Chng bn

l thuyt v mng phi mmen

4-1

Khi nim chung

L thuyt phi mmen (PMM) l mt dng gin lc ca l thuyt
v tng qut, trong nh hng ca cc ng lc un xon ti trng thi
ng sut bin dng l nh v c th b qua so vi nh hng ca cc ng
lc mng. TTS-BD ca v khi ny c gi l phi mmen (hnh 4-1).
Nu b qua cc cc mmen un-xon
M = M = H = 0
th phng trnh cn bng th t v nm ca 3-29 cho ta Q = Q = 0.
Trong v ch tn ti ng lc mng N , N , S nhng ng lc ny tng
ng vi h ng sut

N
N
S
, = , = .
h
h
h

Nh th, v trng thi phi mmen c ng sut phn b u theo b dy

l mt dng kt cu hp l, tng t kt cu dn trong h thanh.

Hnh v 4-1. ng lc trong v phi mmen

Trng thi phi mmen c th thc hin khi tho mn cc iu kin:

1. Hoc cng chng un ca v rt b D = 0. Khi ny v khng c
kh nng chu un m tr thnh nhng mng mng, tng t dy mm
i vi kt cu dng thanh, iu kin thc hin l: cc lc dc l cc
tr s dng
N 0, N 0.
2. Hoc bin thin cong, xon rt b, c th b qua. Khi ny ng
lc mng c th nhn nhng tr s tu tu thuc ti trng m nhng
tti trng ny phi tho mn nhng iu kin nht nh no c
xt trong mc sau.
4-2 Phng trnh c bn, iu kin bin
H phng trnh cn bng 3-29 cn li ba phng trnh
( N B ) ( SA)
A
B
+
+S
N
+ q AB = 0 ;

( N SA) ( SB)
B
A
+
+S
N
+ q AB = 0 ;

N N
+
qn = 0 .
R R

(4-1)

H c ba phng trnh, cha ba n s lc. Bi ton l tnh nh ni.

Nu cc iu kin bin tnh hc cng xc nh hng s tch phn th
bi ton l tnh nh ton b. Khi phi s dng thm cc iu kin bin
ng hc xc nh hng s tch phn th bi ton l siu tnh ngoi.
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Sau khi xc nh ng lc, bin dng ca v c tm theo biu thc

3-41, chuyn v trn mt trung bnh theo biu thc 3-37
1
( N N ) =
Eh
1
=
( N N ) =
Eh

v A
1 u
+
+
A AB
1 v
u B
+
+
B AB

w
;
R
w
;
R

(4-2)

2(1 + )
B v
A u
S =
( )+
( ).
Eh
A B
B A

Nghim chuyn v ca h phng trnh vi phn c v phi i vi u,

v c vit di dng tng nghim tng qut phng trnh thun nht v
nghim ring phng trnh thun nht u = u) + u * , v = v) + v * .
Bc ca h phng trnh l 2; nu v c 4 cnh bin th trn mi
bin cn vit 1 iu kin, cc iu kin ny c vit theo cc ng lc
mng hoc cc chuyn v u, v khng lin quan ti iu kin ca w.
Chuyn v w c t do ph hp vi vic b qua cc ng lc un nh
s phn tch trong tit 4-3 di y.
Khi iu kin bin cho theo N, S l tm cc hng s tch phn
th bi ton l tnh nh. Khi iu kin bin cho theo N, S cha tm
cc hng s tch phn m phi thm cc iu kin bin theo chuyn v th
bi ton l siu tnh.
4-3 iu kin tn ti, phm vi ng dng L thuyt phi mmen
iu kin tn ti
1- Hnh hc ca v trn, khng gy gc, khng c nhng thay i t
ngt ca cong. B dy ca v, nu thay i, cng bin thin trn,
lin tc. V khng c sn tng cng.
2- Ti trng tc ng trn h l nhng lc phn b b mt lin tc, trn.
Trn v khng c cc lc hoc mmen tp trung.
3- Lin kt ca v khng ngn cn chuyn v theo phng php tuyn w
hoc ngn cn gc xoay (l nhng o hm ca w). Nhng ngn cn
ny s lm pht sinh cc phn lc theo phng ca cc ng lc unxon.Nh th, cc lin kt bin v ch c php nm trong mt
phng tip tuyn ca mt trung bnh, chng ch ngn cn cc chuyn v
u, v.
Phm vi ng dng
L thuyt phi mmen c ng dng khi tho mn cc iu kin
nu trn, nhng cng c th c dng ngay c khi mt vi iu kin nu
trn khng c tho mn mt s h hn cc ng no trn mt v
m ta gi l cc ng lch (chng hn ti trng thay i t ngt, hnh
hc ca v thay i t ngt...). Khi ny, TTPMM l trng thi c bn ca
v, thm vo l trng thi mmen xut hin trong mt phm vi nm ln
cn cc ng lch. Trng thi mmen ny c gi l cc hiu ng bin.
Theo G.G Goldenveizer th vic phn tch nh vy l chp nhn c
nu:
1Cc ng lch khng qu dy c (v nu qu dy c th khng
cn vng thc hin TTPMM).
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2-

