ERGONOMICS

ASSIGNMENT-1
ARTICLE ON WORKPLACE DESIGN

SUBMITTED TO

DR. RAJANI JAIN

SUBMITTED BY

SHUBHAM ARYAN
SUPRIYA NANDA
B.F.TECH (A.P.)-VII

ABSTRACT

The following paper explains the basic considerations to be taken care

of while designing the workplace. The paper presents the guidelines to
evaluate the workstation so that one may find out the changes to made
or is the workplace ergonomically fit or not. The guidelines are
presented in detail in order to help the designers to consider all the
measurements and allowances. The paper also details upon the design
and evaluation of the workstation in order for it to suite to the person.
The paper contains an example on the practical implementation of the
ergonomical workspace design.

ERGONOMICS AND WORKPLACE

Ergonomics is the field of study that seeks to fit the job to the person,
rather than the person to the job. This is achieved through the
evaluation and design of workplaces, environments, job tasks,
equipment, and processes in relationship to human capabilities and
interactions in the workplace. Ergonomics covers the entire work area,
including issues regarding the chairs, workstations etc.
Effective use of ergonomic practices will assist in maintaining high
levels of productivity, avoiding painful and costly employee injuries,
and increasing worker satisfaction. By designing the job around the
person, employed will have a decreased risk of injury and an
improved perception of their employee-centred role at work.

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1. ERGONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO GOOD WORKPLACE
DESIGN
The goal for the design of workplaces is to design for as many people as
possible and to have an understanding of the ergonomics principles of posture
and movement which play a central role in the provision of safety, healthy and
comfortable work environment. Posture and movement at work at the work
will be dictated by the task and the workplace, the bodys muscles, ligaments
and joints are involved in adopting posture, carrying out a movement and
applying a force. The muscles provide the force necessary to adopt a posture
or make a movement. Poor posture and movement can contribute to local
mechanical stress on the muscles, ligaments and joints, resulting in complaints
of the neck, back, shoulder, wrist and other parts of the musculoskeletal
system.
Here under are the ergonomic principles that provide possibilities for
optimising tasks in the workplace:
ERGONOMIC
PRINCIPLE
Joints must be in a
neutral position

Keep work close to the

body

Avoid bending forward

DESCRIPTION
In the neutral position
the
muscles and ligaments,
which
span the joints, are
stretched
to the least possible
extent
If the work is too far
from the
body, the arms will be
outstretched and the
trunk
bent over forwards
The upper part of the
body of
an adult weighs about
40kg
on average. The further
the
trunk is bent forwards,
the
harder it is for the
muscles
and ligaments of the
back to
maintain the upper body
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A twisted trunk strains

the back

Alternate posture as
well as movements

Avoid excessive
reaches

Avoid carrying out

tasks above shoulder
level

Limit the weight of a

load that is lifted

Use mechanical aids

in
balance
The upper part of the
body of
an adult weighs about
40kg
on average. The further
the
trunk is bent forwards,
the
harder it is for the
muscles
and ligaments of the
back to
maintain the upper body
in
balance
Twisted postures of the
trunk
cause undesirable stress
to the
spine
It is necessary to limit
the
extent of forward and
sideways reaches to
avoid
having to bend over or
twist
the trunk
The hands and elbows
should
be well below shoulder
level
when carrying out a task
There are guidance
weight
limits for both males
and
females
Many lifting accessories
are
available to help lift and
move loads

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Avoid carrying loads

with one hand

Use transport
accessories

When only one hand is

used
to carry a load, the body
is
subject to mechanical
stress
There are a large
number of
accessories such as
roller
conveyors, conveyor
belts,
trolleys and mobile
raising
platforms, which
eliminate or
reduce manual handling.

