CIRED

19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution

Vienna, 21-24 May 2007

Paper 0562

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High

Dynamic electromagnetic transient simulation

Dynamic transient simulation

Computational requirements

Input data requirements

High

Variable impedance Ipsa+ short-circuit calculation

IEC 60909 short-circuit calculation
Fixed impedance decaying short-circuit calculation
ANSI/IEEE short-circuit calculation

Low

Non-decaying short-circuit calculation

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Differential equations

Differential machine equations

Algebraic network equations

Algebraic network equations

Figure 1-Short-circuit calculations

FIC modelling enhancements are related to the calculation

of RMS SC break current, Peak SC current and DC SC
current. The FIC calculation assumes that the sub-transient
current components decay to negligible values within 120
ms (a time constant of 40 ms). The RMS symmetrical
short-circuit current at the break time t b (ms) can be
calculated using the following equation:
tb
'
"
'
I sym
= I sym
+ ( I sym
I sym
)e tb / 40 .

(1).

The FIC calculation of the peak short-circuit current is

based on the following equation:
"
(2)
I peak = 2 I sym
(1.02 + 0.98e 3 R / X ) ,
where the R/X ratio is obtained using the IEC60909
equivalent frequency method called Method C.
Method C is a simple re-calculation of the DPI of the N2
network. In this re-calculation all network inductive and
capacitive reactances needs to be scaled to an equivalent
frequency f c (less than nominal frequency). The applied
equivalent frequency

f c depends on the time elapsed from

the instant of fault. The re-calculated R/X ratio of DPI of

the N2 network needs to be scaled back to the nominal
frequency and then used in the equation above.
The same R/X ratio can be used to calculate DC SC
component using the following equation:
"
(3)
I dc = 2 I sym
* e 2 50tb R / X .
In terms of computational efforts (see Fig.1) FIC requires
an additional inverse matrix calculation (with respect to the
non-decaying method described above) to re-calculate the
R/X ratio using Method C.
Variable impedance short-circuit calculation method
Two most important modelling enhancements of the
variable impedance SCC method as used in IPSA+, are the
use of non-fixed impedances for rotating machines and
separate calculations of AC and DC SC components.
In reality, the effective machine impedances vary with the
CIRED2007 Session 3

Paper No 0562

time elapsed from the instant of the fault. The calculation

of these impedances is described in [2] in more detail.
Therefore, when calculating the symmetrical AC SC
component, both open and short-circuit circuit time
constants and the d and q axis sub-transient, transient and
synchronous reactances are used to calculate machine
impedances. Similarly, the armature time constants and d
and q axis sub-transient reactances are used to calculate
time varying machine impedances for the calculation of the
DC SC component.
In the applied procedure for the calculation of the machine
impedances, special attention is devoted to the calculation
of effective external network impedances seen by each
machine [2]. For a remote fault involving external
impedances between the machine and the fault point, the
effective machine reactances are increased by the value of
this external reactance. The IPSA+ SCC uses open circuit
time constants and the external impedance to re-calculate
the true machine short-circuit time constants.
Also in contrast, the peak current value in this approach is
determined using the following equation:
10 ms
10 ms
,
I peak = 2 I sym
+ I dc

(4)

10 ms
where I sym
is the symmetrical AC SC component at 10 ms

after the fault.

In terms of computational efforts this method is the most
demanding steady-state SC calculation discussed in this
paper. This is because the calculation of the external
impedances is in essence an iterative calculation of DPI
[2]. Moreover, the separate calculations of AC and DC SC
components duplicate the computational efforts with
respect to the non-decaying SCC (see Fig.1).

Short-circuit calculation standards/guidelines

ANSI/IEEE short-circuit calculation
ANSI/IEEE 141 is a North American standard for SCCs.
The standard gives detailed guidelines on the SCC

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