3-

ng lch khng trng vi cc ng tim cn ca v ( ng

tim cn l nhng ng thng nm trn trn b mt v: ng sinh
ca mt tr, mt nn c cong Gauss bng khng K = 0, ng
thng ca cc mt k c cong Gauss m K < 0).
Khi trn v c ti trng tp trung s xut hin trng thi mmen
mang tnh cc b: hiu ng nhiu ca trng thi ng sut mang tnh
cc b bao quanh im t lc cn hiu ng nhiu ca trng thi
bin dng s c phm vi tc ng khc nhau tu thuc cong
Gauss.
a- V c cong Gauss dng th vng nhiu ca chuyn v cng
mang tnh cc b v hiu ng bin c gi l n gin (hnh 4-2).
b- Vi v c cong Gauss m v bng khng th vng nhiu ca
chuyn v bao gm nhng di dc theo ng tim cn i qua im
t lc (hnh 4-3). Nh th, ng lch trng vi ng tim cn,
hiu ng bin c gi l tng qut hoc hiu ng bin phc tp.
Di y, ta ch trnh by hiu ng bin n gin, trng hp phc
tp c th c trong cc ti liu chuyn kho, chng hn ca G.G
Goldenveizer [4].

Hnh v 4-2 HB n gin

Hnh v 4-3. HB phc tp

4-4
Hiu ng bin n gin (HBG)
Khi nim
HB l trng thi ng sut mmen cc b gii hn quanh cc
ng lch, trng thi mmen ny tt rt nhanh khi i xa khi ng lch;
kch thc vng trng thi mmen ch bng mt s ln b dy ca v,
Nu ng lch khng trng ng tim cn th HBG, nu ng lch
trng vi ng tim cn th HB gi l phc tp (HBPT ny ch xy ra
vi v c cong K 0). Th d ta xt mt chm cu chu trng lng
bn thn, chu cc lin kt trn ng trn bin:
- khi lin kt nm trong mt phng tip tuyn (hnh v 4-4) th chuyn v
php tuyn w v cc o hm ca n khng b hn ch, trng thi ca v
l phi mmen.
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- khi lin kt khng nm trong mt phng tip tuyn, chng hn lin kt

ngm hoc c vnh , th chuyn v php tuyn v gc quay b ngn cn,
s xut hin cc phn lc mmen un, lc ct bin. Trng thi ca v
bin l trng thi mmen, trng thi ny s tt nhanh khi i xa bin, v
cng mng tt cng nhanh.

Hnh 4-4 HB vi chm cu

Hnh 4-5 ng lch v to

Cc gi thit ca l thuyt HB n gin

Xt ng lch trng vi ng to ng vi tr s = 1
(hnh v 4-5). Trn ng lch v vng ln cn ng lch s tn ti:
ng lc mng N , N, S v ng lc un M , M, H, Q , Q;
bin dng mng , , v bin dng un , , ;
chuyn v u, v v w.
ln cng nh nh hng ca cc i lng ny ti trng thi ng
sut bin dng ca v vng hiu ng bin s khc nhau.
G.G Goldelveizer ngh chp nhn cc gi thit:
1. o hm ca cc i lng theo bin (th hin bin thin theo
vung gc ng lch) ln hn gi tr bn thn hm.
2. ng lc mng ln nht l tr s ca N (N >> N, S) v tr s ln nht
ny cng bc vi o hm theo ca cc ng lc mng cn li
N

N
S

3. Mmen un l cng bc v ln hn mmen xon nhng cng bc vi

o hm theo ca mmen xon
M = M >> H
( l h s Poisson),
M

H
.

4. Lc ct: Q ln hn Q nhng cng bc vi o hm theo ca Q

Q

>> Q .

5. Bin dng mng: bin dng di ca mt trung bnh cng bc, ln hn

bin dng gc nhng cng bc vi o hm theo ca bin dng gc
= v

>> .

6. Bin dng un: thay i cong ca ng ln hn thay i

cong theo ng v xon nhng c cng bc vi o hm theo
ca chng

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>> , . .

7. Chuyn v: chuyn v theo phng php tuyn w ln hn chuyn v

mng nhng cng bc vi o hm theo ca chuyn v mng
w

u
v

>> u , v .