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2. RISK ASSESSMENT ON THE

WORKPLACE

Risk assessment is a process which involves gaining a detailed understanding of a

task being carried out, collecting all relevant technical details of the task, identifying
if there are risk factors/hazards present, exploring what options or solutions are
available to reduce or eliminate the risk factors/hazards and putting a plan in place to
introduce agreed control measures.
There are a number of steps in the manual handling risk assessment process and these
are described briefly below:

Step 1: Identify the Manual Handling Tasks that need to be assessed

A list should be put together of all tasks being performed on site where
manual handling activity is a key component of the task.
Step 2: Develop a risk assessment schedule
A plan should be put in place that will identify what tasks are going to be
assessed and when the assessments are going to be carried out. Involving staff
in the planning and implementation of the risk assessment process can be an
important way of increasing the likelihood of success of the process.
Step 3: The Risk Assessment Process
There are a number of key stages in this process and these are briefly
discussed below.
Task Observation and description
The objective at this stage is to gain a detailed understanding of how a task is
performed and to identify the sub tasks that contribute to the completion of the
overall task.
Collect Task Data
A well-documented manual handling risk assessment will have good quality
information about the task, which will include technical information and
general information.
Examples of technical information include data on load weights, physical
measures of a work area, dimensions of a load, number of manual lifts in a
task, light levels, noise levels.
Here under are the most common risks due to unfavourable economic conditions

AWKWARD POSITIONS
Activities requiring frequent or prolonged work over shoulder height can be
particularly stressful.

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FORCEFUL EXERTION
Tasks that require forceful exertions place higher loads on the muscles,
tendons and joints. Increasing force means increasing body demands such as
greater muscle exertion. The weight of a load that has to be lifted, the height
that the load has to be lifted and the frequency of lift are all factors that
contribute to the level of exertion on the muscles and joints.

FIGURE 1.1 MAXIMUM LOADS SUGGESSTED TO

BE PICKED BY BOTH MALES AND FEMALES

REPETITIVE MOTIONS
If motions are repeated frequently (e.g. every few seconds) and for prolonged
periods such as an eight hour shift, fatigue and muscle strain can accumulate.
Effects of repetitive motions from performing the same work activities are
increased when awkward postures and forceful exertions are involved.

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3. GENERAL
CONSOLES
DESIGNING THE WORKPLACE

WHILE

Workplace and associated equipment designs shall systematically incorporate the

effects of tasks, performance capabilities, physical dimensions, and viewing
dimensions for maintainers and for operators. The physical dimensions of
workplaces and equipment shall conform to the anthropometric and
biomechanical characteristics of the specific population of users for whom the
system is being designed and to the characteristics of the tasks to be performed.

3.1

SIT AND STAND CONSOLES

The task performance of a user working with consoles is influenced by

1) the contours and slopes of the console panels, 2) the parallax in
viewing displays, 3) the location of displays and controls, and 4) the
adequacy of the space to support the console operator.

FIGURE 3.1 SIT AND STAND CONSOLES

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Each console configuration should be selected to accommodate the

following task-related variables:

a. visibility over the top of console,

b. user mobility (e.g., sit, sit-stand, or stand requirements),
c. control and display demand for panel space (for example, display legibility,
control accessibility),
d. volume of space necessary for leg room and essential equipment beneath the
writing surface, and
e. communications demands of the tasks.

3.2

SEATED WORKSTATIONS

Designers can exploit the following advantages of seated positions:

a. Seated positions reduce workload by helping maintain the body
position and carry body weight.
b. Seats provide comfortable positions that promote long-term focused
attention on activities and information in the nearby workspace.
c. Seating can help establish stability to accommodate fine eye-hand
coordination tasks.
d. Seating can be designed to accommodate powerful exertions on
pedals.
e. Seated workers have more accessibility to equipment and are able to
move about to reduce fatigue and boredom,
f. Seating can be designed to swivel and move on rollers to extend
visual, reach, and communications access.

The main disadvantages of seated work positions are that seated workers can
apply less arm force and smaller arm movements than standing workers. In
addition, seating limits reach with both arms and hands.

Here under are the considerations to be made while designing the workplace
for seating job

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JOB/TOOLS
Swivels and rollers

CONSIDERATION
For most jobs and tasks that do not require heavy work and where
seated positions are appropriate, swivel capability and caster rollers
should be provided for seat ingress and egress and task performance
throughout the workplace.

Seating dimensions

Seat designs and selections should meet or exceed minimum values,

provide adjustment ranges and fixed and preferred values when these
are compatible with the population and tasks to be performed.

Knee space height

Attaining knee space

The preferred knee space should be around 640 mm.

Where equipment packaging permits, knee space and associated leg
space should be attained by sloping the console surface under the
working or writing surface.

Seat cushioning

Seats should be cushioned whenever workers must remain seated for

more than an hour at a time, or for more than 20% of their working
time.

