Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 IntroductionIA
1 IntroductionIA
1 IntroductionIA
lmmc@isr.ist.utl.pt
Course
Syllabus
Introduc)on:
fundamental
no.ons,
historical
aspects
Intelligent
agents:
percep.on/ac.on
mapping,
intelligent
agent
deni.on,
structure
of
agents,
environments
Problem-solving:
uninformed
search,
informed
search,
heuris.c
func.ons,
adversarial
search,
constraint
sa.sfac.on
problems
Logical
agents:
knowledge
representa.on
and
reasoning,
proposi.onal
logic,
rst
order
logic,
inference
by
natural
deduc.on,
inference
by
resolu.on
Planning:
planning
agents,
classical
planning,
Situa.onal
calculus
Uncertainty:
probabilis.c
reasoning,
Bayesian
networks
Decision
making:
u.lity
func.ons,
decision
networks,
Markov
decision
processes
Distributed
AI:
mul.-agent
systems
(?)
Bibliography
Ar.cial
Intelligence
a
Modern
Approach
Stuart
Russell
and
Peter
Norvig
1st
edi.on
avoid
2nd
edi.on
okay
3rd
edi.on
preferred
Student
Evaluation
Wri`en
evalua.on
(70%)
2
tests:
November
15,
and
December
20,
or
Recourse
exam:
January
17
Prac.cal
evalua.on
(30%)
3
assignments:
October
16,
November
6,
and
December
4
these
assignments
involve
solving
three
typical
AI
problems
using
techniques
learnt
and
Python
groups
of
2
students
group
registra.on
in
fenix
Class
schedule
Theore.cal
classes
(28)
Tuesdays,
11h00-12h30,
room
EA5
Thursdays,
09h30-11h00,
room
EA4
Prac.cal
classes
(14)
Thursdays,
11h00-12h30,
room
V1.26
(rst
4
classes
will
be
an
introduc.on
to
Python)
Q&A
(formal
schedule)
Thursdays,
12h30-14h00,
room
5.15
(send
an
email
telling
that
you
intend
to
go
to
Q&A)
Web
page
(at
fenix):
h`ps://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/disciplinas/IASD25/2014-2015/1-semestre
Introduction
Ar)cial
Intelligence
is
one
of
the
newest
elds
in
science
and
engineering:
the
work
started
soon
aker
WWII
AI
is
a
natural
consequence
of
a
.meless
objec.ve:
Learning
more
about
ourselves
In
the
past,
physical
strength
was
much
more
important
than
other
human
characteris.cs,
but
now
(intelligence)
knowledge
is
the
key
for
success
Introduction
Ar)cial:
made
or
produced
by
human
beings
rather
than
occurring
naturally,
typically
as
a
copy
of
something
natural:
her
skin
glowed
in
the
ar.cial
light
|
an
ar.cial
limb
|
ar.cial
owers.
Intelligence:
the
ability
to
acquire
and
apply
knowledge
and
skills:
an
eminent
man
of
great
intelligence
|
they
underes.mated
her
intelligence.
[source:
New
Oxford
American
Dic.onary]
A
very
general
mental
capability
that,
among
other
things,
involves
the
ability
to
reason,
plan,
solve
problems,
think
abstractly,
comprehend
complex
ideas,
learn
quickly
and
learn
from
experience.
It
is
not
merely
book
learning,
a
narrow
academic
skill,
or
test-taking
smarts.
Rather,
it
reects
a
broader
and
deeper
capability
for
comprehending
our
surroundings"catching
on,"
"making
sense"
of
things,
or
"guring
out"
what
to
do.
From
"Mainstream
Science
on
Intelligence"
(Wall
Street
Journal
1994):
a
public
statement
issued
by
a
group
of
academic
researchers
in
elds
associated
with
intelligence
Introduction
Some
concepts
related
with
intelligence
Mind
Thought
Cogni.on
Percep.on
Knowledge
(representa.on)
Emo.ons
Reasoning
Behaviour
Learning
(memory)
Ac.on
9
and Evolu.on
Introduction
Derek
Stubbs,
a
physician-turned-computer
scien.st,
claims
that
evolu.on
of
life
has
made
several
great
leaps,
when
judged
by
the
criterion
of
adaptability:
Ability
to
reproduce
Sexual
reproduc.on
Mul.cellular
organisms
Development
of
specialized
nerve
cells
Inven.on
of
central
nervous
system
Ar.cial
learning
machines
Gene.c
engineering,
environment
engineering
and
life-computer
symbiosis
10
Introduction
We
are
very
close
to
a
.me
where
virtually
no
human
essen.al
func.on,
physical
or
mental,
will
lack
an
ar.cial
human
emulator.