Cc gi thit trn c tp hp trong bng 4-1

Phng trnh hiu ng bin n gin
Phng trnh hiu ng bin n gin c xy dng trn c s cc
phng trnh tng qut ca l thuyt v khi khng c cc ti trng phn
b
q = q = qn= 0
v ch ti cc c im ca TT HBG ghi tm tt trn bng 4-1.
Bng 4-1
i lng

Ch yu

th yu

nhn xt

ng lc mng

N , S

Mmen

M, M

Lc ct

Bin dng mng

Bin dng un

Chuyn v

u,v

N
S
.

H
M

Q
Q

u
v

S dng phng trnh cn bng th 3 , th 5 ca 3-29 (khi ly M = M

v khng c qn)
N
N
1 ( BQ ) ( AQ )
+
]( +
) = 0;
[

AB
R
R

(4-3)

( A 2 H ) ( BM )
B
+
M
ABQ = 0 .

Phng trnh i vi cc bin dng ch yu, theo 3-38, 3-39, 3-40, c

dng
=

1 v
u B w
,
+
+
B AB R

1 u
1 w
1 v
1 w

(
)+
(

).
A R A
AB R B

(4-4)

Phng trnh vt l theo 3-42

N =

Eh
( + ) ,
1 2

M = D( + ) =

(4-5)

Eh 3
( + ) .
12(1 2 )

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Theo bng 4-1 v tng quan cc i lng, cc phng trnh trn c

vit li nh sau:
1 ( BQ ) N

= 0,
AB
R

4-3 tr thnh

1 ( BM )
Q = 0 .
AB
w
0
,

=
R

4-4 tr thnh

1 1 w
(
).
A0 A0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

0
N = Eh
,

4-5 tr thnh

(e)
M = D ,
(g)
(h)
M = M .
H 7 phng trnh 7 n s ca bi ton hiu ng bin c rt gn li
thnh mt phng trnh i vi mt n s chnh l chuyn v w bng cch
thay b vo a, sau dng g v d:
N
1
1
[B
( BM )]
=0
AB
AB
R

1 1 1 1 w
12(1 )
{
[
(
)]} +
w = 0.
AB A A A
h 2 R2

(4-6)

w
P
( Pw) = P
+w

Xt o hm

vi i lng P l cc h s Lame A hoc B, cn w l hm chuyn v

php tuyn ca bi ton hiu ng bin. Hnh hc ca v l trn, khng
thay i t ngt nn s bin i ca cc h s hnh hc khng ln, o

P
w
s nh hn o hm ca chuyn v php tuyn
,

w
( Pw) P
.
c th ly gn ng

hm ca chng

Phng trnh hiu ng bin n gin 5-6 s c dng

vi

4w
+ 44 w = 0
4

12(1 2 ) A 4
=4
4h 2 R 2

(4-7)
(4-8)

trong :
ng lch l ng to ng vi tr s = 1,
ng to vung gc vi ng lch;
A l h s Lame ca ng ,
R l bn knh cong ca ng lch,
h, l dy v v h s Poisson ca vt liu.
Nghim ca 4-7 khi A l hng s (ph hp vi gi thit ca HB n
gin):
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 1
1

Ehw = [C1 cos kg ( 1 ) + C 2 sin kg ( 1 )]e kg ( 1 )

Ehw = [C 3 cos kg ( 1 ) + C 4 sin kg ( 1 )]e

kg ( 1 )

(4-9)
(4-10)

Ci l hng s khi tch phn theo , chng l hm theo bin s .

K hiu cc h s k =

g = 4 3(1 2 )

l h s tnh tr s trung bnh ca bn knh cong R trn ng lch.

Th d
Determine the membrane forces in a hyperbolic paraboloid sell with a
midsurface defined by the expression z = -xyh/a2 for two particular cases:
a) the sell is subjected to avertical load p per unit its horizontal projection.
b) the sell carries its own weight p per unit surface area.
Assume that the effets boudrie are negligeabl and Nx = S = 0 (x = 0)
Ny = S = 0 (y = 0)
h
a
a
Solution
t C = a2/h, phng trnh mt v l z = - Cxy
4-5 L thuyt PMM v trn xoay
H to
Cho v trn xoay trong h to cu , , R nh ch trn hnh v 4-6,
kinh tuyn l ng ( ), v tuyn l ng ( ), Tm cong
ca ng to nm trn php tuyn en mt trung bnh, bn knh cong
c k hiu l R ca ng kinh tuyn, l R ca ng v tuyn.

Hnh 4-6 Cc thng s hnh hc ca v trn xoay

67