1

Development Management

Sustainable Agriculture
<<Unit1>>

Sustainable Forestry Management

Thecommercialuseofforestsnowadayshasreachedsuchanextentthatithasbecomeathreattothe
environmentintheformof:
Increaseintemperature,
Lesserprecipitation,
Increasedrateofsoilerosion,
Increaseinfrequencyandvolumeoffloods,
Lossofsoilproductivity,
Extinctionofseveralspecies,
Nonavailabilityofseveralessentialforestproducts,and
Imbalanceinecosystem.

SFMisthemanagementofforestsaccordingtotheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment.SFMhave
verybroadsocial,economic&envgoals.

KeyobjectiveofSFMistheattainmentofbalanceabalancebetweensociety'sincreasingdemandsof
forestproductsandbenefitsandthepreservationofforesthealth&diversity.Thisbalanceiscriticalto
thesurvivalofforestsandtotheprosperityofforestdependentcommunities.

KeyelementsofSFMare
Extentofforestresources
Biologicaldiversity
Foresthealthandvitality
Productivefunctionsandforestresources
Protectivefunctionsofforestresources
Socioeconomicfunctions

Legal,policyandinstitutionalframework.

Asetoflaws,regulations&programsareestablishedtoachieveSFM.
Laws

IndianForestActwhichprovideslegalframeworkformanagementofforestin
thecountry.
ForestConservationActwhichmandatescentralgovernmentapprovalfor
diversionofforestlandsforthenonforestrypurposes.
WildlifeProtection&preservationact

Regulations

Programs

SocialForestrymanagementandprotectionofforestsandafforestationon
barrenlandswiththepurposeofhelpingintheenvironmental,socialandrural
development.
JointForestManagement(JFM)partnershipsinforestmanagementinvolving
boththestateforestdepartmentsandlocalcommunities.
VanVigyanKendratodisseminatevarioustechnologiesdevelopedbyfarmers,
forestbasedindustriesandforestresearchinstitutes

Other
Institutions

IndianInstituteofForestManagement.

Mainforestconservationmethods:
Regulated&plannedcuttingoftreesclear,selective&shelterwoodcutting
Controloverforestfire.
Reforestation&Afforestation
CheckoverForestClearanceforAgriculturalandHabitationPurposes

Protectionofforestsforestdiseasesresultingfromparasiticfungi,rusts,mistletoes,viruses
andnematodeswhichcausethedestructionoftrees.Theforestsshouldbeprotectedeitherby
useofchemicalspray,antibioticsorbydevelopmentofdiseaseresistantstrainsoftrees.
ProperUtilisationofForestProductsandForests

Thesustainedyieldconceptdictatesthatwhenevertimberisremoved,eitherbyblockcuttingorby
selectivecutting,thedenudedareamustbereforested.Thismaybedonebynaturalorartificial
methods.Similarly,anyforestedlandwhichhasbeendestroyedbyfireorminingactivitiesshouldbe
reforested.Inruggedterrainaerialseedingisthemethodofchoice.

Besidesallthis,freshafforestationprogrammesshouldbestarted.Newplantationswillnotonly
increasetheforestcoverbutalsohelpinmakinguptheecobalance.Forafforestation,selectionoftrees
shouldbedoneaccordingtolocalgeographicalconditionsandcaremustbetakenduringinitialgrowth
ofthetrees.

Water Resource Management

Waterresourcesaresourcesofwaterthatareusefultohumans.Usesofwaterinclude
Agricultural65%
Industrial15%
Household
Recreational
Environmental
Virtuallyallofthehumanusesrequiresfreshwater.

Freshwaterisrenewableresourcelikesoil&air.However,wateristheoneofthecriticalresources,
butaroundtheworlditisunderthreat.Waterdemandalreadyexceedssupplyinmanypartsofthe
world,astheworldpopulationcontinuestorise,sotoodoesthewaterdemand.

