21

CHAPTER - 2
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Power flow analysis is a basic and necessary tool for any
electrical system under steady state condition to determine the exact
electrical performance. The load flow solution provide the real (kW)
and reactive power (kVAr) losses of the system and voltage magnitudes
and angles at different nodes of the system subject to the regulating
capability of generators, condensers and tap changing of transformers
under load as well as specified net interchange between individual
operating systems. This analysis is essential for the continuous
evaluation of the existing power system and effective planning of
alternatives for system expansion to meet increased load demand in
future. These analyses require the calculation of numerous load flows
for both normal and emergency operating conditions. The load flow
studies are helpful to confirm selected switchgear, transformer, and
cable sizing. These studies should also be used to confirm adequate
voltage profiles during different operating conditions, such as heavily
loaded and lightly loaded system conditions. Load flow studies can be
used to determine the optimum size and location of capacitors for
power factor correction. The results of load flow studies are also
starting points for other system studies.
The distribution power flow involves, first of all, finding all of the
node voltages. From these voltages, it is possible to directly compute

22

currents, power flows, system losses and other steady state quantities.
Some applications, especially in the fields of optimization of power
system,

distribution

automation

(i.e.,

VAR

planning,

network

optimization, state estimation, etc.) need repeated fast load flow

solutions. In these applications it is important that the load flow
problem is solved as efficiently as possible.
Das et al. [41] presented a simple method for distribution load
flow solution which solves a simple algebraic expression of voltage
magnitude. S. Ghosh and D. Das [50] proposed a method for solving
radial

distribution

networks

which

involves

simple

algebraic

expression. S. Mok et.al [53] proposed a new approach for power flow
analysis of balanced radial distribution systems. The convergence
characteristics and the effect of voltage dependency are analyzed. A
general load flow for meshed networks with more than one feeding
node is presented by Haque [54]. Ratio flow method based on forward
backward for complex distribution system is presented in [65]. R.
Ranjan and D. Das proposed a simple algorithm based on circuit
theory using algebraic recursive expression to solve radial distribution
networks [66]. Load flow solution to distribution system is obtained by
using bus injection to branch current matrix and branch current to
bus voltage matrix and a simple multiplication [69]. A Load flow
technique to solve distribution networks based on sequential branch
numbering scheme by considering committed loads is presented [83].
A backward/ forward sweep load flow solution for three phase radial
distribution systems is proposed [86]. A load flow solution including

23

voltage dependent load models based on forward backward sweep

method is proposed [87]. Comparison of various distribution load flow
algorithms based on forward backward sweep is presented in [105].
An iterative technique in which loads are simulated as impedances at
each iteration is proposed for radial distribution load flow [124].
In this chapter a backward forward sweep method is proposed
for solving the load flow problem of a distribution system. The
proposed method is tested by taking 15, 33 and 69 node radial
distribution

systems.

The

mathematical

formulation

and

the

illustration of node identification of the proposed load flow method are

described in the following sections.

2.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

The load flow of a single source network can be solved
iteratively from two sets of recursive equations. The first set of
equations for calculation of the power flow through the branches
starting from the last branch and proceeding in the backward
direction towards the root node. The other set of equations are for
calculating the voltage magnitude and angle of each node starting
from the root node and proceeding in the forward direction towards
the last node. These recursive equations are derived as follows.
The fig. 2.1 shows the representation of 2 nodes in a
distribution line. Consider a branch j is connected between the nodes
i and i+1.

24

Fig.2.1. Representation of two nodes in a distribution line

The effective active ( Pi ) and reactive ( Q i ) powers that of flowing
through branch j from node i' to node i+1 can be calculated
backwards from the last node and is given as,
P = P' + r
i
i+1 j

'2 + Q'2
Pi+1
i+1

Q = Q' + x
i
i+1
j

'2 + Q'2
Pi+1
i+1

Li+1

(2.2)

V2
i+1

where P ' = P
+P
i+1
i+1
L i+1
P

(2.1)

