Resonances Analysis and Optimization

Fadil Santosa
School of Mathematics, U Minnesota
Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (IMA)

Outline

Resonance optimization
Analysis of resonance
A perturbative approach
Discussion

Credits:

Chiu-Yen Kao, Claremont McKenna College

David Dobson, University of Utah
Stephan Shipman, Louisiana State University
Michael Weinstein, Columbia University
Junshan Lin, Auburn University

Resonance
Consider the wave equation

with
0

-L

Consider initial value problem

Waves will be trapped in the well, but because the wall

thickness on each side is finite, energy will escape.
Optimization problem: What
keeping the waves in the well?

does the best job of

To answer this question we have to start by looking at

resonances.

One way to solve this problem is to put it in a finite

domain with radiation BCs

Take the Fourier transform

This non-selfadjoint eigenvalue problem admits a

countable set of nontrivial solutions
.
The function
is called a quasi-normal mode, the
eigenvalue is called a resonance.
The complex eigenvalues have the property
where

Note that

for

; it is not physical.

Compare the spectrum of the case where

resonances ( finite)

to

Im k

Continuous spectrum
for

Bound states
Re k

Resonances

Quasi-normal modes approximates the solution of the

wave equation. Choose
. Then there
exist a constant
such that

holds for every

and

.
See Tang and Zworski 2000

Long time behavior is captured by the resonance pair

, where
, and
is the
smallest damping coefficient. The behavior is described
by

So, optimization problem amounts to designing

which has the smallest
.

Practical resonance calculation

Consider the 1-D Schrdinger equation

With
having compact support and a well near = 0.
We calculate resonance by considering

where
is the free-space Greens function, extending
its definition to the complex .
We look for at which the above yields a nontrivial
.

Optimization
Because of there are an infinite number of resonances,
the optimization problem is awkward to solve. Instead
we devise a continuation algorithm.
We start with a resonance and follow the steepest
descent direction to reduce the negative complex
component of the resonance.
We have to take care to avoid resonances crossing along
the trajectory.

Wave equation examples

2D example
Initial
Q=6.2158

Final Q=321.95

 We know how to calculate bound states, i.e.

.
As gets large, should get close to the associated
bound state, the eigenvalue when
.

Im k

Continuous spectrum
for

Bound states
Re k

Resonances

Example
()
4

Mode is symmetric = ()
= 1.0298665293226

Can we find a way to perturb off of a bound state when

is large?

Resonance problem
Consider a symmetric potential and a symmetric quasimode.
satisfies

where

Perturbation approach
Let
be a bound state with frequency
associated with potential ()
We write

Note: the difference between the operators associated

with and is not compact.

Plugging into equation we get

The radiation BC leads to

Define a solution operator as follows. Let

Then

Using the radiation boundary condition at =

We can show (Dobson-S.-Shipman-Weinstein)

The above equation has a solution for in the
neighborhood of 0 and there are positive constants
, , , such that for > , the resonance is
= + , and
2()

Example

()

A proposal for approximating resonance

We write

 Solve

for the unique solution, denoted by

Evaluate
Approximate

by

 A simple method to find resonance from bound state

frequency .
Finding is relatively easy linear eigenvalue problem.
If you know all s, we can find all nearby resonances
for finite .

Results

()

Exact

Approximate

Extending to 2D
The results presented uses symmetry of
and the
boundary condition at
, this allows us to define a
solution operator to solve the
problem.
The radiation boundary condition is local.

Bound states satisfy

with

We want to compare

and having finite energy.

and

Key ideas
1. Compare
and
in a common domain.
2. After fixing a quasi-mode
, choose
that is
in some sense close to it.
Accomplish 1. by exploiting the fact that
for
Take care of 2. by choosing

Bound state problem in

Resonance problem in

D-to-N map is calculated

by using the radiation D-toN map at
, explicit
solution for
,
and continuity at
.

Now consider

. It satisfies

and

Solvability condition

Together with

makes the above uniquely solvable.

Main result
Lin-S.
Let
be a bound state frequency corresponding to the
potential

There exists a constant such that for any

, the
following holds for the resonance in the neighborhood
of

where
independent of

, and

is a positive constant

Sketch of proof
Write the resonance condition as
Expand

You show that

is exponentially small,
And
does not vanish.
To establish these, we need estimates for
and
.

Bessel function estimates

For 0, and < non-negative

Example

Angle independent quasi-mode ( = 0)

= 0.9793107668

Perturbative calculation
Use
Substituting, we get

Example

Discussion
Near bound state resonances are exponentially close to
the bound states when the well wall is thick.
These resonances can be calculated using a perturbative
method.