The use of armrests

Workplace seating should provide armrests so that the elbows can

support some upper body weight, unless the rests would be incompatible
with the tasks.

Footrests

Whenever workers must sit for extended periods in seats higher than
460 mm (18 in) or work with work surfaces higher than 760 mm (30 in),
they should have a footrest. Footrests can provide support and add to
comfort for seated jobs. They may be attached to the chair or separate
items positioned on the floor.

Temporary seats

Where space limitations and task frequency warrant, a temporary swing

away seat should be provided with preferred dimensions of 380 mm (15
in) diameter, 460 mm (18 in) floor to seat top dimension with an
adjustability of plus or minus 50 mm (2 in). Exhibit 10.2.2.13 illustrates
a swing away seat.

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FIGURE 3.2 DIAGRAM FOR ADJUSTABLE SEATS

FIGURE 3.3 ARRANGEMENT OF THE

WORKSTATION

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3.3

DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT OF MULTIPERSON CONSOLES

Several primary and support factors shall be used in selecting among

alternative team console arrangements

Functions and resultant tasks for personnel, hardware, and software

components that are necessary for process monitoring and controlling
(these functions and tasks must cover normal, degraded, and
emergency modes of system operations),

Necessary team communication interactions and team links with

external command and control components of the system,

Numbers of personnel necessary to handle the expected high workload

levels,

Common viewing requirements and individual visual access

requirements,

Maintenance access for control or processing subsystems,

Supervisory viewing requirements, ongoing supervisory process

control responsibilities, supervisory space and access requirements,
and supervisory information and communications requirements,

Management, maintenance, and operating concepts and policies,

Architectural and facility engineering constraints,

Requirements and space constraints associated with primary

equipment, controls and displays, computer, printout or readout
devices, and closed-circuit monitoring devices, illumination, acoustic,
and environmental requirements associated with primary tasks,

Primary work surface areas for writing and reading,

Primary storage areas and surfaces for documents, procedures, tools,

spares, and supplies,

Secondary supervisor office privacy requirements,

Security requirements,

Visitor provisions and traffic areas,

Personnel conveniences such as restrooms, kitchen, snack, drinking

water, and personal belonging storage, and

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Support storage for additional documentation and other housekeeping

needs.

FIGURE 3.4 PATTERNS FOR MULTI-PERSON CONSOLES

3.4

STANDING WORKSTATIONS

Standing workstations are used for routine, frequent, or short term jobs
or tasks for which the worker needs to be able to face different
directions or to move from one position to another. The designer can
exploit the following advantages of a standing position when they are
compatible with the tasks to be performed:
When standing, workers can apply more muscular arm force and
make larger arm movements than when seated. These forces may be
applied to levers or valves.

Standing workers can move to see and use components in areas that
would be inaccessible to seated users.

Standing workers can move about to reduce fatigue and boredom.

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Standing workers can use flat working surfaces without knee room,
thus saving space.

e. A standing workstation is not as dimensionally constrained as that of

the seated operator. Equipment that standing operators view or adjust
may be placed anywhere around them as long as it is at the proper
height.

3.5

EQUIPMENTS AND LAYOUTS

3.5.1 Traffic Areas

Traffic area and traffic flow design should be based upon

a. a consideration of task-based activities in and around workstations,
b. location of workstations and traffic areas so that they interfere
minimally with each other,
c. a consideration of the necessary movements of equipment in the
work and traffic areas,
d. a consideration of normal traffic conditions, worst cases, and
emergency conditions, and
e. a consideration of means by which to avoid collisions and to
maximize traffic efficiency.

Layout to minimize traffic and congestion.

Equipment and workstations shall be located so as to minimize
congestion in workflow or worker movement and to minimize
interference with and from personnel traffic areas.

Equipment grouping
Equipment should be grouped so that no other type of technician has
to remove equipment or components before the proper technician can
obtain access to make replacements or repairs.

Floor space for work and passage

Floor space shall be planned and designed to ensure the following:

a. floor space for work areas and for aisle space do not occupy the same
space and, thus, the work and passage do not interfere,

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b. material and equipment handling tasks are to be used in sizing work

and aisle spaces; necessary turning space for materials and equipment is
included,
c. the work and aisle space can be kept clean,
d. storage space for material and equipment does not interfere with
work or passage
e. floor work and aisle space are free of protruding nails, splinters,
holes, loose boards, or other loose materials,
f. permanent aisles and passageways are appropriately marked,
g. floor loading limits are conspicuously displayed to prevent structural
overloading,
h. free floor space of at least 1.2m (4 ft) is to be provided in front of
each equipment rack.

