A REVIEW OF VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING USING

PIEZOELECTRIC GENERATORS
Tarun Kumara, Rajeev Kumarb and Vishal Singh Chauhanc
a

Research Scholar, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, kvtarun85@gmail.com.

Assistant Professor,School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, HP 175001, India. rajeev@iitmadi.ac.in
c
Assistant Professor,School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, HP 175001, India. vsc@iitmandi.ac.in
b

ABSTRACT
The present paper focuses on the investigations of several researchers over the last few years on vibration
based energy harvesting using piezoelectric generators. With the rapid development and increasing
requirement of alternating low power devices; the technology of energy harvesting has improved greatly.
The field of power harvesting has experienced significant growth over the past few years due to ever
increasing desire to produce portable and wireless electronics with extendable life span. Hence energy
scavenging devices are designed to capture the ambient energy surrounding the electronics and convert it
into usable electrical energy that works toward developing self-powered devices that do not require
replaceable power supplies. This article will review recent literature in the field of vibration energy
harvesting using piezoelectric generators and present the current state of power harvesting in its drive to
create completely self-powered devices.
Keywords- Energy Harvesting, Vibration Power, Self-Powered Systems, Power Scavenging.
1. INTRODUCTION
Vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric generators has received growing attention over the
last decade. The research motivation in this field is due to the reduced power requirement of small electronic
components, such as the wireless sensor networks used in structural health monitoring applications [1].
The source of vibrations exists almost everywhere. The source can be movement of the human body,
vibrating structures like bridges, flow of wind and vibrations in the moving parts of machines or vehicles.
It appears from the literature that the idea of vibration-to-electricity conversion first appeared in a journal
article by Williams and Yates in 1996. They described the basic transduction mechanisms that can be used
for this purpose and provided a lumped-parameter base excitation model to simulate the electrical power
output for electromagnetic energy harvesting [2]. The ultimate goal of vibrational energy harvesting using
piezoelectric generators is to power small electronic devices by using the vibration energy available in their
environment. If this can be achieved, the requirement of an external power source as well as the
maintenance requirement for periodic battery replacement can be minimized.
2. PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER
The vast majority of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices use a cantilever beam or circular plate or
circular membrane structure. When the generator is subjected to vibrations in the vertical direction, the
support structure will move up and down in synchronization with the external acceleration. The vibration
of the beam, plate or membrane is induced by its own inertia; since the generators structure is not perfectly
rigid, it tends to deflect when the base support is moving up and down. Typically, a proof mass is added to
increase the deflection amount. This lowers the resonant frequency of the generators structure and
increases the deflection as it vibrates. The larger deflection leads to more stress, strain, and consequently a
higher output voltage and power. A piezoelectric energy harvester extracts energy from the motion of a
source and converts it to electrical energy that is delivered to a load as shown in Figure 1. For review
purpose the vibrational energy harvesters using piezoelectric materials can broadly be classified in to two
categories.
a. Linear Generators
b. Nonlinear Generators

Fig. 1
Schematic diagram of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system.
When a piezoelectric material placed under a mechanical stress, an open circuit voltage appear across the
material. Likewise if a voltage put across the material, mechanical stress develops in the material. The
constitutive equations for piezoelectric materials, which describe mechanical and electrical behavior are
given in Eqs. (1) and (2).

= / Y + dE
D = E + d

(1)

(2)
Where is the mechanical strain, is the mechanical stress, Y the modulus of elasticity (Young's
modulus), D the electric displacement (Charge density), E the electric field, the dielectric constant, d
the piezoelectric strain coefficient.
3. VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING USING PIEZOELECTRIC LINEAR GENERATORS.
A large percentage of initial research in power harvesting with piezoelectric generators has focused on
improving the efficiency of piezoelectric power harvesting systems. Initial piezoelectric energy harvester
was capable of producing limited amount of energy in the range of tens of microwatts to few milliwatts. In
order to address this issue, several approaches have been proposed, which aim at increasing harvested
energy using linear piezoelectric energy generators. A review of these studies presents a wide variety of
unique configurations, each of which proves to be advantageous under certain circumstances.
A piezoelectric energy harvester is often modelled as a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) system of massspring-damper-piezo structure but it is required to derive a distributed parameter model to predict and
investigate the electromechanical behaviour of piezoelectric energy harvesters accurately. Figure 2 shows
the setup for cantilever beam model. The Euler-Bernoulli method can be used to model the piezoelectric
cantilever beam. The governing un-damped equation of motion for the beam for forced motion under zero
initial conditions can be written as:

,

,
4
Where w is the displacement of the beam, is the density of the beam, A is the cross-sectional area, is
is modulus of elasticity of beam, is moment of inertia and F(t) is the external force
length of beam,
applied to the beam. Equation 4 can be solved by using harmonic forcing function applied to a single point
of beam by using boundary conditions as given below.
0,
0,
,
0,
,
0
0,
0,
Considering a harmonic forcing function applied to a single point on the beam, according to Fig. 2, we can
write:
,

sin !