Waterresourcescanbedividedintotwodistinctcategoriessurface&groundwatersources.

Surfacewateriswaterinariver,lakeorfreshwaterland.Surfacewaterisnaturallyreplenishedby
precipitationandnaturallylostthroughdischargetotheoceans,evaporationetc.

Waterresourcemanagementisthecontrolofwaterusage&alsothequalityofwater.Thisisvery
importantwithregardtotheconservation&theprotectionofwater.Waterdemandmanagementis
meanttomanagetheavailablewaterresourceswiselyandtodeliverthenecessaryamountfor
sustainabledevelopment.
<<benefits>>
<<stakeholders>>
<<framework>>awareness

Someavailabletechniquesare
Meter/Measure/Manage
Rainwaterharvesting
IncorporateLandscapeIrrigation/Xeriscaping

Waste Management
AsperBaselConvention,wastereferstosubstancesorobjectswhich
DisposedofOR
IntendedtobedisposedofOR
Requiredtobedisposedof
bytheprovisionofthelaw.

Wastescanbeclassifiedas
1. SolidWastewastesinsolidform.Examplesareplastic,bottles,cans,papers,scrapiron.
2. LiquidWastewastesinliquidform.Examplesarechemicals,oils,wastewateretc.

Basedonproperties,wastescanbeclassifiedas
1. Biodegradablethosethatcanbedegradedlikepaper,wood,fruitsetc.
2. NonBiodegradablethosethatcantbedegradedlikeplastics,bottles,oldmachines,cans.

Accordingtotheireffectonhumanhealth&env,wastescanbeclassifiedas
1. Hazardouswastethesearesubstancesunsafetousecommercially,industrially,agriculturally
oreconomically.
2. NonHazardouswastethesesubstancesusuallycreatedisposalproblems.

Wastescanbeclassifiedbasedonorigin
1. MunicipalSolidWasteSolidwastesthatincludehouseholdgarbage,rubbish,construction&
demolitiondebris,sanitationresidues,packagingmaterials,traderefugesetc.aremanagedby
anymunicipality.
2. BiomedicalWasteSolidorliquidwastesincludingcontainers,intermediateorendproducts
generatedduringdiagnosis,treatment&researchactivitiesofmedicalsciences.
3. IndustrialWasteLiquidandsolidwastesthataregeneratedbymanufacturing&processing
unitsofvariousindustrieslikechemical,petroleum,coal,metalgas,sanitary&paperetc.
4. AgriculturalWasteWastesgeneratedfromfarmingactivities.Thesesubstancesaremostly
biodegradable.
5. FisheryWasteWastesgeneratedduetofisheryactivities.Theseareextensivelyfoundin
coastal&estuarineareas.
6. RadioactiveWasteWastecontainingradioactivematerials.Usuallythesearebyproductsof
nuclearprocesses.Sometimesindustriesthatarenotdirectlyinvolvedinnuclearactivities,may
alsoproducesomeradioactivewastes,e.g.radioisotopes,chemicalsludgeetc.

7. EWasteElectronicwastesgeneratedfromanymodernestablishments.Theymaybe
describedasdiscardedelectricalorelectronicdevices.Someelectronicscrapcomponents,such
asCRTs,maycontaincontaminantssuchasPb,Cd,Beorbrominatedflameretardants.

Ifwastesarenotmanagedwisely,itcanimpact
Affectourhealthcancer,congenitalmalformations,neurologicaldiseasesetc.
Affectoursocioeconomicconditions.
Affectourcoastal&marineenv.
Affectourclimate.
<<Climatechange>>
Overthepastsomanyyears,communities,envgroups&otherconcernedindividualsandorghave
adoptedthewastebattlecryofReduceReuseRecycle.These3RsareoftendescribedastheWaste
Hierarchy.

Recently,Replacealsogotaddedtothishierarchy.ThemodifiedWasteHierarchyisshownas.