Spacing in front of racks and cabinets

Clearance from the front of a rack to the nearest facing surface or
obstacle shall be at least 1.07 m (42 in).

Lateral work space. The minimum lateral work space for racks
having drawers or removable equipment shall be as follows (measured
from the drawers or equipment in the extended position):
a. For racks having drawers of removable items weighing less than 20
kg (44 lb), allow 460 mm (18 in) on one side and 100 mm (4 in) on the
other, and
b. For racks having drawers or removable items weighing over 20 kg
(44 lb), allow for two person access (one on each side): 460 mm (18 in)
on each side.

3.6

DESIGN FOR PASSAGEWAYS

In complex systems and facilities, passageways are necessary for

personnel to be able to get to equipment areas and works stations. These
personnel may be required to carry tools and to move equipment through
passageways including over steps and through entrances. This subsection
covers traffic area walkways; special spaces such as catwalks (to be
avoided when possible); platforms and elevators; entrances and exits; and
ramps, stairs, and ladders.

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Corridor width.
Corridor widths shall be designed for the peak traffic load expected,
for traffic directions, and for the number of entrances and exits in the
area.

Corridors.
To allow personnel to move with tolerable restrictions

FIGURE 3.5 PASSAGE DESIGN DEPENDING ON NO. OF PEOPLE

Added clearance. Adequate clearance should be allowed for

personnel wearing bulky clothing and carrying equipment.

3.7

GROUND AND FLOOR SURFACES

Floors
Passageway floors shall be provided with nonskid or other high friction
surfaces.

Width
The landing shall be at least as wide as the ramp run leading to it.

Level landings.
Ramps shall have level landings at bottom and top of each ramp and each
ramp run.

Length.
The landing length shall be a minimum of 60 in (1525 mm) clear.

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Ramp changes directions. If ramps change direction at landings, the

minimum landing size shall be 60 in by 60 in (1525 mm by 1525 mm).

3.8

PLATFORMS, ELEVATORS,
INCLINATORS

Hands free work area.

Platform design shall permit both of the users hands to be free for
work.
Permissible gaps with equipment.
Platform design shall provide a continuous closure between the
equipment and the platform with average conformation within 50 mm
(2 in); avoiding gaps greater than 150 mm (6 in).

Protect equipment surface.

Contact plates, cushions, bumpers, or pads shall be used, as necessary,
to protect the equipment surfaces.

Platform strength. The platform shall have sufficient strength to hold

the worker(s) in addition to the heaviest tools and equipment expected
plus a safety factor consistent with design practice for the structural
materials.

Open sides of personnel platforms. All open sides of personnel

platforms shall be equipped with guardrails, which have at least two
rails (an intermediate rail and top rail).

Guardrails. The open area of personnel platforms where work is to be

done shall be guarded without interfering with work tasks.

Elevators, inclinators, and hydraulic work platforms. Where these

passage or work aids are needed, the following operating safety
features shall be included:
a. Maximum load signs located where they can be easily seen.
b. Guards used to prevent accidental operations of the lift.
c. An easily reachable capability for manually lowering the platform or
elevator provided when feasible.

3.9

ENTRANCES AND EXITS

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Entrances for enclosed work areas. Enclosed work areas should

have conventional entrances and exits for routine access and to permit
unrestricted flow for all anticipated traffic and movements of
equipment.

Routine. Conventional entrances and exits for enclosed work areas

should be located so that personnel who are entering or leaving will
not inadvertently operate or block access to controls or displays or
otherwise interfere with on-going work in the area.

FIGURE 3.6 ARRANGEMENT OF THE

WORKPLACE

Door opening direction for normal density traffic. When the normal
traffic density and the exiting personnel traffic in emergency
conditions are expected to be low, then hinged doors shall open inward
rather than outward into a corridor.

Space for exit. Emergency exits shall allow enough space for rapid
exit of all occupants, including any who must carry essential
equipment or wear bulky clothing without danger of personnel injury
or damage to the equipment being carried.