The
realiza.on
of
this
convergence
of
cultural
developments
will
be
the
intelligent
robot,
a
machine
that
can
think
and
act
like
humans.
[Hans
Moravec,
1988]
2010:
A
rst
genera.on
of
broadly-capable
"universal
robots"
will
emerge.
The
servant
robots
will
be
able
to
run
applica.on
programs
for
many
simple
chores.
2015:
U.lity
robots
host
programs
for
several
tasks.
Larger
"U.lity
Robots"
with
manipulator
arms
able
to
run
several
dierent
programs
to
perform
dierent
tasks
may
follow
single-purpose
home
robots.
2020:
Universal
robots
host
programs
for
most
simple
chores.
Larger
machines
with
manipulator
arms
and
the
ability
to
perform
several
dierent
tasks
may
follow,
culmina.ng
eventually
in
human-
scale
"universal"
robots
that
can
run
applica.on
programs
for
most
simple
chores.
2030:
Robot
competence
will
become
comparable
to
larger
mammals.
11
RoboCup
Federa)on
goal:
"By
the
middle
of
the
21st
century,
a
team
of
fully
autonomous
humanoid
robot
soccer
players
shall
win
a
soccer
game,
complying
with
the
ocial
rules
of
FIFA,
against
the
winner
of
the
most
recent
World
Cup.
Introduction
Some
ques.ons
about
human
mind:
What
is
mind?
How
can
mental
events
occur
in
a
physical
world?
Do
mental
events
arise
from
the
physical,
or
are
they
some
kind
of
spiritual
stu
of
their
own?
If
they
do
arise
from
the
physical,
how
do
they
do
it?
and
if
they
dont,
where
do
they
come
from?
Most
researchers
on
AI
and
Robo.cs
follow
the
physicalist
assump.on:
Mind
is
what
brain
does,
or
something
very
like
it
in
relevant
ways
"If
we
really
understand
a
system
we
will
be
able
to
build
it.
Conversely,
we
can
be
sure
that
we
do
not
fully
understand
the
system
un.l
we
have
synthesized
and
demonstrated
a
working
model"
[Carver
Mead,
1989]
12
Introduction
Approaches
to
mind
top-down
Ar.cial
Intelligence
Psychology
Analy.c
perspec.ve
Mind
Neuroscience
Synthe.c
perspec.ve
Mechanisms
of
Mind
(Robo.cs)
bo`om-up
13
Introduction
Some
examples
of
synthe.c
approaches
to
mind:
Classical
Symbolic
AI
Ar.cial
Neural
Networks
Silicon
Nervous
Systems
Ar.cial
Life
Computa.onal
Neuroethology
Subsump.on
Architecture
(R.
Brooks)
Society
of
agents
(M.
Minsky)
Most
of
these
approaches
are
based
on
the
following
assump.ons:
Mind
is
be`er
viewed
as
a
con.nuous
as
opposed
to
a
boolean
no.on
Mind
is
aggregate
rather
than
monolithic,
i.e.
it
is
enabled
by
a
mul.tude
of
disparate
mechanisms
The
main
func.on
of
mind
is
to
produce
the
next
ac.on
Mind
operates
on
sensa.ons
to
create
informa.on
for
its
own
use
Mind
uses
prior
knowledge
(memories)
to
produce
ac.ons
by
a
reconstruc.ve
process,
rather
than
by
retrieval
Mind,
to
some
degree,
is
implementable
on
machines
14
Introduction
Other
interes.ng
and
related
issues:
Animal
mind
Rela.on
between
mind
and
body
Antnio
Damsio
In
order
to
re-center
discussion
back
to
AI,
lets
assume
that
Ar)cial
Intelligence
is
a
synthe)c
approach
to
mind
So,
what
dieren.ates
AI
from
Philosophy
or
Psychology
is
that
[Charles Addams, The New Yorker, 2/9/1946. Tee and Charles Addams Founda.on.]
15
Introduction
The
scien.c
area
of
Ar.cial
Intelligence
was
ocially
founded
during
the
Dartmouth
summer
research
project
on
Ar.cial
Intelligence
(1956),
involving
John
McCarthy,
Marvin
Minsky,
Nathaniel
Rochester
and
Claude
Shannon.
The
study
is
to
proceed
on
the
basis
of
the
conjecture
that
every
aspect
of
learning
or
any
other
feature
of
intelligence
can
in
principle
be
so
precisely
described
that
a
machine
can
be
made
to
simulate
it.
An
a:empt
will
be
made
to
nd
how
to
make
machines
use
language,
form
abstrac?ons
and
concepts,
solve
kinds
of
problems
now
reserved
for
humans,
and
improve
themselves.