Reducebuyless&useless.Theultimategoalistodecreasethevolume&toxicityofwasteseach
persongeneratesinthecourseofdailylife.Italsomeansthatbyreducingconsumption,valuable
resourceslikewaterandenergyareconserved.
Avoidunnecessarypackaging.
Avoiditemsdesignedtobeusedonlyonce.
Usedurable,reusableproducts
Exampleclothbagsinsteadofplastic&paperbags,extrachargetoreducetheoverall
disposablebagusage.

Reuseisconcernedwithextendingthelifecycleofamaterialorproductwithminimalorno
conversionofform.Reusecanbedefinedassimplyfindingmoreand/ordifferentwaystouseanitem.
Reusingitemscansaveenergy&money.
Purchase&usedurableitemswithlonglives.
Reuseofcars,autoparts,books,jars,packingmaterials,containersetc.
Donateusablegoodssuchastoys,clothing&eyeglassestocharity.

Recycleisthemostrecognizedoptionof4Rs.Recyclingcanbedoneathome(milkjugs&soda
cans),atwork(cardboard&papers)&onthego(plastic&paperrecyclingatairports,citystreetsetc).

Inessence,recycletakesdiscardeditemsandseparatesthemintomaterialsthatcanberemanufactured
intonewproducts.
Upcyclingreferstotheconversionoflowvaluematerialsintohighvalueproducts.
Downcyclingreferstotheconversionofhighvalueproductsintolowvaluematerials.

Ingeneral,upcyclingismoredesirable,totheextentthatitismorelikelytoresultinalonglived
productandtherebykeepthematerialoutofthewastestreamforalongerperiodoftime.However,
bothupcycling&downcyclingaddresstheprimaryobjectiveofminimizingwastedisposalinlandfills.

Replaceproduction&useofrenewable,biobasedproductsalmostalwaysresultinlowerenvimpacts
thanproductsmadeofnonrenewablematerials.Productswithhighembodiedenergyshouldbe
replacedwithproductsrequiringalowerenergytoproduce.Thatmeans,thestrategyofreplaceis
focussedoncaseswhererenewableproducts(suchaswood)canreplacenonrenewableproducts(such
asconcrete&steel)resultinginanetenvbenefit.Anotherwayofphrasingthisstrategyistousebio
basedmaterialsinsteadoffossilfuelbasedmaterials,especiallywherethesubstitutionadvantageis
higher.IndustrialWasteManagement

Industrial Waste Management

Itisthewasteproducedbybusinessfromanindustrialormanufacturingprocess.Someoftheexamples
arechemicalsolvents,paints,metals,radioactivewastesetc.

Inabroadersense,industrialwastescanbeclassifiedas
Hazardous
NonHazardous
Hazardouswaste,,whichmaybeinsolid,liquidorgaseousformmaycausedangertohealthorenv,
eitheraloneorwhenincontactwithotherwastes.

Listofindustrialwastesare
Agriculturewaste

Clinicalwaste

Animalbyproducts

Commercialwaste

Biodegradablewastes

Foodwaste

Biomedicalwaste

Electronicwaste

Businesswaste

Nonbiodegradablewaste

Chemicalwaste

Remove

Dontgeneratewaste

Reduce

Generatelesswastebybettermanagement.
Sourcereductioncanbeachievedthroughequipmentortechnologymodifications,
processorproceduremodifications,reformulationorredesignofproducts,substitution
ofrawmaterials,

Replace

Materialsubstitution

Reuse

Reuseinitsoriginal.

Recycle

Recycleorreprocesstheitemtoincorporateitintoanewproductornewuse.

Recover

Extractmaterialsorenergyfromwaste.

Treat

Mitigatetheinherenthazardofthewaste.
BiologicalMethodscomposting,landfarming
ThermalMethodsincineration
ChemicalMethodsstabilization,neutralization
PhysicalMethodsfiltration,centrifugation,shreddingetc.