3.10 RAMPS, LADDERS, STAIRS

Selection based on angle. The selection of ramps, stairs, stair-ladders,
or fixed ladders for specific applications shall be based on the angle of
ascent required and the critical criteria levels

For heavy carrying. The following guidance should be followed

when selecting structures over which equipment or tools must be
carried:
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a. Provide ramps, elevators, or equivalent means when maintainers must

carry or transport heavy or bulky equipment.
b. Do not use stairs and steps where the user or maintainer must carry bulky
loads or loads in excess of 13 kg (29 lbs).
c. Do not use ladders when users or maintainers carry equipment because
both hands should be free to grasp and climb ladders.

Ramp landings. Ramps shall have level landings at the top and
bottom of each ramp and each ramp run that have the following
features:

a. the landing at least as wide as the ramp run leading to it,

b. the landing with a minimum length of 1.53 m (60 in) clear,
c. when ramps change direction at landings, a minimum landing size of 1.53
m by 1.53 m (60 in by 60 in)

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4. ASSESSING THE WORKSTATION

Before designing the new workplace or making changes in the old

ones, the workplace needs to be assessed with a quick overview. The
underlying checklist can be used to evaluate the ergonomic equipment
that one uses
Yes

1.

Is the workstation adjusted so that your wrist is in a neutral

position, i.e., not bent up or down?

2.

If documents are referred to, is there an adequate document

holder?

3.

If telephone duties are performed, is a headset, phone rest, or

speakerphone used?

4.

Are your most frequently used items within easy reach?

5.

Is the top of your monitor parallel to your eyes?

6.

Is your monitor screen placed in such a way that light from

windows and overhead lighting does not cause glare? If not, are
glare screens used?

7.

Are you able to operate the pointing device without extended,

long duration, or repetitive reaching?

8.

Is your pointing device (e.g. mouse) on the same plane as the

keyboard and in a comfortable position?

9.

Is the seat height adjustable so that the entire sole of your foot
rests on the floor or footrest, and the back of the knee is slightly
higher than the seat of the chair?

10.

Does your chair have five or more legs?

11.
12.

Are the lighting levels in your workspace comfortable?

Is your workspace free from excessive heat, cold, vibration, and
noise?

13.

Do you take short breaks while key-stroking?

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No

4.1

WORKSTATION REVIEW AND DESIGN

4.1.1 Analysing the workstation

The workstation is analysed for any discrepancies regarding
inappropriate postures and hence, an ergonomically perfect
workstation is presented.

FIGURE 4.1 REVIEW ARES OF THE

WORKSTATION

Also, the presence of an adjustable chair helps you obtain an ideal sitting
posture. Hereunder are the tips to analyse an ergonomic chair.

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FIGURE 4.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN

ERGONOMICALLY PERFECT CHAIR

4.1.2 Proper Work Surface Setup

The work surface should be installed/adjusted to be approximately 25

- 34 high for seated work and to fit a range of operator sizes (ensure
that adjustments can be made easily).

The space beneath the work surface should have sufficient room above
your legs to allow for a range of body postures. The knee well should
be 30 by 19 deep.

The work surface should have adequate space for equipment (monitor,
telephone, stapler, tape dispenser) to be located close to the user to
minimize bending, flexing, or twisting of arms, wrists, or hands.

A matte finish on the work surface is ideal to reduce light reflection.

The keyboard and mouse should be placed together on a platform that

is at least 28 wide, directly in front of you and directly beneath the
monitor.

The keyboard and mouse platform should easily move side to side, up
and down, in and out, and lock securely in place.

The height of the keyboard/mouse platform should allow your hands to

rest lightly on keyboard or mouse with your forearms using the chair
armrests for support.

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FIGURE 4.3 APPROPRIATE POSTURES FOR THE

WORKSTATION

4.1.3 Keyboard & Mouse Adjustments

The keyboard height should allow straight wrists and

90-degree angle between the upper arm and the forearm (angle should
adjust by 20-degrees up or down for individual preference and
periodic adjustment).
The keyboard height and angle should be adjustable (reverse slope).
The keyboard and mouse should have a wrist rest and/or mouse rest
available for support when taking mini-breaks.
The standard keyboard should be replaced with an alternative
keyboard (split-key) and alternative mouse (trackball or touchpad) if a
musculoskeletal disorder develops.
The keyboard should be able to support short-cut software
(macros).

