9.

Complex variables

1. Consider the function u + iv = f ( z) where

x 3(1 i) y 3(1 i)
,

x2 + y2
f ( z) =

0
,

z 0
z =0

for this function two statements are as follows:

Statement 1 : f ( z) satisfy CauchRiemann equation
at the origin.
Statement 2 : f (0) does not exist
The correct statement are
(A) only 1

(B) only 2

(C) Both 1 & 2

(D) neither 1 nor 2

2. If f ( z) = u + iv , then consider the four solution for

f ( z)
u
u
(1)
i
x
x

(2)

u
v
(3)
i
x
x

v
v
i
y
x

u
v
(4)
i
y
y

The correct solution for f ( z) are

(A) 1 & 2

(B) 3 & 4

(C) 1 & 3

(D) 2 & 4
2

3. If f ( s) = x + iy , then f ( z) exist at all points on the

line
(A) x = y

(B) x = y

(C) x = 2 + y

(D) y = x + 2

4. The conjugate of the function u = 2 x(1 y) is

(A) x 2 + y 2 2 y + c
2

(C) x y 2 y + c

(C) e z + (1 + i) c

6. If u = sinh x cos y then the analytic function

f ( z) = u + jv is
(A) cosh 1 z + ic

(B) cosh z + ic

(C) sinh z + ic

(D) sinh 1 z + ic

7. If v = 2 xy , then the analytic function f ( z) = u + iv is

(A) z 2 + c

(B) z 2 + c

(C) z 3 + c

(D) z 3 + c

8. If v =

5. If f ( z) = u + iv is an analytic function of z = x + iy and

(B) e z + (1 + i) c

(B) z 1 + c

(C) (1 i)

1
+c
z

9. If u =

sin 2 x
, then the analytic function
cosh 2 y cos 2 x

(D) (1 + i)

1
+c
z

f ( z) = u + iv is
(A) cot z + ic

(B) cosec z + ic

(C) sinh z + ic

(D) cosh z + ic

10. The integration of f ( z) = x 2 + ixy from A(1, 1) to

B(2, 4) along the straight line AB joining the two
points is
29
(A)
+ i11
3
(C)

23
+ i6
5

11.

( z + 1) 4

e2 z

(B)

29
i11
3

(D)

23
i6
5

dz = ? where c is the circle of z = 3

(A)

4i 3
e
9

(B)

4i 3
e
9

(C)

4i 1
e
3

(D)

8i 2
e
3

v v = e x (cos y sin y), the f ( z) in terms of z is

(A) e z + (1 + i) c

x y
, then analytic function f ( z) = u + iv is
x2 + y2

(A) z + c

(B) x 2 y 2 + 2 y + c
(D) None of the above

(D) e 2 z + (1 + i) c

528

12.

Complex variables
1 2z

z( z 1)( z 2) dz = ? where c is the circle

z = 15
.

(A) 2 + i 6

(B) 4 + i 3

(C) 1 + i

(D) i3

13. ( z z 2 ) dz = ? where c is the upper half of the circle

c

z =1
2
(A)
3

Chap 9.5

(A) 1 + 2( z + z 2 + z 3......)
(B) 1 2( z z 2 + z 3......)
(C) 1 + 2( z z 2 + z 3......)
(D) None of the above
20. f ( z) =

1
about z = 1
z +1

(B)

2
3

(A)

1
1
1
1 ( z 1) + 2 ( z 1) 2 .......

2
2
2

(D)

3
2

(B)

1
1
1
1 ( z 1) + 2 ( z 1) 2 .......

2
2
2

cos z
14.
dz = ? where c is the circle z = 3
c z 1

(C)

1
1
1
1 + ( z 1) + 2 ( z 1) 2 .......

2
2
2

(A) i2

(B) i2

(D) None of the above

(C) i6 2

(D) i6 2

(C)

15.

3
2

sin z 2
c ( z 2)( z 1) dz = ? where c is the circle z = 3

(A) i6

(B) i2

(C) i4

(D) 0

16. The value of

1 cos z
dz around a rectangle
2i c z 2 1

with vertices at 2 i , 2 i is
(A) 6

(B) i2 e

(C) 8

(D) 0

(A)

1
1 + z z .......
4 2!
4
2

(B)

1
1 + z + z + .......
4 2!
4
2

(C)

1
1 z z .......
4 2!
4
2

(D) None of the above

22. If z + 1 < 1, then z 2 is equal to

Statement for Q. 1718:

(A) 1 + ( n + 1)( z + 1) n 1

3z 2 + 7 z + 1
f ( z0 ) =
dz , where c is the circle
( z z0 )
c
x 2 + y 2 = 4.

n =1

(B) 1 + ( n + 1)( z + 1) n + 1
n =1

(C) 1 + n( z + 1) n
n =1

17. The value of f ( 3) is

(A) 6

(B) 4i

(C) 4i

(D) 0

(D) 1 + ( n + 1)( z + 1) n
n =1

Statement for Q. 2325.

