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8 Introduction To Mass Calibration
8 Introduction To Mass Calibration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mass Laboratory
Responsible for calibrations pertaining to mass
and related quantities such as :
pressure
density
volume
torque
hardness
as well as laser frequency for practical realisation
of the definition of the metre, nanometrology and
rotational speed
kilogram (kg)
g
Unit of length
Unit of mass
second (s)
Unit of time
The second is the duration of 9192 631 770
periods of the radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
kelvin (K)
Unit of thermodynamic temperature
The kelvin, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of
water.
candela (cd)
ampere (A)
Unit of electric current
Th
The ampere is
i that
th t constant
t t currentt which,
hi h if
maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section,
and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal
to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of length.
mole (mol)
Unit of amount of substance
Th
The mole
l is
i the
th amountt off substance
b t
off a
system which contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of
carbon 12.
When the mole is used, the
elementary entities must be specified and may
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other
particles, or specified groups of such particles.
Name
force
newton
mkgs
m
kg s-2
pressure
pascal
m-1kgs-2
SI base
units
density
m-3kg
torque
m2kgs-2
m-1kgs-1
viscosity (dynamic)
1 l of water
Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW)
at its maximum density at 4
without
ith t air
i
under standard atmosphere (101 325 Pa)
1 l = 0.999 972 kg
Metrological Traceability :
National prototypes :
BIPM reference
standards :
K1
No 7
No.
No. 8 (41)
No. 32
No. 43
No. 47
BIPM working
prototypes :
No. 25
No.
N 9
No. 31
No. 77
No. 2
No. 3
No. 5
No. 6
No. 12
No. 16
No. 18
No. 20
No. 21
No. 23
No. 24
No. 34
No. 35
No. 36
No. 37
Rumania
Spain
Italy
Japan
Russian
Federation
Hungary
United
Kingdom
USA
Mexico
Finland
Spain
Acadmie des
sciences de
Paris
France
Norway
Belgium
No. 38
No. 39
No. 40
No. 44
No. 46
No. 48
No. 49
No
No. 50
No. 51
No. 52
No. 53
No. 54
No. 55
No. 56
No. 57
No. 58
Switzerland
South Korea
Sweden
Australia
Indonesia
Denmark
Austria
Canada
Poland
Germany
The Netherlands
Turkey
Germany
South Africa
India
Egypt
No. 60
No. 62
No. 64
No. 65
No. 66
No. 68
No. 69
No. 70
No. 71
No. 72
No. 74
No. 75
No. 76
No. 78
No. 79
No. 80
No. 81
No. 82
Peoples Republic
of China
Italy
Peoples Republic
of China
Slovakia
Brazil
Peoples Republic
of Korea
Portugal
Germany
Israel
South Korea
Canada
Hong Kong
Italy
Chinese Taiwan
USA
Thailand
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Mass spectrum
Sun
Car
Man
Bag of rice
$10 coin
Hair
Atom
2 x 1030
1000
70
5
0.011
10-6
10-26
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Accuracy class :
A class designation of a weight or a weight set
meets certain metrological requirements intended
to keep the mass values within specified limits.