V2
i+1

and

Q'
=Q
+Q
i+1
i+1
Li+1

and Q
are loads that are connected at node i+1.
Li+1

and Q
are the effective real and reactive power flows from node
P
i+1
i+1
i+1.
The voltage magnitude and angle at each node are calculated in
forward direction. Consider a voltage V at node i and V at
i i
i+1 i+1
node i+1, then the current flowing through the branch j having an
impedance , z = r + jx connected between i and i+1is given as,
j j
j

V i i - V i+1 i+1
r + jx
j
j

(2.3)

25

and I

i
V

- jQ
i

(2.4)

On equating the equations (2.3) and (2.4), we have

P - jQ
i
i =
V -
i
i

V i i - V i+1 i+1
r j + jx

(2.5)

- ) = (P - jQ )(r + jx )
V2 - V V
(
i
i i+1 i+1
i
i
i
j
j

(2.6)

By equating real and imaginary parts on both sides of equation (2.6),

we have
- ) = V 2 - (P r + Q x )
V V
c o s (
i i+1
i+1
i
i
i j
i j

(2.7)

- )= Q r - P x
V V
s i n (
i i +1
i +1
i
i j
i j

(2.8)

Squaring and adding equations (2.7) and (2.8), we get

(V V
)2 = [V 2 - (P r + Q x )]2 + [Q r - P x ]2
i i+1
i
i j
i j
i j i j

(2.9)

(V V
)2 = V 4 - 2 V 2 (P r + Q x ) + (r 2 + x 2 )(P 2 + Q 2 )
i i+1
i
i
i j
i j
j
j
i
i

(2.10)

1/2

(P 2 + Q 2 )
2
2
2
i
i

V
= V - 2 (P r + Q x )+ (r + x )
i+1 i
i j
i j
j
j

V2

(2.11)

and voltage angle,

can be derived on dividing equations (2.8) and
i+1
(2.7)

t a n (

Q r -P x
i j
i j
- )=
i+1
i
2
V - ( P r + Q x )
i j
i j
i

Q r -P x
i j
i j
= + ta n -1
i+1
i
V 2 - (P r + Q x )
i j
i j
i

(2.12)

(2.13)

26

The magnitude and the phase angle equations can be used

recursively in a forward direction to find the voltage and angle
respectively of all nodes of radial distribution system.
The real and reactive power losses of branch j can be
calculated as,
Ploss (j) = r

Pi2 + Q 2i
V2
i

Q lo ss (j) = x

Pi2 + Q 2i
V2
i

(2.14)

(2.15)

The total real and reactive power loss of radial distribution system can
be calculated as,

(2.16)

(2.17)

P2 + Q2
nb
i
i
TPL = r
j
2
j=1
V
i

P 2 + Q2
nb
i
i
TQ L = x
j
2
j=1
V
i

Initially, a flat voltage profile is assumed at all nodes i.e., 1.0

pu. The branch powers are computed iteratively with the updated
voltages at each node. In the proposed load flow method, powers
summation is done in the backward walk and voltages are calculated
in the forward walk. The maximum difference of voltage magnitudes in
successive iterations is taken as convergence criteria and 0.0001 is
taken as tolerance value. For branch powers calculation the adjacent
nodes and branches of every node are identified with the help of node
identification algorithm which is explained in the following section.

27

10

14

13

5
2

S/S
7
8

9
7

10

14
11

11

15

12

12
13

Fig.2.2 Single line diagram of 15-node radial distribution system

2.3 ILLUSTRATION OF NODE IDENTIFICATION
Consider a 15 node radial distribution system as shown in
fig.2.2 for illustration of node identification. The formation of
various vectors (Adn, Adb, MF and MT) used in sparsity technique
for node identification is given below.
2.3.1 Algorithm for Node Identification
Following algorithm explains the methodology to identify the
nodes and branches connected to a particular node in detail,
which will help in finding the exact load feeding through that
particular node.
Step 1:

Read system data

Step 2:

Initialize vector MF with 1 & S=0

Step 3:

Initialize the count for node i=1

Step 4:

Initialize count for branch count j=1

28

Step 5:

if (i= = SE [j]) go to step 7 else go to step 6

Step 6:

if (i= = RE[j] go to step 8 else go to step 9

Step 7:

S=S+1
Adn [S] = RE [j]
Adb [S] = j

Step 8:

S=S+1
Adn [S] =SE [j]
Adb [S] =j

Step 9:

if (j<nb)
j=j+1 go to step 5 else go to step 10

Step 10:

MT[i] =S
MF[i+1] =MT[i] +1

Step 11:

if (i<=nd)
i=i+1 go to step 4 else go to step 12

Step 12:

Stop

2.4 LOAD FLOW CALCULATION

The forward-backward distribution load flow method is
proposed in this thesis. Initially assume a flat voltage profile i.e.,
set the voltage equal to 1.0 pu at every node. The flow chart for
load flow is shown in fig.2.3. The backward forward load flow
algorithm is given in section 2.4.4. The adjacent branch and node
vectors for 15 node system are tabulated in table 2.1. The MF and
MT vectors are given in table 2.2.

29

Table2.1. Adjacent branch & node vectors of fig.2.2

S. No. Node

Adn

Adb

S. No.

Node

14
1

15

16
2

And

Adb

17

18

19

20

10

21

22

10

11

10

23

12

11

24

11

11

25

13

12

14

13

26

13

12

12

15

14

27

14

13

28

15

14

10

11
12
13

9
10
11
12

Table2.2. MF and MT vectors of fig.2.2

Node

1 2

MF[i]

1 2

MT[i]

1 5

No.

10

11

12 13 14 15

13 14 17 18 19 21

22

24 26 27 28

12 13 16 17 18 20 21

23

25 26 27 28

where,
MF[i] =Memory location from
MT[i] =Memory location to
where, i=1 to nd

for a particular node i.

30

2.4.1 Backward Propagation

The updated effective power flows in each branch are
obtained in the backward propagation computation by considering
the node voltages of previous iteration. It means the voltage values
obtained in the forward path are held constant during the
backward propagation and updated power flows in each branch are
transmitted backward along the feeder using backward path. This
indicates that the backward propagation starts at the extreme end
node and proceeds towards source node. The active and reactive
power flows are calculated using equations (2.1) and (2.2).
2.4.2 Forward Propagation
The purpose of the forward propagation is to calculate the
voltages at each node starting from the feeder source node. The
feeder substation voltage is set at its actual value. During the
forward propagation the effective power in each branch is held
constant to the value obtained in backward walk. The node voltage
magnitudes are calculated using equation (2.11). The voltage angle
is calculated using equation (2.12).
2.4.3 Convergence Criterion
The voltages calculated in the previous and present iterations
are compared. In the successive iterations if the maximum mismatch
between the voltages is less than the specified tolerance i.e., 0.0001,
the solution is said to be converged. Otherwise new effective power
flows in each branch are calculated through backward walk with the

31

present computed voltages and then the procedure is repeated until

the solution is converged. The algorithm for load flow solution of radial
distribution system is explained in the following section.

Fig.2.3. Flow chart for Radial Distribution Load Flow

2.4.4 Algorithm for Load Flow Calculation
Step 1: Read distribution system line and load data.
Assume initial node voltages are 1 pu and set = 0.0001.
Step 2: Start iteration count, IT =1.
Step 3: Initialize real power loss and reactive power loss vectors to
zero.

32

Step 4: Calculate the effective real and reactive power flow in each
branch using equations (2.1) and (2.2).
Step 5: Calculate node voltages, real and reactive power loss of each
branch using equations (2.11), (2.14) and (2.15) respectively.
Step 6: Check for convergence i.e., Vmax < in successive iterations.
If it is converged go to next step otherwise increment iteration number
and go to step 4.
Step 7: Calculate the real and reactive power losses for all branches
and also total real and reactive power loss.
Step 8: Print voltage at each node, the real and reactive power losses
of all branches and total loss.
Step 9: Stop.

2.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through
three different examples consisting of 15, 33 and 69-node radial
distribution systems.
2.5.1 Example-1
The line and load data of 15-node, 11 kV radial distribution
system [41] shown in fig.2.2 is given in the table A.1. The voltage
magnitudes of the system are given in the table 2.3. The power losses
of the system are given in the table 2.4. The total real and reactive
power losses are 60.35 kW and 58.39 kVAr. The real and reactive
power losses are 4.92% and 4.64% of their respective loads. The

33

minimum voltage is 0.9424 pu at node 13 and the voltage regulation

of the system is 5.76%.
Table2.3. Voltage magnitudes of 15-node system
Node No.

