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Fall 2014 Final Exam
Fall 2014 Final Exam
Obtaining test questions or answers to questions and responses to assigned work, in any fashion other
than that designated as proper by the instructor of the class involved;
Falsifying records and results of academic work;
Presenting someone else's work as ones own (plagiarism); and
Failing to report an observation of someone involved in one of the preceding activities.
Date
First Name
Last Name
Student ID
Question No.
Total
Possible
17
16
15
20
16
16
100
Achieved
b. If you know the mass and volume of a water filled clean sandstone core and you know
the total mass of the grains, derive the equation for the porosity.
Problem
m 2 (16 po
oints = 12 + 4)
A clean sandstone
s
zo
one is marked on the folllowing logs. Note that th
the scale on tthe resistivitty log
is linear, which is unusual but no
ot intended to
o trick you. The verticall scale is twoo feet per
division.
W is the water
w
saturatiion in that zo
one? You m
may assume tthe same forrmation wateer
a. What
th
hroughout with
w resistivitty 0.05 ohm--m. Use rulees of thumb as necessaryy.
b. Describe how you would get a better value for the resistivity of the formation water if
you were given the salinity and ionic composition.
Plate
Oil
Table
Moveable
wire
10cm
5cm
Oil
a. Calculate the ratio of the surface tension to the viscosity of the oil in cgs units.
b. Suppose the height of the oil film bounded by the moveable wire were 10 cm. Circle the
single correct statement about the ratio of the surface tension to the viscosity:
a. Less than Part a
b. Equal to Part a
c. Greater than Part a
d. Insufficient information to compare to Part a
Problem
m 4 (20 po
oints = 6 + 6 + 2 + 6))
A clean sandstone
s
reeservoir 50 feet
f thick wiith permeabiility 100 mD
D has Sw=1. The pressuure in
the reserv
voir 100 ft from
f
a 5 inch
h diameter well
w is 5000 psi. You m
may approxim
mate the preessure
in the weell as zero.
a. Calculate
C
the rate of flow
w into the well in cgs unitts.
rw
re
rw
Flow
direction
Flow
direction
2re
re
re
c. Based on your answers to 3a and 3b, does the fracturing increase or decrease the flow?
Explain why you answer is reasonable or not.
10
11
Problem
m 5 (16 po
oints = 4 +10
+ + 2)
Surfaaceofth
heEarth
Drillpipe
Wellbo
ore
Reservo
oir
well bore at tthe
Suppose the pressuree at the surfaace of the earrth is 1 atm aand the pressure in the w
d
is 5000
0 psi.
reservoirr at 8000 ft depth
a. What
W density of drilling fluid
f
in the well
w bore is nnecessary to hold the preessure in thee
reeservoir, i.e., no flow? The
T drillpipee is 6 inches in diameter and the wellbore is 8 inches
in
n diameter.
12
W remove th
he drillpipe and
a reduce the
t density oof the drillingg fluid so thaat the pressuure in
b. We
th
he well bore at the reserv
voir is reduced by half. Fluids can nnow flow outt of the reserrvoir,
in
nto the well, and up to th
he surface. If
I the water ssaturation inn the reservoir is 80% annd
th
here is neglig
gible oil in th
he reservoir,, which is thhe volumetricc flow of gass in cgs unitts at
th
he top of the well?
The
T base (abssolute) perm
meability is 10
00 mD. Thee pressure inn the reservooir is constannt 100
ftt from the weell. The thicckness of thee reservoir iss 50 ft. Use reasonable rrules of thum
mb
fo
or any other parameters you
y are not given.
g
Krw=10
0%
Krw=20
0%
Krw=40
0%
Krw=60
0%
13
14
c. Describe in words how you would obtain a value of the viscosity of gas that is better than
the rule of thumb.
15
Problem
m 6 (16 po
oints = 2 + 2 +6 +6)
A core iss extracted frrom a reserv
voir and the capillary
c
preessure curve is measuredd in the lab. The
rock in th
he core is baarely consolidated, so wh
hen the presssure was rem
moved goingg to the lab, tthe
entire corre expanded
d (grains and pores) by 10%.
a. Using
U
a simple packing model
m
of sph
herical grainss, estimate thhe change inn porosity.
U
a simple pipe modeel, estimate the
t change iin permeabillity.
b. Using
16
d. If the core has 80% saturation of 40 API oil and no gas was observed, at what height
above the free water level was the core taken?
17
Length
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 micrometer = 1010 angstrom = 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd
= 0.0006214 mile
1 ft = 12 in = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
Volume
1 m3 = 1000 L = 106 cm3 = 106 mL = 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal = 6.29 barrels
1 ft3 = 1728 in3 = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m3 = 28.317 L = 28317 cm3
1 barrel = 42 gal
Speed
Force
and
weight
Pressure
1 atm = 1.01325 105 N/m2 (Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 106 dynes/cm2
= 760 mm Hg at 0 C (torr) = 10.333 m H2O at 4 C = 14.696 lb/in2 (psi) = 33.9 ft H2O at 4 C
= 29.921 in. Hg at 0 C
Energy
1 J = 1 N m = 107 ergs = 107 dyne cm = 2.778 10-7 kWh = 0.23901 cal = 0.7376 ft lb
= 9.486 10-4 Btu
Power
1 W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft lb/s = 9.486 10-4 Btu/s = 1.341 10-4 hp
Area
18