Name:

NO:
Process Control Instrumentation

11.1 : Tabulate the different measuring element of process variables . And explain where it is best suited
( Example Thermocouple &RTD )
The different types of level measuring elements are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hydrostatic pressure uses.

Differential pressure.
Displacers
Bob and tape type float (VAREC) (Float and cable)
Capacitance.

Temperature measuring elements are:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bimetallic thermometers
Liquid in glass thermometers (capillary tube thermometer).
Thermocouples
Resistance Thermal Detectors (RTD)
Filled system thermometers (gas filled or vapour filled)

.The different types of pressure measuring elements are

1- Manometer.
2- Bourdon tube.

C-tube
Spiral Bourdon tube
Helical Bourdon tube.

3- Diaphragm
4- Bellows element.

The different types of flow measuring elements are

Indirect flow measurement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Orifice plate meter.

Venture tube.
Flow nozzle
Rota meter.
Magnetic flow meter.
Turbine meter.

Direct flow measurement

Positive displacement meter. (PD meter).
11.2 : Explain the difference between pre alarm and shutdown alarm , and where they are connected on
equipments /process
Pre alarms are used only for alarm ( high or low ) but shutdown alarms give alarms and initiate SD for the
unit ( high high or low low )
The alarm element normally is connected to the control loop , but the SD element will be separated .
11.3 : Demonstrate your understanding process flow diagrams , operating standards , plot plans and piping
and instrumentation standards
Process Flow Diagram (PFD) : It gives simple description about the plant , (numbering , inlet and outlet
lines , control loops ..)
Operating Standards : it give the design rating for any equipment , max pressure , temperature , capacity ..
Plot Pans : It is simple drawing for the plant with equipment numbers , it is used to define the hazardous
areas , noisy areas , NORM
P&ID : It gives more details about the plant , piping rating (ANSI) , Dimensions , control loops , type of
valves , symbols

11.4 : Retrieve information from

cause and effect diagram ( SD matrix
)
A cause and effect is a document
which contains valuable information
for the operator/supervisor prior to
conducting any test or change in the
plant.
On the left hand side of the
document you will have the causes
and on the right hand side you will
see its effects for example in the
accompanying chart
11.5 : Explain with sketches control loops for process variables pressure / level / temperature .

With regard to the above diagram it can be seen if the incoming process input decreased the level in the
separator with change. This change is noted by the level transmitter which in turn sends in a signal
(measured value) to the controller. The controller will measure the deviation and correct it by sending a
signal to the correcting element (the control Value). This is a basic example of how the process control loop
functions
11.6 : Explain how a split range controller works . with an example on your plant
Split range controller is one controller having one output controlling two final control elements that is two
.. control valves. One valve is operated from 3-9 psi and the other valve is operated from 9-15 psig

11.7 : Demonstrate the ability to operate in manual and auto

Put the controller by bringing the ball into the center and switch to manual, now the controller is
disconnected from the system for operating we have to give air supply to the control valve manually

11.8 : How is an ASD is carried out , state the procedure and what information is required to do the test
ASD check means alarm & S/D test . This procedure is done to check the all switches are working properly
or not and check the set point
Before check any switch it must be overridden and CCR should be informed .
ASD will be checked by instrument technicians in presence of operator and log in the ASD check sheet,
signed by instrument & operator
11.9 : Explain the terms : ESD , ASD , PSD, PED and P&ID what role does it play in your day to day
operation ?
ESD : Emergency shut down (power failure , fire , instrument PSLL ,prossce upsit
ASD : Alarm & shutdown test
PSD : Process shutdown ( train )
PFD : Process flow diagram

P&ID : Piping & instrumentation drawing

11.10 : Understand the function & importance of a SDP demonstrate how to acknowledge , reset and
energize the panel
The SDP is connected to all alarm switches and S/D switches and gives signal to SDV to open or close
To acknowledge reset and energize the panel I have to check the problem and solve it then the switches has
to be overridden then the panel can be charged and reset
11.11 : Demonstrate how you will change out a pressure gauge on a life line .

Isolate the switch

Vent the switch
Select the correct gauge (rate )
Install the new gauge and close the vent and open isolation valve

11.12 : Explain a cascade control loop .

It is a method to control parameter via another parameter
EX : Controlling a heat exchanger temperature via the flow
The TIC output will be a set point for the FIC on the inlet to the heat exchanger