Voltage Magnitude (pu)

Angle (deg.)

1.0000

0.9713

0.0342

0.9547

-0.0599

0.9489

-0.0527

0.9479

-0.0405

0.9618

0.1481

0.9611

0.1566

0.9593

0.1792

0.9652

0.1081

10

0.9635

0.1289

11

0.9478

0.0147

12

0.9437

0.0658

13

0.9424

0.0821

14

0.9466

-0.0243

15

0.9465

-0.0222

Table2.4. Power loss of 15-node radial distribution system

Br.

Node

Forward

Backward
P

(kW)

(kVAr)

(kW)

(kVAr)

Ploss

Qloss

(kW)

(kVAr)

No.

SE

RE

1288.2

1308.5

1250.4

1271.67

37.72

36.90

735.48

748.61

724.19

737.57

11.34

14.01

397.24

404.92

395.2

402.53

2.05

2.40

44.16

45.03

44.1

44.99

0.06

0.04

355.27

362.3

350.5

357.41

4.77

4.89

10

140.39

143.09

140

142.83

0.39

0.27

34

70.11

71.49

70

71.41

0.11

0.08

114.63

116.76

114.16

116.44

0.47

0.32

44.16

45.03

44.1

44.99

0.06

0.04

10

11

256.95

261.23

254.77

259.69

2.18

1.54

11

11

12

114.78

116.86

114.17

116.45

0.6

0.41

12

12

13

44.17

45.04

44.1

44.99

0.07

0.05

13

14

70.2

71.55

70

71.41

0.2

0.14

14

15

140.44

143.12

140

142.83

0.44

0.29

60.35

58.39

Total loss

Fig.2.4 33-node radial distribution system

2.5.2 Example-2
The 33-node, 12.66 kV radial distribution system [20] is shown
in fig.2.4. The line and load data of this system are given in table A.2.
The voltage magnitude at different nodes of this system is given in
table 2.5. Table 2.6 gives the power loss results of the system. The

35

total real and reactive power losses of the system are 201.54 kW and
132.11 kVAr respectively. These are 5.42% and 5.74% of their total
loads. The minimum voltage of the system is 0.9132 pu at node 18.
The maximum voltage regulation of system is 8.68%. Comparison of
load flow results between the proposed method and the existing
method [50] is given in table 2.7. The total real and reactive power
losses are reduced and the minimum voltage is improved in the
proposed method.
Table2.5. Voltage magnitudes of 33-node system
Node No.

Voltage Magnitude (pu)

Angle (deg.)

1.0000

0.0000

0.9970

0.0140

0.9830

0.0950

0.9755

0.1610

0.9681

0.2270

0.9499

0.1330

0.9462

-0.0970

0.9414

-0.0610

0.9351

-0.1340

10

0.9290

-0.1970

11

0.9283

-0.1900

12

0.9269

-0.1780

13

0.9208

-0.2690

14

0.9185

-0.3470

15

0.9171

-0.3850

16

0.9157

-0.4080

17

0.9137

-0.4850

18

0.9132

-0.4950

19

0.9965

0.0030

36

20

0.9929

-0.0640

21

0.9922

-0.0840

22

0.9916

-0.1040

23

0.9794

0.0640

24

0.9727

-0.0250

25

0.9694

-0.0680

26

0.9478

0.1720

27

0.9452

0.2280

28

0.9337

0.3110

29

0.9254

0.3890

30

0.9220

0.4950

31

0.9178

0.4100

32

0.9169

0.3870

33

0.9166

0.3790

Table2.6. Power loss of 33-node radial distribution system

Br.