"# $

% &

Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester.

Where is the frequency,

is the position of the applied force and

can be written as:

The frequency will be equal to the beams first natural frequency because the largest deflections occur at
the first natural frequency. A general solution for this equation is given by:

,+

) *+
+/0

Where *+ is the i-th modal coordinate equation of the beam and ,+ is the i-th mode shape of the beam. For
consistency, only the first three mode shapes will be used in the summation process described by Eq. 7.
Therefore, considering the free undamped vibration,
,+

*+

*+

,+

Using the standard method of separation of variables in the solution of Eq. 8, we have the equations:
$

Here, we can write the Eq. 9 as:

*+

*+

,+

,+
!2 *+

*+
,+

!2

!2 9
0

,+

(10)

The solution of the second equation in Eq. 10 is:

,+
sin 6+
8:;9 6+ 11
0 cos 6+
. 789 6+
Applying the boundary conditions is found the general mode shape equation for a cantilever beam:
sinh 6+
$ sin 6+
sinh 6+ $ sin 6+ 12
789 6+ $ cos 6+ $
,+
cosh 6+
$ cos 6+
Where
is the beam length.
In the Eq. (11), 6+ can be write as:
6+

!2+

13

Where !2+ , the i-th natural frequency, is found from the characteristic equation:
A cos 6+
$1 14
cosh 6+
More details regarding the solution process can be found in Inman [3].
For the first equation in (9), we have the solution:
1 DE F
E FGH
GH I
*+
C
sin# !B+ $ J & KJ 15
+ J C
!B+
Where !B is the damped natural frequency and L is the damping ratio. Now the equation (7) already can
be evaluated.
Now from constitutive equation, charge density Q can be calculated as:
S
M N O T C.0 P
Q.. R KU 16
Where b is the width of the beam.
Assuming that the voltage potential between the upper surface and lower surface of the piezoelectric layer
is denoted as V, under the uniform electrical field hypotheses, the electric field can be approximately
expressed as [4]
V
R $ 17
Where

is the thickness of the piezoelectric layer. Substitution of the equation (17) into (16) leads to:
V
N C.0
XY 0 $ Y
Z $ N [ Q.. 18
M
2
W

Where Y is the slope of deflection of the beam (deformation) and is the thickness of the beam. The slope
of deflection of the beam can be write as:
! ,
19
Y ,

The current, charge and voltage are all functions of the time. The frequency of these period functions is
dependent upon the mechanical vibration. The amplitude of the current is that of the charge times the
frequency that is given as:

!M 20
The relation between voltage and current for an electrical circuit with pure resistance is expressed as:
V

21
\
Combining equations (18), (20) and (21) the amplitude of the current can be determined as:

Now the power can be evaluated as:

!N C.0 XY 0 $ Y
!\
2 1 N [ Q..

Fig. 3 (from [6])

Relative bending energies and strain
profiles for alternative beam.

Fig. 5 (from [17])

Array of piezoelectric cantilevers.

22

] \

23

Fig. 4 (from [7])

Layout of a prestressed unimorph bender.

Fig. 6 (from [21])

Dual-mass vibration energy harvester with
force excitation.

3a. Summary of linear generators.

Mateu and Moll [5] presented a brief analytical comparison between a rectangular cantilever and a
triangular shaped cantilever with the large end clamped and the small end free. It was proven
mathematically that a triangular cantilever with base and height dimensions equal to the base and length
dimensions of a rectangular beam will have a higher strain and maximum deflection for a given load.
Roundy et al [6] Figure 3 suggested that, with an increasingly trapezoidal shaped cantilever, the strain can
be more evenly distributed throughout the structure as opposed to a rectangular beam that contains a non-