Class E1
Class F2
Class E2
Class M1
Class M2
Weight :
A material measure of mass, regulated in regard
to its physical and metrological characteristics :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
dimensions,
shape,
material,
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
surface quality,
nominal value,
density,
magnetic properties,
maximum permissible error,
construction,
presentation
Class ( m in mg )
Nominal
Value
Class ( m in mg )
Nominal
Value
E1
E2
F1
F2
M1
M2
50 kg
25
80
250
800
2500
8000
25000
1 kg
0.5
20 kg
10 kg
5 kg
10
5
2.5
30
16
8.0
100
50
25
300
160
80
1000
500
250
3000
1600
800
10000
5000
2500
500 g
200 g
100 g
0.25
0.10
0.05
2 kg
1.0
3.0
10
30
100
300
1000
50 g
M3
Class ( m in mg )
E1
E2
F1
E2
F1
F2
M1
M2
1.6
0.8
0.30
0.16
2.5
1.0
0.5
M3
16
50
160
500
8
3.0
1.6
25
10
5
80
30
16
250
100
50
1.0
3.0
10
30
M3
Nominal
Value
E1
F2
M1
M2
M3
20 g
0.8
2.5
25
10 g
5g
2g
0.6
0.5
0.4
2
1.6
1.2
6
5
4
20
16
12
1g
0.3
1.0
10
Nominal
Value
Class ( m in mg )
E1
M1
M2
E2
F1
F2
0.8
2.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.0
1.6
20 mg
0.3
Class ( m in mg )
E1
E2
F1
F2
M1
10 mg
0 003 0.008
0.003
0 008 0.025
0 025 0.08
0 08
0 25
0.25
5 mg
2 mg
1 mg
0.20
0.20
0.20
M2
M3
Construction
e.g. each class E1 or E2 weight shall consist
of a single piece of material.
m - (m - U) mc m + (m - U)
Material
Surface condition
The surface of the weights shall be smooth and
the edges shall be rounded.
Maximum values of surface roughness :
Class
E1 E2 F1
F2
Rz(m)
0.5
Ra(m)
Magnetism
Magnetic susceptibility,
A measure of the ability of a medium to modify a
magnetic field.
field
Density
10
11
Fg Fb = mg m( a/ m)g
= m (1 - a/ m)g
where
m =
g =
a =
m=
1 kg (1 1.18/7800) = 999.85 g
For object of density 1000 kg/m3, the mass supported by
the pan will be :
1 kg (1 1.18/1000) = 998.82 g
Similarly, in air density of 0.91 kg/m3 (air density at high
mountain)
mass supported by the pan for object of density 7800
kg/m3 = 999.88 g
mass supported by the pan for object of density 1000
kg/m3 = 999.09 g
12
P =
T =
XV =
=
=
h =
td =
pressure in Pa
temperature in Kelvins
mole fraction of water vapour
hf(P,t)P
( ,t) sv(t)/
(t)/P
f(P,td)Psv(td)/P
relative humidity in %/100
temperature of the dew point
13
f(P,t) =
6. Mass Calibration
Calibration is p
performed by
y comparing
p
g the test
weight with a reference weight/weights using a
suitable balance.
(i)
Subdivision/multiplication method
kg/m3
14
(ii)
7.
(iv)
E2
F1
F2
M1
Weight
Class
E1
E2
E1
(ii)
(iii)
Weight
Class
15
1 1
( a 1.2)( )
t r
Buoyancy correction : mC
u 2b [m cr
( r t )
u 2 ( t )
u( a )]2 [m cr ( a o )]2
r t
4t
[m cr2 ( a o )]
u 2 ( r )
[( a o ) 2( a1 o )]
4r
(v)
(vi)
16
(8)
Balance Calibration
Calibration procedure should be similar to the
way in which the balance will be used.
Calibration conditions / settings should be
similar to the conditions under which the
balance will be used.
Generally the uncertainty of the weight/weights
used for calibration will not exceed one-third to
one-tenth of the readability of the balance.
2
u u w2 u 2 (mcr ) u s2 (mcr ) ub2 uba
ut2
Use of Balance
Balance Location :
(ii)
(i)
Repeatability
Repeatability test can be performed by repeating
pp
of a weight
g on the balance. In g
general
application
ten applications will be carried out for balance of low
capacity,say,under 50 kg.
Linearity of scale
The test can be performed by checking the balance at
about ten incremental points up to the maximum
capacity of the balance.
(iii)
Eccentric loading
The test can be performed by placing a weight with
nominal value about 30 % of the balance capacity at
the pan centre and then at extremes of the pan, and
then comparing the other results with the result at the
pan centre.
17
References :
Edition 2004
(vii)
(viii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
18