Node

No. SE RE

Backward

Forward

(kW)

(kVAr)

(kW)

(kVAr)

Ploss

Qloss

(kW)

(kVAr)

3917.6

2435.2

3905.4

2428.9

12.24

6.33

3444.2

2207.8

3392.4

2181.4

51.79

26.38

2362.8

1684.2

2342.9

1674.0

19.90

10.14

2222.9

1594.0

2204.2

1584.5

18.69

9.52

2144.23 1554.5 2105.98 1521.48

37.12

33.02

1095.24 527.87 1093.32

521.54

1.92

6.33

893.33

421.54

888.49

419.95

4.84

1.59

688.49

319.95

684.31

316.94

4.18

3.00

10

624.31

296.95

620.75

294.42

3.56

2.52

10

10

11

560.75

274.42

560.2

274.24

0.55

0.18

11

11

12

515.2

244.24

514.32

243.95

0.88

0.29

12

12

13

454.32

208.95

451.66

206.85

2.69

2.09

13

13

14

391.66

171.85

390.93

170.89

0.73

0.96

37

14

14

15

270.9

90.9

270.58

90.58

0.36

0.32

15

15

16

210.58

80.58

210.3

80.37

0.28

0.21

16

16

17

150.3

60.37

150.05

60.04

0.25

0.34

17

17

18

90.05

40.04

90

40

0.05

0.04

18

19

361.14

161.08

360.98

160.93

0.16

0.15

19

19

20

270.98

120.93

270.14

120.18

0.83

0.75

20

20

21

180.14

80.18

180.04

80.06

0.10

0.12

21

21

22

90.04

40.06

90

40

0.04

0.06

22

23

939.61

457.24

936.43

455.07

3.18

2.17

23

23

24

845.43

404.07

841.28

401.01

4.14

3.06

24

24

25

421.28

201.01

420

200

1.28

1.01

25

26

950.75

973.61

948.15

972.28

2.60

1.33

26

26

27

888.15

947.28

884.82

945.59

3.33

1.69

27

27

28

824.82

920.59

813.52

910.62

11.30

6.86

28

28

29

753.52

890.62

745.69

883.8

7.84

5.82

29

29

30

625.69

813.8

621.8

811.82

3.88

1.98

30

30

31

421.8

211.84

420.21

210.26

1.59

1.58

31

31

32

270.22

140.26

270

140.02

0.21

0.24

32

32

33

60.01

40.02

60

40

0.01

0.02

Total loss

201.54 132.11

Table2.7. Comparison of load flow results of 33-node system

Total Loss
Description

Real power
(kW)

Existing
method [50]
Proposed
method

Minimum

Reactive

Voltage and

power

its node

(kVAr)

number

202.67

135.14

201.54

132.11

0.9131 at
node 18
0.9132 at
node 18

38

2.5.3 Example-3
The fig 2.5 shows a 69-node, 12.66 kV radial distribution
system [17]. The line and load data of this system is given in table A.3.
Table 2.8 gives comparison of the voltage magnitudes (pu) of the
system obtained by the proposed method with the existing method
[50]. The minimum voltage is 0.9094 pu at node 65 and maximum
voltage regulation is 9.06%. The line losses of the system are given in
table 2.9. The total real and reactive power losses of this system are
224.45 kW and 107.14 kVAr respectively. The real and reactive power
losses are 5.91% and 3.78% of their total loads. The load flow results
of the proposed method are compared with the existing method [50] in
table 2.10. The total real and reactive power losses are reduced and
minimum voltage is improved by the proposed method.

Fig.2.5 69-node radial distribution system

39

Table2.8. Voltage magnitudes of 69-node system

Node

Voltage Magnitude (pu)

Angle (deg.)

Proposed

Existing method

Proposed

method

[50]

method

1.0000

1.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0.9999

-0.0010

0.9999

0.9999

-0.0020

0.9998

0.9998

-0.0060

0.9990

0.9990

-0.0180

0.9901

0.9901

0.0500

0.9808

0.9808

0.1220

0.9786

0.9786

0.0900

0.9775

0.9775

0.0820

10

0.9726

0.9725

0.1660

11

0.9715

0.9714

0.1850

12

0.9684

0.9682

0.2380

13

0.9653

0.9653

0.2850

14

0.9624

0.9624

0.3310

15

0.9596

0.9595

0.3770

16

0.9590

0.9590

0.3860

17

0.9581

0.9581

0.4000

18

0.9580

0.9581

0.4000

19

0.9578

0.9576

0.4090

20

0.9575

0.9573

0.4140

21

0.9569

0.9568

0.4230

22

0.9569

0.9568

0.4230

23

0.9569

0.9568

0.4240

24

0.9566

0.9566

0.4270

25

0.9565

0.9564

0.4300

26

0.9565

0.9564

0.4320

27

0.9563

0.9563

0.4320

No.

