Chromosomes contain DNA and histones and form a nucleosome. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and cell division (mitosis), where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes undergo binary fission where the DNA attaches to the membrane and a membrane grows between the attachments before pinching inward. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and internal/external factors, and uncontrolled growth can lead to cancerous tumors.
Chromosomes contain DNA and histones and form a nucleosome. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and cell division (mitosis), where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes undergo binary fission where the DNA attaches to the membrane and a membrane grows between the attachments before pinching inward. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and internal/external factors, and uncontrolled growth can lead to cancerous tumors.
Chromosomes contain DNA and histones and form a nucleosome. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and cell division (mitosis), where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes undergo binary fission where the DNA attaches to the membrane and a membrane grows between the attachments before pinching inward. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and internal/external factors, and uncontrolled growth can lead to cancerous tumors.
Chromosomes contain DNA and histones and form a nucleosome. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and cell division (mitosis), where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes undergo binary fission where the DNA attaches to the membrane and a membrane grows between the attachments before pinching inward. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and internal/external factors, and uncontrolled growth can lead to cancerous tumors.
I. Chromosomes: thread-like structures of DNA and histones (protein)
forming a unit called a nucleosome A. Chromatid: 2 sister chromatids make up a chromosome B. Centromere: attaches 2 chromatids C. Chromatin: unraveled DNA D. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total (diploid/2n) II. The Cell Cycle: A. somatic (body) cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form 2 identical daughter cells Consists of 2 phases: Interphase (G1 S
G2) + Cell Division (M)
B. Interphase phase between mitosis, 90% of the time that elapses
Gap1 cell growth & assembly of carbs, lipids, and proteins Synthesis DNA replication G2 prep for mitosis 1. Proteins and organelles are made during all 3 stages 2. Nuclear envelope is well-defined C. Cell Division (M) division of nucleus (mitosis) & cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
mitosis
Prophase: longest phase of M; chromosomes coil and become
visible while the nuclear membrane breaks down centrioles: separate and move to opposite poles organizing the mitotic spindle spindle fibers: microtubules attach to centromere and move sister chromatids at a site called the kinetochore Metaphase: chromatids line up on the cell equator and centrioles are at opposite poles Anaphase: chromosomes move to opposite poles as spindles pull on centromere Telophase: 2 new nuclei form and nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
cleavage furrow cytoplasm in animal cell pinches inward cell plate formation of new cell wall in plant cells during telophase III. Binary fission: A. The copied prokaryotic DNA is attached to the plasma membrane at two sites B. the membrane grows in between the two attachment sites C. Once the cell is almost double in size, the membrane pinches inward and a cell wall forms
IV. Regulating the Cell Cycle
A. Uncontrolled Cell Growth 1. Cancer - occurs when cells dont respond to growth signals 2. Malignant tumors i. cell mass that can damage the surrounding tissue ii. metastasis - cells break loose from tumor spreading throughout the body disrupting normal cell activities 3. Causes of cancer i. internal or external regulators are not working ii. smoking, radiation exposure, viral infection iii. defect in p53 and BRCA genes B. Cell Cycle Regulators 1. Cyclins i. protein (kinase) found in cell during mitosis that forms the spindle ii. these regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotes 2. internal regulators - proteins that respond to the events inside the cell to make sure phases of division do not occur too early 3. external regulators i. proteins that respond to the events outside the cell which speed up or slow down the cell cycle ii. growth factors most important regulators, especially during embryonic development and healing iii.molecules found on the surfaces of cells slow/stop cell cycle of neighboring cells