TEP 201.

Fluid Mechanics
Specific Energy
(Alternate Depths)

Hydraulic Jump
(Sequent Depths)

Energy in Open Channels

hL

v2/2g
h

WS

EGL
HGL

Channel Bottom
2

1
Datum

Q2
V2
Head =
+ y+z =
+ y+z = E+z
2g
2 gA2

Specific
Energy
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Specific Energy, E
E = energy (head) measured with respect to
the channel bottom
E = V2/2g + y = q2/(2gy2) + y
Multiply through by y2 and arrange to find

y3 E y2 + q2/2g = 0
What kind of equation is this? How
many roots? Significance of roots?
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Specific Energy Diagram

10.0

Rectangular
channel:

E=y
8.0

Q = 600 ft3/s.

Depth (ft)

B = 20 ft

Fr = 1

6.0

4.0

Fr = 2
Fr = V/(gy)0.5

2.0

0.0
0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Specific Energy (ft)

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Example: Sluice Gate

q = 30 ft2/s
y = 5.6 ft
y = 1.8 ft

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figure 1

Hydraulic jump

Note that there is head loss in an hydraulic jump

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jump

Hydraulic jump on Rattan Creek, TX. July 2, 2002

strong jump: Fr > 9.0, rough

wavy surface downstream
steady jump: 4.5<Fr < 9.0,
stable and well-balanced

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The actual structure of s hydraulic jump depends on the Froude number.

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classification

Classification

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picture

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10

figure 2

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11

jump cv

Now lets consider an hydraulic jump

We know that
or
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Q = v1A1
v1

Q
A1

= v 2A2
; v2

Q
A2
12

momentum balance

Our momentum balance

1
1
gA1y1 gA 2 y 2 = v x1 Q + v x 2 Q
2
2
1
Q2 Q2
g ( A1y1 A 2 y 2 ) =
+
can be written as
2

rearranging and
dividing by g:

A1

A2

Q 2 A1y1
Q2 A 2 y 2
+
=
+
gA1
2
gA 2
2

Using A=By for a rectangular channel

Q 2 By12
Q2
By 2 2
+
=
+
gB1
2
gBy 2
2

Lets go back to our hydraulic jump

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13

solvable set

Q 2 By12
Q2
By 2 2
+
=
+
gB
2
gBy 2
2

If we have an open channel where we

know Q, B, and y1, we can solve for y2
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rectangular

Starting from

Q 2 By12
Q2
By 2 2
+
=
+
gB
2
gBy 2
2

Recalling the definition of

the flow rate per unit width

we can obtain

Solving for y2

Q
B

y12 y 2 2 q 2 1 1

=
2
2
g y 2 y1
y1
8q 2
y 2 = 1 + 1 +

2
gy13

y1 solution is similar (see text)

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limits

Now, what are the

limitations of this
equation?

y1
8q 2
y 2 = 1 + 1 +
3
2
gy1

shear forces are neglected

shear causes smaller head loss than turbulence in the jump
requires jump occurs over a short distance

rectangular channel
effect of gravity downslope is neglected
again requires jump to occur over a short distance

neglect non-hydrostatic pressure

uniform density fluid
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principle

and what is the

fundamental principle for
this equation?

y1
8q 2
y 2 = 1 + 1 +
3
2
gy1

conservation of momentum

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EM graphs

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head loss

The more general head loss formula is

V12
V2 2
h L = E1 E 2 = y1 +
y2 +

2g
2g

Valid for any cross section

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