40

28

0.9999

0.9999

-0.0030

29

0.9998

0.9999

-0.0050

30

0.9997

0.9997

-0.0030

31

0.9997

0.9997

-0.0030

32

0.9996

0.9996

-0.0009

33

0.9994

0.9994

0.0040

34

0.9992

0.9990

0.0090

35

0.9990

0.9990

0.0100

36

0.9999

0.9999

-0.0030

37

0.9997

0.9998

-0.0090

38

0.9996

0.9996

-0.0120

39

0.9996

0.9995

-0.0120

40

0.9995

0.9995

-0.0130

41

0.9988

0.9988

-0.0240

42

0.9987

0.9986

-0.0280

43

0.9985

0.9985

-0.0290

44

0.9985

0.9985

-0.0290

45

0.9984

0.9984

-0.0310

46

0.9984

0.9984

-0.0310

47

0.9998

0.9998

-0.0080

48

0.9986

0.9985

-0.0530

49

0.9948

0.9947

-0.1920

50

0.9942

0.9942

-0.2110

51

0.9788

0.9785

0.0900

52

0.9788

0.9785

0.0910

53

0.9747

0.9747

0.1030

54

0.9716

0.9714

0.1290

55

0.9669

0.9669

0.1650

56

0.9627

0.9626

0.2000

57

0.9402

0.9401

0.5970

58

0.9291

0.9290

0.8000

41

59

0.9248

0.9248

0.8810

60

0.9197

0.9197

0.9860

61

0.9126

0.9123

1.0550

62

0.9124

0.9121

1.0580

63

0.9118

0.9117

1.0610

64

0.9112

0.9098

1.0790

65

0.9094

0.9092

1.0850

66

0.9715

0.9713

0.1860

67

0.9715

0.9713

0.1860

68

0.9679

0.9679

0.2440

69

0.9679

0.9679

0.2440

Table2.9. Power loss of 69-node radial distribution system

Br.

Node

No. SE

RE

Backward

Forward

(kW)

(kVAr)

(kW)

(kVAr)

Ploss

Qloss

(kW)

(kVAr)

4016.3

2785.3

4016.2

2785.1

0.08

0.18

4016.2

2785.1

4016.1

2784.9

0.08

0.18

3748.9

2591.8

3748.7

2591.3

0.20

0.47

2897.9

1980.1

2896

1977.9

1.94

2.27

2896

1977.9

2867.8

1963.5

28.31

14.41

2865.2

1961.3

2836

1946.5

28.41

14.98

2795.6

1916.5

2788.7

1913

6.91

7.10

2669.6

1828

2666.2

1826.2

3.39

2.92

10

779.5

523.23

774.78

521.67

4.75

1.58

10

10

11

746.78

511.67

745.77

511.33

1.02

0.34

11

11

12

564.77

381.33

562.59

380.61

2.19

0.73

12

12

13

361.56

236.61

360.29

236.18

1.29

0.43

13

13

14

352.28

231.18

351.04

230.77

1.25

0.41

14

14

15

343.04

225.27

341.84

224.8

1.21

0.39

15

15

16

341.84

224.87

341.62

224.8

0.23

0.07

42

16

16

17

296.62

194.8

296.3

194.7.

