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VCO
VCO
fo ,
can be
V VC
2
fo
) ..(1)
(
R1 C1
V
With the following practical circuit value restrictions:
1. R1 should be within the range ( 2 K R1 20 K ).
2. VC should be within range ( 3 V VC V ).
4
C1 =820
pF,
Solution:
1. VC
R3
10 K
V
(12V ) 10.4V
R2 R3
1.5 K 10 K
fo
2
12 10.4
(
) 32.5KHz
(10 103 )(820 10 12 )
12
Exercise (1):
The circuit of Fig.(3) shows 566 as a VCO unit. Potentiometer
R3 allows varying VC from about 9 V to near 12 V. Find the
control voltage VC and free-running frequency f o for the
following condition:
1. With the potentiometer wiper set at the top of R3 .
2. With the potentiometer wiper set at the bottom of R3 .
Phase detector
(PD)
Low pass
filter
VCO
f out
Operation of PLL
An output signal of frequency f out is generated, and f out is divided
by N. The output of the divider is a signal with a low frequency
( f out / N ), which is sent to the phase-detector (PD). At the PD, the
phase of the signal are compared with an external signal of
frequency ( f Re f ), which is generated using a crystal oscillator.
The output signal of the PD is then low pass filtered, and the
filtered signal is sent to the VCO input to control the frequency
of the output signal.
Applications
The PLL can be used in a wide variety of applications:
1. Frequency synthesis.
2. Frequency demodulation (detection).
Frequency Demodulation
FM demodulation or detection can be achieved using the PLL
circuit. If the PLL centre frequency is selected at the FM carrier
frequency, the output signal is desired demodulated signal. One
popular PLL unit is the 565, as shown in Fig.(6).
0.3
R1C1
fo ,
can be
..(2)
fL
8 fo
V
..(3)
1
2
2f L
R2 C 2
.(4)
Exercise (3):
For the circuit shown in Fig.(7), R1 = 10 K and
Find:
C1 =220
pF,
V = +6 V
10
FM signal
input
C 330 pF
2
Phasedetector
7
AMP.
Demodulated
Output
3.4 K
5
6
vco
Reference
Output
Output
8
10 K
R1
C 220 pF
1
-6 V