18. The value of f (1 i) is

(A) 7 ( + i2)

(B) 6 (2 + i )

(C) 2 (5 + i13)

(D) 0

Statement for 1921:

Expand the given function in Taylors series.
19. f ( z) =

21. f ( z) = sin z about z =

z 1
about the points z = 0
z +1

Expand the function

1
in Laurents
( z 1)( z 2)

series for the condition given in question.

23. 1 < z < 2
1 2
3
(A) + 2 + 3 + .......
z z
z
(B) K z 3 z 2 z 1

1 1
1
1 3
z z2
z K
2 4
8
18

Chap 9.5

(C)

Complex variables

1
3 7
2 + 2 + 4 ...........
z
z
z

(D)

529

1 1 2 3 4 15 6
+ z + z +
z ..........
2 2
4
8

(D) None of the above

1 e Zz
at its pole is
z4
4
(B)
3

29. The residue of the function

24. z > 2
6 13 20
(A) + 2 + 3 + ........
z z
z

1 8 13
(B) + 2 + 3 + .........
z z
z

(A)

4
3

1
3 7
(C) 2 + 3 + 4 + .........
z
z
z

2
3 4
(D) 2 3 + 4 ........
z
z
z

(C)

2
3

(D)

30. The residue of z cos

25. z < 1

2
3

1
at z = 0 is
z
1
(B)
2

+7 2 15 2
z +
z .........
2
4

(A)

1
2

(B)

1 3
7
15 3
+ z + z2 +
z .......
2 4
8
16

(C)

1
3

(C)

1 3 z2 z3
+ +
+
.......
4 4 8 16

31.

z(1 z)( z 2) dz = ? where c is

(A) 1 + 3z

1 2z

1
3
z = 15
.

(D) None of the above

26. If z 1 < 1 , the Laurents series for

1
is
z( z 1)( z 2)

(A) i3

(B) i3

(C) 2

(D) 2

32.

( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 5
(A) ( z 1)

...........
2!
5!
(B) ( z 1) 1

(D)

z cos z
dz = ? where c is z 1 = 1

z
2

( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 5

.........
2!
5!

(C) ( z 1) ( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 5 ..........
(D) ( z 1) 1 ( z 1) ( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 5 .........

(A) 6

(B) 6

(C) i2

(D) None of the above

33.

z 2 e dz = ? where c is
z

z =1

27. The Laurents series of

1
for z < 2 is
z( e z 1)

(A) i3

(B) i3

i
C)
3

(D) None of the above

(A)

1
1
1
1 2
+
+ 6z +
z + ..........
2 +
2 z 12
720
z

(B)

1
1
1
1 2

z + ..........
z 2 2 z 12 720

34.

(C)

1 1
1
1 2
+
+
z2 +
z + ..........
720
z 12 634

(A)

where z < 1
1
5 3 21 5
(A) z
z +
z ..........
4
16
64
1 1
5 4 21 6
(B) + z 2 +
z +
z ..........
2 4
16
64
(C)

1
3
15 5
z z3 +
z ..........
2
4
8

(B)

(C) 2 2

(D) None of the above

28. The Laurents series of f ( z) =

0 2 + cos = ?

z
is,
( z + 1)( z 2 + 4)
2

35.

2
3

(D) 2 3
x2

( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b2 ) dx = ?

(A)

ab
a+b

(B)

( a + b)
ab

(C)

a+b

(D) ( a + b)

530

Complex variables

x 3 + i( x 3) 1
f (0) = lim
=1+ i
2
x 0
x
(x )

dx

36.

0 1 + x6 = ?

