson & Grove,

*Corresponding author: E-mail: tatsumi@jamstec.go.jp

The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All

The liquid line of descent (LLD) for a representative basalt from

andesite; basalt; calc-alkalic: crust; tholeiitic

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TECHNOLOGY (JAMSTEC), YOKOSUKA 237-0061, JAPAN

start colliding with Honshu at about 15 Ma (Itoh, 1988;

Crust and mantle structure

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(e.g. Christensen & Mooney, 1995), providing a compelling

TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

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representative of the middle crust (Taira et al., 1998;

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TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

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Table 1: Compositions of the starting basalt and hydrous glasses

H2O-free and 100% normalized

Total Fe expressed as FeO.

added in separate runs. The sample was then heated to

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TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

Table 2: Experimental conditions, phase assemblages, and proportions (wt %)

method using a nickel^nickel oxide (NNO) buffer cannot

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and ilmenite (Spencer & Lindsley, 1981). Although the

redox conditions were within a well-defined range of

TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

Mineral and glass compositions

H2O content vs tholeiitic and calc-alkalic

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The modal compositions and the average compositions of

Table 3: Compositions of glass and minerals (wt %)

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TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

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TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

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TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

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TATSUMI & SUZUKI

ARC MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

compared with the compositions of the IBM volcanic