uniform strain distribution. A trapezoidal cantilever can generate more than twice the energy than a
rectangular beam.
Mossi et al [7] Figure 4 deviced a unimorph prestressed bender. This was an initially curved, arc shaped,
rectangular piezoelectric device that elongates when a force is applied to the top of the arc. Varying the
metal thickness had a significant effect on the amount of curvature of the beam, also known as dome height.
Curved shape can help improve harvesting capabilities.
Danak et al [8] researched ways to optimize the design of an initially curved PZT unimorph power
harvester. A mathematical model was created that predicts the power output of the device. It was found that
increasing the dome height gave the greatest increase in charge output. Increasing the substrate and PZT
thickness both gave higher charge outputs; but the substrate thickness had a greater effect than increasing
the PZT thickness.
Yoon et al [9] investigated the effects of altering the initial dome height, substrate thickness, and substrate
stiffness of initially curved PZT unimorph but also studied the effects of beam width and length.Research
showed that increasing both the width and length of the unimorph helped increase charge output.
Baker et al [10] developed a compressed piezoelectric beam with both ends pin connected. The beam is
loaded up to the critical buckling load. The bi-stable device generates power by popping from one stable
mode to another. Bistable beam has a wider range of performance as the excitation frequency is changed,
and it consistently has 30%100% more available power than the uncompressed beam.
Ericka et al [11] investigated ways to maximize the power output from ambient vibrations through the use
of a unimorph circular membrane transducer. The experimental result showed that disc type piezoelectric
energy harvest are more efficient to harvest energy at high accelerations i.e 2g or above.
Kim et al [12] investigated the use of clamped circular plates to be used in harvesting power from pressure
sources. The experimental result show that disc type piezoelectric energy can be used effectively to harvest
energy from fluctuating pressure sources.
Kim et al [13] developed a novel circular configuration for power harvesting called a piezoelectric cymbal
in which two dome-shaped metal end-caps are bonded on either side of a piezoelectric circular plate.
Experimental results show that cymbal transducers are capable of withstanding high force applications
while producing useable power.
Y.B. Jeon et at [14] reported a MEMS-based cantilever power generator employing the piezoelectric thin
film with the d33 mode, named as the Piezoelectric Micro Power Generator (PMPG). The generated opencircuit voltage of a d33 type device found to be much higher (20 times or greater) than that of the d31 type
generator of similar beam dimensions.
Hua. Bin. Fang et al [15] devised a generator structure of composite cantilever with nickel metal mass at
the end. It was established that relatively low voltage and power output in -31 mode was not practicable to
general application.
Ingo Kuehne et al [16] analyzed the diaphragm based piezoelectric MEMS generator. An inertial mass was
attached to the diaphragm. Experimental results are generated for the small scale deflection and large scale
deflection using by dropping 20mg plastic ball on the diaphragm.
Jing-Quan Liua et al [17] Figure 5 investigated a power generator array based on thick-film piezoelectric
cantilevers to improve frequency flexibility and power output. The experimental results show that the
arrayed device is promising in improving operation bandwidth and power output of power generator.
Dongna Shen et al [18] devised a MEMS PZT cantilever fabricated on a Silicon on insulator wafer with an
integrated Si proof mass. The AC output measured across a resistive load of 16 k connecting to the device
in parallel found to be an amplitude of 101mV.
Thiago Seuaciuc-Osorio et al [19] investigated the response of energy harvesters to harmonic excitations
of time-varying frequency. For low sweep rates, the average power remains constant. For moderate sweep
rates, the average power shows significant dependence on the sweep rate with the average power curve
exhibiting a series of maxima and minima.
John M.Youngsman et al [20] designed a prototype device that utilizes stretching piezoelectric film to
support a proof mass, with an adjustable support that allows the resonant frequency of the device to be