0.32

0.11

17

17

18

236.3

159.7

236.3

194.7

0.00

0.00

18

18

19

176.3

124.7

176.2

159.7

0.11

0.04

19

19

20

176.2

124.66

176.13

124.66

0.07

0.02

20

20

21

175.13

124.04

175.02

124.64

0.11

0.04

21

21

22

61.02

43.01

61.02

124.01

0.00

0.00

22

22

23

56.02

40.01

56.02

43.01

0.01

0.00

23

23

24

56.02

40.01

56.01

40.01

0.01

0.00

24

24

25

28.01

20

28

20

0.01

0.00

25

25

26

28

20

28

20

0.00

0.00

26

26

27

14

10

14

10

0.00

0.00

27

28

81.53

64.01

81.53

64.01

0.00

0.00

28

28

29

55.53

46.01

55.52

46.01

0.00

0.01

29

29

30

29.52

28.01

29.52

28.01

0.01

0.00

30

30

31

29.52

28.01

29.52

28.01

0.00

0.00

31

31

32

29.52

28.01

29.52

28.01

0.01

0.00

32

32

33

29.52

28.01

29.51

28.01

0.01

0.00

33

33

34

15.51

18

15.5

18

0.01

0.00

34

34

35

0.00

0.00

35

36

185.76

129.16

185.76

129.16

0.00

0.00

36

36

37

159.76

110.61

159.74

110.57

0.02

0.04

37

37

38

133.74

92.02

133.72

92

0.02

0.02

38

38

39

133.72

92

133.72

91.99

0.01

0.01

39

39

40

109.72

74.99

109.72

74.99

0.00

0.00

40

40

41

85.72

57.99

85.67

57.93

0.05

0.06

41

41

42

84.47

56.93

84.45

56.91

0.02

0.02

42

42

43

84.45

56.91

84.45

56.91

0.00

0.00

43

43

44

78.45

52.61

78.45

52.61

0.00

0.00

44

44

45

78.45

52.61

78.44

52.6

0.01

0.01

45

45

46

39.22

26.3

39.22

26.3

0.00

0.00

46

47

850.76

611.16

850.73

611.11

0.02

0.06

47

47

48

850.73

611.11

850.15

609.68

0.58

1.43

43

48

48

49

771.15

553.28

769.52

549.28

1.63

4.00

49

49

50

384.82

274.78

384.7

274.5

0.12

0.28

50

51

44.1

31

44.1

31

0.00

0.00

51

51

52

3.6

2.7

3.6

2.7

0.00

0.00

52

53

1856.8

1281.0

1851

1278.1

5.79

2.95

53

53

54

1846.6

1274.6

1839.9

1271.2

6.73

3.43

54

54

55

1813.5

1252.2

1804.4

1247.5

9.15

4.66

55

55

56

1780

1230.3

1771.2

1225.8

8.81

4.49

56

56

57

1771.2

1225.8

1721.5

1209.2

49.78

16.71

57

57

58

1721.5

1209.2

1697.0

1200.9

24.54

8.23

58

58

59

1697.0

1200.9

1687.5

1197.8

9.52

3.15

59

59

60

1587.5

1125.8 1576.87

1122.6

10.69

3.25

60

60

61

1576.9

1122.6

1562.9

1115.41

14.05

7.16

61

61

62

318.93

227.47

318.82

227.41

0.11

0.06

62

62

63

286.82

204.41

286.68

204.34

0.14

0.07

63

63

64

286.68

204.34

286.02

204.01

0.66

0.34

64

64

65

59.04

42.02

59

42

0.04

0.02

65

11

66

36

26

36

26

0.00

0.00

66

66

67

18

13

18

13

0.00

0.00

67

12

68

56.02

40.01

56

40

0.02

0.01

68

68

69

28

20

28

20

0.00

0.00

Total loss

224.45 107.14

Table2.10. Comparison of load flow results of 69 node system

Total Loss

Minimum

Real

Reactive

power

power

(kW)

(kVAr)

Existing method [50]

224.96

114.15

0.9092 at node 65

Proposed method

224.45

107.14

0.9094 at node 65

Description

voltage and its

node number

44

2.6 CONCLUSIONS
The iterative techniques commonly used in transmission
networks are not suitable for distribution power flow analysis because
of poor convergence characteristics. In this work the distribution
power flow is carried out by the backward and forward propagation
iterative equations. The effective branch powers are calculated in
backward propagation. In forward propagation voltage magnitudes at
each node are calculated. The illustration of node identification is
used for calculating the effective powers of a branch in backward
propagation. It was found that the proposed load flow method is
suitable for fast convergence characteristics.