Automa.c
Computers
How
Can
a
Computer
be
Programmed
to
Use
a
Language
Neuron
Nets
Theory
of
the
Size
of
a
Calcula.on
Self-lmprovement
Abstrac.ons
Randomness
and
Crea.vity
16
Introduction
There
are
many
deni.ons
of
Ar.cial
Intelligence:
[the
automa.on
of]
ac.vi.es
that
we
associate
with
human
thinking
[Bellman,
1978]
The
art
of
crea.ng
machines
that
perform
func.ons
that
require
intelligence
when
performed
by
people
[Kurzweil,
1990]
reasoning
think ra.onally
behavior
act ra.onally
human as model
ra.onal model
17
Introduction
What
is
ra.onality?
It
is
a
kind
of
ideal
performance:
doing
the
right
thing
given
what
it
knows
18
Introduction
Ac.ng
humanly
Turing
test
Computer
needs:
Natural
language
processing
Knowledge
representa.on
Automated
reasoning
Machine
learning
Illustra.on
by
Ann
Witbrock
in
Copeland,
B.J.,
Ar.cial
Intelligence,
Blackwell,Oxford,
1993
19
Does
the
human
body
serves
no
purpose,
being
only
a
mere
sensor,
even
an
highly
complex
one?
Introduction
Ac.ng
humanly
ELIZA
[Joseph
Weizenbaum,
mid
60s]
20
Introduction
Ac.ng
humanly
Cleverbot
(h`p://www.cleverbot.com)
21
Introduction
Thinking
humanly
we
must
have
some
way
of
determining
how
humans
think
by
introspec.on
by
psychological
experiments
by
brain
imaging
Cogni)ve
Modeling
approach
more
concerned
with
replica.ng
human
thought
processes
rather
than
op.mizing
performance
Cogni)ve
Science
brings
together
computer
models
from
AI
and
experimental
techniques
from
psychology
to
construct
testable
theories
of
the
human
mind
22
Introduction
Thinking
humanly
Examples:
General
Problem
Solver
(GPS),
Alan
Newell
and
Herbert
Simon
(1959)
Neural
Networks,
McCulloch
and
Pi`s
(1943)
Introduction
Thinking
ra.onally
from
laws
of
thought
(philosophy)
to
mathema.cal
logic
laws
that
govern
the
correct
reasoning
Example:
Socrates
is
a
man
all
men
are
mortal
therefore
Socrates
is
mortal
John
McCarthy,
Programs
with
common
sense
(1959)
This
paper
will
discuss
programs
to
manipulate
in
a
suitable
formal
language
(most
likely
a
part
of
the
predicate
calculus)
common
instrumental
statements.
The
basic
program
will
draw
immediate
conclusions
from
a
list
of
premises.
24
Introduction
Ac.ng
ra.onally
act
in
order
to
achieve
the
goals
set,
using
the
right
means,
given
current
beliefs
Idea:
develop
ra.onal
agents,
en..es
that
interact
with
the
environment
(perceive
and
act)
using
correct
reasoning
whenever
possible
in
this
course
we
will
deal
mainly
with
the
general
principles
of
ra.onal
agents
and
on
components
for
construc.ng
them
two
notes
on
ra.onal
agents:
if
there
is
uncertainty,
best
outcome
becomes
best
expected
outcome
if
there
is
no
sucient
computer
resources
or
.me,
best
outcome
is
the
best
the
agent
can
do
with
the
available
.me
and
resources
(limited
ra)onality)
25
Introduction
Philosophy
there
are
innumerous
philosophical
currents
concerned
with
issues
related
to
thought
Socrates
e
Plato
world
of
ideas
vs.
physical
world
Aristotle
human
reasoning
Descartes
dualism
vs.
materialism
Empiricists
knowledge
comes
from
senses
Kant
hybrid
posi.on
between
ra.onalism
and
empiricism
B.
Russell
logical
posi.vism
W.
Quine
language
is
the
key
26/26
Model
of
a
robot
knight
based
on
drawings
by
Leonardo
da
Vinci.
Introduction
introspec.on
study
of
behavior
brain
as
an
informa.on-processing
device
27/26
Introduction
Ar.cial
Intelligence
McCulloch
e
Pi`s
John
McCarthy
Feigenbaum
e
Buchanan
Loki
Zadeh
AI
ages:
1943
55:
1956:
1952
69:
1966
73
:
1969
79
:
1980
?
:
neural
networks
logic,
LISP
expert
systems
approximate
reasoning
(Fuzzy
Logic)
gesta.on
birth
big
hope
dark
age
reborn
expansion
28/26
Introduction
AI
was
born
following
a
discussion
around
the
following
ideas:
Some
neuronal
ac.vity
consists
of
informa.on
processing
[W.
McCulloch,
1943]
A
computer
is
mainly
a
symbolic
manipulator
[C.
Shannon,
1949]
29/26