Dispose

Mitigatethehazardthroughpathwaymodifications
DeepInjection
Dischargetowaterorland
Landfill

Nuclear Waste Management

Radiowastesarewastesthatcontainradioactivematerial.Radioactivematerialsareusuallythe
byproductofnuclearpowergeneration.However,otherindustriescanalsogenerateradioactivewastes
sometimes.(Hospitals).

Radiowastesishazardoustomostformsoflifeandtheenvironment,andisregulatedbyGovt.
agenciesinordertoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.Notallnuclearwasteareparticularly
hazardousorhardtomanageascomparedtoothertoxicindustrialwastes.

Radioactivewastescanbesegregatedintoseveralclassifications.

LowlevelWasteisgeneratedfromhospitals,laboratoriesandindustry,aswellasthenuclearfuel
cycle.Itcomprisespaper,rags,tools,clothing,filtersetc.whichcontainsmallamountsofmostly
shortlivedradioactivity.Itisnotdangeroustohandle,butmustbedisposedofmorecarefullythan
normalgarbage.Usuallyitisburiedinshallowlandfillsites.Toreduceitsvolume,itisoften
compactedorincinerated(inaclosedcontainer)beforedisposal.Worldwideitcomprises90%ofthe
volumebutonly1%oftheradioactivityofallradwaste.

IntermediatelevelWastecontainshigheramountsofradioactivityandmayrequirespecialshielding.It
typicallycomprisesresins,chemicalsludgesandreactorcomponents,aswellascontaminatedmaterials
fromreactordecommissioning.Worldwideitmakesup7%ofthevolumeandhas4%ofthe
radioactivityofallradwaste.Itmaybesolidifiedinconcreteorbitumenfordisposal.Generally
shortlivedwaste(mainlyfromreactors)isburied,butlonglivedwaste(fromreprocessingnuclear
fuel)isdisposedofdeepunderground.

HighlevelWastemaybetheusedfuelitself,ortheprincipalwasteseparatedfromreprocessingthis.
Whileonly3%ofthevolumeofallradwaste,itholds95%oftheradioactivity.Itcontainsthe
highlyradioactivefissionproductsandsomeheavyelementswithlonglivedradioactivity.Itgenerates
aconsiderableamountofheatandrequirescooling,aswellasspecialshieldingduringhandlingand
transport.Iftheusedfuelisreprocessed,theseparatedwasteisvitrifiedbyincorporatingitinto
borosilicate(Pyrex)glasswhichissealedinsidestainlesssteelcanistersforeventualdisposaldeep
underground.

Nuclearwasteisgeneratedatallpointsofthefuelcycle.Frontendwasteconsistsprimarilyoflow
levelalphaemissionwaste.ServiceperiodwastetypicallyincludesLLW&ILWsuchascontaminated
reactorhousingsandwastefromdailyoperation.Backendwastenormallyisthemostradioactiveand
includesspentfuelrodsandreactorcores.

Threegeneralprinciplesareemployedinthemanagementofradioactivewastes:
Concentrateandcontain
Diluteanddisperse
Delayanddecay.

Thefirsttwoarealsousedinthemanagementofnonradioactivewastes.Thewasteiseither
concentratedandthenisolated,oritisdilutedtoacceptablelevelsandthendischargedtothe
environment.

Delayanddecayhoweverisuniquetoradioactivewastemanagementitmeansthatthewasteisstored
anditsradioactivityisallowedtodecreasenaturallythroughdecayoftheradioisotopesinit.

Inaccordancewithinternationalguidelines,acoherentcomprehensiveandconsistentsetofprinciples
andstandardsarebeingpracticedinIndiaforNuclearWasteManagementinconformitywith
Internationalguidelines.

AbriefsummaryofthevariousradioactiveWasteManagementpracticesfollowedinIndiaispresented
below.

Municipal Waste Management

ss
HospitalWasteManagement

AirQualityManagement

Coastal&MarineResourceManagement

NIMBYNotInMyBackYard