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4.2

LIGHTING

4.2.1 Proper Lighting

Overhead light may cause glare and can be reduced by the use of a
panel diffuser (diffuser should direct the light straight down rather than
out across the room).

Lighting with a dimmer control should be used with supplemental task

lighting.

Task lighting is designed to boost lighting levels in a highly localized

area, so that overall lighting can be reduced to cut glare.

Reduce direct sunlight by placing blinds or curtains on all windows.

Cover polished work surfaces with pads or blotters to reduce glare.

Reposition the angle and/or slope of the computer screen to reduce

glare.

A non-glare screen overlay should be considered to reduce unwanted

glare.

Proper Monitor Placement

The monitor should be placed perpendicular to the windows or in such

a location that the windows are not directly in front of or behind the
monitor.

The monitor should be placed on a solid, stable surface directly in front

of your chair and directly over the center of the workstation knee well.

The monitors contrast and brightness controls should be adjusted to

improve the screen image.

The monitor should be placed so that your eyes are at least an arms
length from the screen (approximately 18 28 away from

eyes).

The monitor should be supported so that the top edge of the screen is at
your eye level (lower if you wear bifocals).

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5. WORKPLACE MODIFICATION EXAMPLE

5.1

SYSTEMATIC ERGONOMIC
WORKPLACE DESIGN IN SEWING
WORK

Over several years, an increased level of sickness with corresponding loss

in working hours has been observed in the German sewing industry. The
main group of illnesses found in these industry concern disorders of the
spinal column and of the shoulder and arm. According to investigations
performed by the Textil- und Bekleidungsberufsgenossenschaft (TBBG,
Textile and Clothing Professional Association), these disorders account on
average for more than 34% of all working days lost in this sector. This is a
considerably higher rate than in other occupational groups. This increased
frequency of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and complaints is
attributable to strain on the musculoskeletal system caused by working at
conventional sewing workstations. Firstly, sewing work involves highly
repetitive actions of the shoulder/arm system. Secondly, there is a high
proportion of static work involving both the spinal column (permanently
maintained forward leaning postures while sitting) and the lower
extremities. In the past, sewing workstations were not designed in
accordance with ergonomics guidelines, and so the height of many sewing
tables still corresponds to those of the foot-operated machines common at
the end of the 19th century. The adjustment room for the worktop and the
foot pedal is often constricted. The same is true for the knee space into
which machine parts often protrude.
The conversion included the following:

An ergonomic spatial arrangement of the workspace and foot pedal

which encourages an upright posture and thus reduces the strain on the
spinal column;
Making it significantly easier to adjust the worktable, thus making it
comfortable to swap between sitting and standing activities;
A complete redesign of the foot space with a pedal release enabling the
feet and legs to move unhindered;
The installation of individually adjustable support pieces for hands and
arms, resulting in a reduction of static strain on the shoulder and neck
muscles.

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FIGURE 5.1 OLD ARRANGEMENT WHICH WERE

NOT AS PER THE ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES

FIGURE 5.2 MORE FLEXIBLE AND SUITABLE

WORKSTATION

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REFERENCES

1. SYSTEMATIC ERGONOMIC WORKPLACE DESIGN IN

SEWING WORK
MEWA Textil-Service AG & Co. Management OHG

2. THE ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF WORKPLACES AND WORK

ORGANISATION IN A SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZE
ENTERPRISE
Keulahtte GmbH

3.

Workplace Ergonomics Reference Guide

Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program

4. WORKPLACE DESIGN
Human factors design standards
5. ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE
Health and safety authority

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GLOSSARY
Corridors - Walkways that are physically restricted by walls or the like.
Limit stops - mechanical mechanisms designed to restrict a moving object or
part by stopping it at predetermined (limit) positions.
N - A metric term for the force measure called a Newton.
Newton - A one pound force in the English measurement system is equal to
4.4482 Newton (1 lbf = 4.4482 N).
Passageways - Areas across which people must pass for work purposes.
Public entrances - Any entrances that are not loading or service entrances.
Walkways - Areas designated for walking.
Workplaces - An area room or establishment where work is done.
Workstations - A place designed for a specific task or activity from where
work is conducted or operations are directed. Desks, offices, repair benches,
tools, equipment, and computer terminals are examples of these special
accommodations and equipment. Workstations are designed as areas for one
or more workers to use in accomplishing purposeful tasks or jobs.

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