(A)

(B)

2
(C)
3

(D)
3
***************

Solutions
x 3(1 + i) y 3(1 i)
1. (C) Since, f ( z) = u + iv =
; z 0
x2 + y2

x3 y3
u= 2
;
x + y2

x3 + y3
v= 2
x + y2

Cauchy Riemann equations are

u v
u
v
and
=
=
x y
y
x
By differentiation the value of

u y v v
at(0, 0)
,
,
,
x y x y

0
we get , so we apply first principle method.
0
At the origin,
u
u(0 + h, 0) u(0, 0)
h3 h2
= lim
= lim
= 1
h 0
h 0
x
h
h
u
u(0, 0 + k) u(0, 0)
k3 k2
= lim
= lim
= 1
k 0
v h 0
k
k
v
v(0 + h, 0) v(0, 0)
h3 h2
= lim
= lim
=1
h 0
x h 0
h
h
v
v(0, 0 + k), v(0, 0)
k3 k2
= lim
= lim
=1
k 0
y k 0
k
k
Thus, we see that

u v
u
v
and
=
=
x y
y
x

Hence, Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at

So we see that f (0) is not unique. Hence f (0) does not

exist.
df
f
= lim
dz z 0 z
u + iv
Or f ( z) = lim
....(1)
z 0 x + iy

2. (A) Since, f ( z) =

Now, the derivative f ( z) exits of the limit in equation

(1) is unique i.e. it does not depends on the path along
which z 0.
Let z 0 along a path parallel to real axi

y = 0 z 0

Again, f (0) = lim

z 0

f ( z) f (0)
z

( x 3 y 3) + i( x 3 + y 3)
1
= lim

2
2
z 0
(x + y )
( x + iy)

Now let z 0 along y = x, then

( x 3 y 3) + i( x 3 + y 3)
1
f (0) = lim

2
2
z 0
(
x
+
y
)
(
x
+
iy)

2i
1+ i
=
2(1 + i)
2

Again let z 0 along y = 0, then

x 0

Now equation (1)

u + iv
u
v
f ( z) = lim
= lim
+ i lim
x 0
x 0 x
x 0 x
x
u
v
....(2)
f ( z) =
+i
x
x
Again, let z 0 along a path parallel to imaginary
axis, then x 0 and z 0 y 0
Thus from equation (1)
z + iv
( z) = lim
y 0
iy
= lim

u
v
u v
+ i lim
=
+

0
iy
iz
iy y

f ( z) =

iu v
+ ....(3)
y
y

y 0

Now, for existence of f ( z) R.H.S. of equation (2) and

(3) must be same i.e.,
u
v v
u
+i =
i
x
x y
y
u v
v u
and
=
=
x y
x y
f ( z) =

z = 0.

Chap 9.5

u
u v
v
i
=
+i
x
y y
x

3. (A) Given f ( z) = x 2 + iy 2 since, f ( z) = u + iv

Here u = x 2 and v = y 2
u
u
Now, u = x 2

= 2 x and
=0
x
y
and v = y 2

v
v
= 0 and
=2y
x
y

we know that
u
u
f ( z) =
i ....(1)
x
y

Chap 9.5

and f ( z) =

Complex variables
v
v
+ i ....(2)
y
x

= ez +

Now, equation (1) gives f ( z) = 2 x

....(3)

and equation (2) gives f ( z) = 2 y

....(4)

Now, for existence of f ( z) at any point is necessary

that the value of f ( z) most be unique at that point,
whatever be the path of reaching at that point
From equation (3) and (4) 2 x = 2 y
Hence, f ( z) exists for all points lie on the line x = y.
2

4. (B)

u
u
= 2(1 y) ; 2 = 0
x
x

....(1)

u
2u
= 2 x ; 2 = 0
y
y

....(2)

2u 2u
+
= 0, Thus u is harmonic.
x 2 y 2

531
( i + 1)
c1
2

f ( z) = e z + (1 + i) c

6. (C) u = sinh x cos y

u
= cosh x cos y = ( x, y)
x
u
and
= sinh x sin y = ( x, y)
y
by Milnes Method
f ( z) = ( z, 0) i( z, 0) = cosh z i 0 = cosh z
On integrating f ( z) = sinh z + constant

f ( z) = w = sinh z + ic

(As u does not contain any constant, the constant c is

in the function x and hence i.e. in w).
v
v
= 2 y = h( x, y),
= 2 x = g( x, y)
x
y

Now let v be the conjugate of u then

v
v
u
u
dv =
dx +
dy =
dx +
dy
x
y
y
x

by Milnes Method

(by Cauchy-Riemann equation)

f ( z) = g( z, 0) + ih( z, 0) = 2 z + i 0 = 2 z

On integrating f ( z) = z 2 + c

dv = 2 x dx + 2(1 y) dy
2

7. (A)

On integrating v = x y + 2 y + C
5. (C) Given f ( z) = u + i v

....(1)

....(2)

if ( z) = v + iu

add equation (1) and (2)

(1 + i) f ( z) = ( u v) + i( u + v)