easily altered. Device at 0.5g acceleration produced 3-4mW at three different frequencies while producing
up to 9mW at just under 1 g acceleration.
Xiudong Tang et al [21] Figure 6 presented the concept of dual-mass energy harvester for harmonic force
and motion excitations, where the energy transducer is connected between the first and second masses. This
paper shown that the harvesting power can be significantly improved using dual-mass vibration energy
harvester for both harmonic force and base displacement excitation.
Lei Gu [22] Presented a low-frequency piezoelectric energy harvester based on impact vibration assembled
with a compliant driving beam and two rigid generating beams. The impact vibration harvester up-converts
the low ambient frequency to high frequency through periodically mechanical impact between a driving
beam and two electricity-generating piezoelectric beams. The 1.53 mW average power of the macroscale
impact vibration harvester is achieved at 20.1 Hz under 0.4g acceleration. The power density is 93.2
mW/cm3, which is 6.8 times that of conventional counterpart.
W. Li et al [23] proposed a piezoelectric bender with elastic base to increase the generated power in
harvesting energy. Experimental results show that the presence of elastic bases than the absence increases
376 times output power.
Zhuming Liu et al [24] examined the feasibility of increasing the output power of cantilever energy
harvesters through segmentation of the piezoelectric layer. The segmented configurations have lower
resonant frequency, which increases the capability to match environmental vibration frequency and so the
output power of harvester.
LIU Xiangjian et al [25] presented a method to estimate the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow
shape piezoelectric transducer. The research results showed that both the shape parameters and elastic
modulus exert great influence on energy conversion efficiency.
Juergen Schoeftner et al [26] focused on the optimization of a vibrating cantilever beam in a power
harvesting application and analysed different distributions of piezoelectric layers and attached electric
circuits. The configuration with the SCE circuit as the electric network and the layers distributed according
to the parabolic function is the most efficient.
Lokesh Dhakar et al [27] proposed piezoelectric energy harvester configuration, termed as PEH-S,
consists of a composite cantilever and a proof mass. To form the composite cantilever, a polymer beam
made of polyethylene terephthalate is firmly clamped to a piezoelectric bimorph in the longitudinal
direction with the help of metal strips and epoxy adhesives. Analytical model was established and
experimentally validated. Comparing with the resonant frequency of 275 Hz of a standalone piezoelectric
bimorph, the new composite cantilever design enables the resonant frequency of the EH to be as low as 36
Hz.
4. VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING USING PIEZOELECTRIC NONLINEAR
GENERATORS.
To scavenge the plentiful energy by using piezoelectric harvester and to make it more efficient, i.e. to
increase bandwidth and power generation, many researcher introduced the nonlinear generators where by
nonlinear stiffness effects are used to increase the operating range.
When harvester experiences oscillations with significant amplitude the nonlinear behavior become
observable. Large amplitude is due to introduction of geometric and force type nonlinearities that leads to
nonlinear stiffness of piezoelectric generator. The typical thickness to width ratio of a plate structure to
apply linear plate theories is less than 0.1. Geometric nonlinearity comes in to origin when thickness to
width ratio of a plate is more than 0.1.
For nonlinear consideration
0.1 24
_
Where w is width of the cantilever plate and t is the thickness of the cantilever plate.
The nonlinear energy harvester can be a Duffing-type oscillator with cubic nonlinear stiffness typically
introduced by using magnets. It can also be a piecewise-linear oscillator with nonlinearity caused by a
mechanical stopper.

4a. Duffing-type nonlinear oscillator

For a Duffing-type oscillator, the potential energy function U(x) can be considered in a quadratic form as
0
0
b U
$ cU
NU 25
Thus the Duffing-type oscillator has the cubic nonlinear spring force as
U
$cU NU . 26
Where z is oscillators position.
The dynamics of a general oscillator can be described as
Ud $ U $ eUf g 27
Where e represents the viscous damping; f (t) is the ambient vibration force.
Two types of conditions achieved when we put eqn. 6 in to eqn. 7
Monostable nonlinear configuration
Ud eUf $ cU NU . g 28
For a 0, it can be used to describe a monostable system. b > 0 determines a hardening response, while
b<0 a softening response.
Bistable nonlinear configuration
Equation (28) can also be used to define bistable nonlinear configuration for a 0. Bistable system is used
to improve energy harvesting performance over a wide range of ambient vibration frequencies, subjected
to either periodic forcing or stochastic forcing. A periodically forced oscillator can undergo various types
of large-amplitude oscillations, including chaotic oscillation, large-amplitude periodic oscillation, and
large-amplitude quasi-periodic oscillation. Similarly stochastic forcing can also induce transitions between
the stable equilibria of the system, and thus causing large-amplitude oscillations.

Fig. 7 (from [30])

Bistable system formed by a piezoelectric
cantilever beam.

Fig. 8 (from [34])

Schematic of a bimorph piezoelectric
cantilever beam with bump stop.

4b. Configuration with Mechanical Stoppers

Piecewise-linear stiffness is another type of nonlinearity which can be introduced by mechanical stoppers.
Under harmonic excitation, incorporating mechanical stoppers increases the bandwidth of the harvester
during a frequency downsweep, while maintaining the same bandwidth in an upsweep.
The response of the bimorph beam with bump stop during contact can be expressed as
h ,
hi ,
h+][ ,
(29)
Where hi , :8 beam response associated with the base excitation only and h+][ , is the response due
to contact taking place between the beam and stop.
4c. Summary of nonlinear generators.
Qinglong Zheng et al [28] proposed an air spaced cantilever beam with proof mass to significantly increase
the mechanical strain. Analytical model is established for pure and S-Shape bending of the air spaced
cantilever beam which further supported by discrete component model and experiment results. Significantly
increase the accelerometer sensitivity and output voltage of vibration energy harvesting devices.
C.R. McInnesa [29] explore the application of stochastic resonance to vibrational energy harvesting, a
conceptually simple mechanism is investigated by adding periodic forcing to a vibrational excited energy
harvesting mechanism. It has been established theoretically that net power available and integrated energy
output is greater at stochastic resonance.

