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Biology Notes Chap 3.PDF Grade 9th
Biology Notes Chap 3.PDF Grade 9th
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Many industrial materials derived from plants e.g. Fibres, dyes, resins, rubber
and oil etc.
Question: Define Classification. What are its aims and principles?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups and sub-groups.
The branch of biology that deals with classification is called taxonomy. And the
branch with deals with classification and also traces the history of organism is
known as systematics.
Aims of Classification: i)
To determine similarities and differences between organisms.
ii)
To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Basis of Classification: Classification is based on relationship amongst organisms. These relationship
got through similarities in characteristics.
For example sparrows are more closely related with pigeons than insects.
When biologists classify organisms they see the internal and external
structures of organisms.
Taxonomic Hierarchy: The groups into which organism are classified are called taxonomic categories or
taxa (singular taxon). The taxa form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy. Kingdom
is largest taxon. Other taxons are as under:
Kingdom: Closely related phylum are grouped together into kingdom.
Phylum: Closely related classes are grouped together into phylum.
Class: Closely related orders are grouped together into class.
Order: Closely related families are grouped together into order.
Family: Closely related genera are grouped together into family.
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Genus: Different but closely related species are grouped together into genus.
Species: -
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Basic unit of classification is species. All members of a species have same number
of chromosomes in their cells. E.g. all human belongs from same species.
Question: Give biological classification of Human being?
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Family
hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
Homo Sapiens
Question: Give biological classification of Pea?
Kingdom
Plantae
Phylum
Magnoliophyta
Class
Magnoliopsida
Order
Fabales
Family
Fabaceae
Genus
Pisum
Species
Pisum sativum
Question: What are infertile offspring? Explain? OR Which organism can
cross breed under artificial conditions?
Two organisms related to two different but closely related species can cross-breed
under artificial conditions. In such unnatural crosses they produce infertile
offspring. For example a cross between male donkey and a female horse produce
mule.
Question: Discuss in detail the history of classification systems. Also
describe all of them?
Aristotle:
First system of classification comes from Greek philosopher Aristotle. He classified
all living organisms into plantae or in animalia
Abu-Usman Umer Aljahiz:
In 700, he described the characteristics of 350 species of animals in his book.
Ibn Rushd (Averroes):
In 1172, he translated the book of Aristotle de Anima (On the Soul) into
Arabic. Following are the systems of classification: 1) Two Kingdom System:
It is the oldest system of classification. It has following two types: Plant Kingdom (Plantae)
All the plants, which can prepare their food and have cell wall, are placed in
this kingdom.
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languages. E.g. Turnip, Shaljam, Thippar and gongloo are the names of same plant.
This confusion can be avoided by giving each organism a scientific name which is
standard in all over the world.
Some Scientific Names are:
Onion
= Allium cepa
Common Sea Star (Starfish)
= Asterias rubens
House Crow
= Corvus splendens
Question: What are extinct & endangered species?
A species is called extinct when there is no doubt that the last individual of
that species has died in that ecosystem.
A species is called endangered species when it is at risk of extinction in near future.
Question: What is the rate of growth of human beings in universe?
More than 260,000 people added to world population daily. OR 180 people for every
minute.
Question: What are the threats of biodiversity on earth?
Habitat Loss is the greatest threat. Others are deforestation, over-hunting,
introduction or removal of species, pollution and climate change.
Question: What are the causes and effects of
deforestation? Causes:
i) Deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture or urban development
ii) Utilization of forests products, including timber and fuel, wood are the main
causes of deforestation.
Effects:
i) Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in atmosphere.
ii) Deforestation causes more chances of soil erosion.
iii) Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers and rivers becomes choked up with mud.
iv) Deforestation results into less transpiration, which lessens cloud formation.
Question: What are the steps for the conservation of biodiversity?
Conservation of biodiversity has become a global concern.
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Biologists urge the national policy makers to state the set of rules necessary
to protect species which are going to extinct in near future.
Following is an example of environmental work in order to conserve species
and habitats:
1- National Conservation Strategy:
In 1980s, IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources) and Govt. of Pakistan formulated the National Conservation Strategy.
2-UN Convention on Combating Desertification (CCD):
This is an international treaty against damage and poverty in drylands. Pakistan
signed it in 1997.
3-Himalayan Jungle Project (HJP):
It started in 1991 in Palas Valley, in KPK. It aimed at protecting one of the richest
areas of biodiversity in Pakistan.
4-Conservation of biodiversity of the Suleiman Range, Balochistan:
Range Chilghoza Forest is the largest Chilghoza forest in the world. In 1992, the
WWF-P (World Wildlife Fund - Pakistan) started its conservation program.
5-Northern Areas Conservation Project:
The NACP is a project of WWF-P which is successful in implementing a ban on the
hunting of the species lived in this region.
6-Conservation of migratory birds in Chitral, KPK:
WWF-P initiated efforts to reduce the hunting pressure in 1992. These efforts
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