F ( z) = U + iV

Let F ( z) be an analytic function.

x

Now, U = u v = e (cos y sin y)

U
= e x (cos y sin y)
x
U
and
= e x ( sin y cos y)
y

= d[ e (sin y + cos y)]

on integrating V = e x (sin y + cos y) + c1
x

F ( z) = U + iV = e (cos y sin y) + ie (sin y + cos y) + ic1

= e x (cos y + i sin y) + ie x (cos y + i sin y) + ic1
F ( z) = (1 + i) e

+ ic1 = (1 + i) e + ic1
z

By Milnes Method
f ( z) = g( z, 0) + ih( z, 0) =

9. (A)

= e x (sin y + cos y) dx + e x (cos y sin y) dy

x + iy

y 2 x 2 2 xy
= g( x, y)
( x2 + y2 )2

1
1
1

2 + i 2 = (1 + i) 2
z
z
z

On integrating
1
1
f ( z) = (1 + i) 2 dz + c = (1 + i) + c
z
z

U
U
dx +
dy....(3)
y
x

v ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x y)2 y
=
y
( x2 + y2 )2

v ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x y)2 x y 2 x 2 + 2 xy
=
=
= h( x, y)
x
( x2 + y2 )2
( x2 + y2 )2

where, F ( z) = (1 + i) f ( z); U = ( u v); V = u + v

Now, dV =

8. (D)

(1 + i) f ( z) = (1 + i) e + ic1
i
i(1 i)
c = e z + c1
f ( z) = e z +
1+ i 1
(1 + i)(1 i)

u 2 cos 2 x (cosh 2 y cos 2 x) 2 sin 2 2 x

=
x
(cosh 2 y cos 2 x) 2

2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y 2
= ( x, y)
(cosh 2 y cos 2 y) 2

u
2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y
=
= ( x, y)
y (cosh 2 y cos 2 x) 2
By Milnes Method
f ( z) = ( z, 0) i( z, 0)
2 cos 2 z 2
2
=
i(0) =
= cosec2 z
1 cos 2 z
(1 cos 2 z) 2
On integrating

532

Complex variables

Chap 9.5

1 2z

f ( z) = cosec2 z dz + ic = cot z + ic

z( z 1)( z 2) dz

1
3
I1 + I 2 I 3....(1)
2
2

10. x = at + b, y = ct + d

Since, z = 0 is the only singularity for I1 =

On A, z = 1 + i and On B, z = 2 + 4 i

z dz

and it

Let z = 1 + i corresponds to t = 0

lies inside z = 15
. , therefore by Cauchys integral

and z = 2 + 4 i corresponding to t = 1

Formula

then, t = 0

I1 =

x = b, y = d

b = 1, d = 1

and t = 1

AB is , y = 3t + 1

f ( z) dz = ( x
c

1
f ( z o) =
i
2

x = a + b, y = c + d

2 = a + 1, 4 = c + 1

a = 1, c = 3

dx = dt ; dy = 3 dt

+ ixy)( dx + idy)

[( t + 1)

+ i( t + 1)( 3t + 1)][ dt + 3i dt ]

t= 0

t3

29
= (1 + 3i) + t 2 + t + i( t 3 + 2 t 2 + t) =
+ 1 1i
3
3
0
11. (D) We know by the derivative of an analytic
function that
n!
f ( z) dz
f ( z o) =
2i c ( z z o) n + 1
f ( z) dz

(z z )
o

n +1

2i n
f ( z o)
n!

Now, f ( z) = e

f (1) = 8 e

....(1)

z =

f ( z) = 8 e

z = e i

dz = ie id

Now, for upper half of the circle, 0

e 2 i) ie id

e 2 i e 3i

= i ( e 2 i e 3i)d = i

3i 0
2i
0

2
11
1
= i ( e 2 i 1) ( e 3x 1) =
i 2
3
3

2z

14. (B) Let f ( z) = cos z then f ( z) is analytic within and

....(3)

8i z
e
3

12. (D) Since,

Since, f ( z) is analytic within and on z = 3

e dz

using equations (2), (3), (4) in (1), we get

( z z 2 ) dz = 0( e

If is the circle z = 3
4 =

| | 3 ( z + 1)