M. Ferrari et al [30] Figure 7 investigated a piezoelectric beam converter coupled to permanent magnets to
create a bistable system. The principle of the nonlinear behavior was evaluated both at the macroscale and
at the microscale. An increase of up to 88% in the rms voltage was obtained in the tested condition.
X.M. Jing et al [31] presented a novel configuration consisting of a micromachined diaphragm and a
standing beam for sensing airflow and energy harvesting. The dominant phase spectrum of the fabricated
piezoelectric structure indicates a Q factor as high as 90 under the 10V applied DC bias.
S. Korla et al [32] outlined the design and performance of two energy harvesters by considering the
dimensions of standard AA batteries. One of the harvester had round cross-section while the other one had
square one. The mass stayed at the allocated space by the inner boundaries of the shell and two piezoelectric
elements. The outputs of both types of the harvesters found very similar at low amplitudes. However, the
square cross-section facilitates better attachment of the piezoelectric elements with the harvester shell and
worked efficiently at higher amplitudes without immediate failure.
Huicong Liu et al [33] demonstrated the design, fabrication and measurement of piezoelectric cantilever
with quite low resonant frequency of 35.8 Hz for the energy harvesting application. PZT patterns in parallel
connection require far less matched resistance to reach the maximum power than PZT patterns in series
connection, which is more feasible in practical design.
Kuok H. Mak et al [34] Figure 8 introduced a bump stop into the design of a piezoelectric bimorph
cantilever beam energy harvester to limit the maximum displacement of the cantilever and prevent
excessively high bending stresses developing as a result of shocks. The measured velocity and voltage
were compared to theoretical predictions, and it was found that the theoretical results generally matched
well with the experimental results.
B. Ando et al [35] proposed a nonlinear bistable oscillator based on two-dimensional, magneticallycoupled, PZT-based beams able to extract energy from ambient vibrations with arbitrary directions. An
experimental prototype has been developed, analytic models have been derived and matched with
experimental findings. An improvement in terms of bandwidth and power harvested (10- times more)
compared with the linear system has been observed.
Po-Cheng Huang et al [36] proposed a device consists of an inertia silicon proof-mass with four paryleneC beam structures, and a piezoelectric PVDF layer. The proposed device has a wide operational bandwidth
by the nonlinear vibration characteristic of the duffing effect, and employs piezoelectric effect for energy
conversion. When excited at an acceleration of 0.5g, the energy harvester achieves to a maximum opencircuit voltage of 368 mV. The maximum output power is 0.288 W.
5. CONCLUSION
From the above review it can be concluded that most of the research on vibration energy harvesting using
piezoelectric materials is focused on making the energy harvesting system consistent with the sources at
relatively low frequency, to increase the band width of the frequency to scavenge more power in practical
situation and to optimise and advance designing to increase the power harvesting. Some points that can be
taken into consideration for future research are given below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

As the strains are not evenly distributed on a constant width cantilever beam, investigation can be
done on stepped width cantilever beams.
Prestressed bender can be analysed by manufactured it using composite materials to increase
power generation.
Composite materials can also be used to devised cymbal type harvester for getting better
performance
Study can be performed to investigate the effect of hollow shell type proof mass on piezoelectric
diaphragm harvester.
Investigation can be made using different function, other than sinusoidal, for time varying
frequency.
Impact vibration analysis can be performed for cantilever- diaphragm energy harvester system.
Nonlinearity can be included in elastic base piezoelectric bender by means of magnetic forces.
Stochastic resonance can be applied on diaphragm type harvester.

9.

Stepped width cantilever beam can be investigated for a bi-stable configuration by introduction of
nonlinearity.
10. Further research initiatives are required to scavenge vibration energy from multi-directions.
11. Research can be done for high frequency vibrations scavenging by using cantilever or diaphragm
without failure of piezoelectric materials using improved design.
Vibration energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials is one of the most promising renewable and
reliable solution for mobile electronics. Many researchers came up with their own solutions to further
enhance the vibrational energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials but still none came with a universal
harvester that can scavenge plentiful energy over wide band width of environmental low frequencies. With
energy harvesting systems approaching more towards the practical situation by added nonlinearity, the
decreasing power requirement of electronic components will make efficient self-powered electronics reality
in the near future.
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