1
dz = 0....(4)
z 2

e 2 z dz
8i
c ( z + 1) 4 = 3 e2

2z

equation (2) have

I3 =

13. (B) Given contour c is the circle z = 1

i
f (1)....(2)
3
2z

theorem

Taking f ( z) = e 2 z , and z o = 1 in (1), we have

c

everywhere in c i.e. z = 15
. , hence by Cauchys integral

1 2z

e 2 z dz
e 2 z dz
Given fc
=
( z + 1) 4 c [ z (1)]4
e 2 z dz

1
dz, the singular point z = 2 lies outside
z 2

z( z 1)( z 2) dz = 2 (2i) + 2i 2 (0) = 3i

f ( z) dz i
Taking n = 3,
f ( z o)
4 =
(
3
c z z o)

( z + 1) 4 =

1
dz, the singular point z = 1 lies
z 1

the circle z = 15
. , so the function f ( z) is analytic

= [( t 2 + 2 t + 1) + i( 3t 2 + 4 t + 1)](1 + 3i) dt

Similarly, for I 2 =

For I 3 =

Or

f ( z) dz
[Here f ( z) = 1 = f ( z o) and z o = 0]
z zo

inside z = 15
. , therefore I 2 = 2i....(3)

....(2)

1
dz = 2i
z

1 2z
1
1
3
=
+

z( z 1)( z 2) 2 z z 1 2( z 2)

on z = 3, now by Cauchys integral formula

f ( z o) =

1
2i

f ( z)

zz
c

dz

f ( z) dz
= 2if ( z o)
z zo

take f ( z) = cos z, z o = 1, we have

z=

cos z
dz = 2if (1) = 2i cos = 2i
z 1

15. (D)

sin z 2

( z 1)( z 2) dz
c

Chap 9.5

Complex variables

sin z 2
sin z 2
dz

c z 2
c z 1 dz

533

f ( z) = f ( z 0 ) + ( z z 0 ) f ( z 0 ) +

( z z0 ) 2
f ( z 0 ) +
2!
( z z0 ) 3
f ( z 0 ) + .....
3!

= 2if (2) 2if (1) since, f ( z) = sin z 2

f (2) = sin 4 = 0 and f (1) = sin = 0

16. (D) Let, I =

1
2i

about z = 0

z 2 1 cos z dz
c

1
1
1

cos z dz
=

2 2i c z 1 z + 1

= 1 + 2 z 2 z 2 + 2 z 3....
f ( z) = 1 + 2( z z 2 + z 3 ....)

1 cos nz cos nz

dz

4i c z 1
z +1

Or I =

17. (D) f ( 3) =

f (1) =

1
4

3z 2 + 7 z + 1
and it lies outside the
z3

f ( z) =

2
( z + 1) 3

f (1) =

1
4

3z 2 + 7 z + 1
is
z3

f ( z) =

6
( z + 1) 4

f (1) =

f ( z) = f ( z 0 ) + ( z z 0 ) f ( z 0 ) +

3z 2 + 7 z + 1
dz = 0
z3

less than 2, the radius of the circle).

Let ( z) = 3z 2 + 7 z + 1 then

by

Cauchys

formula
3z 2 + 7 z + 1
dz = 2i ( z o)
z zo

integral

f ( z) =
=

1 1
1
1

( z 1) + 3 ( z 1) 2 4 ( z 1) 3 +....
2 22
2
2

1
1
1
1
1 ( z 1) + 2 ( z 1) 2 3 ( z 1) 3 + ....
2
2
2
2

f ( z o) = 2i ( z o)
21. (A) f ( z) = sin z

( z) = 6 z + 7 and ( z) = 6

f ( z) = cos z

f (1 i) = 2i[ 6(1 i) + 7 ] = 2 (5 + 13i)

z 1
2
=1
z +1
z +1

f (0) = 1, f (1) = 0
2
f ( z) =

( z + 1) 2

f ( z) =
f ( z) =

4
( z 1) 3
12
( z + 1) 4

f (0) = 2;

f (0) = 4;

1
f = sin =
4
2
4

1
f =
2
4

f ( z) = sin z

1
f =
2
4

f ( z) = cos z

1
and so on.
f =
2
4

Taylor series is given by

f ( z) = f ( z 0 ) + ( z z 0 ) f ( z 0 ) +

( z z0 ) 2
f ( z 0 )
2!
+

f (0) = 12; and so on.

Now, Taylor series is given by

( z z0 ) 3
f ( z 0 ) + K
3!

1 ( z 1) 2 1 ( z 1) 3 3
1
+
+K
+ ( z 1) +
2
2! 4
3! 8
4

since, ( z) = 3z 2 + 7 z + 1

19. (C) f ( z) =

( z z0 ) 2
f ( z 0 )
2!

about z = 1

or f ( z) =

and f ( z o) = 2i ( z o)

3
and so on.
8

distance of 1 i i.e., (1, 1) from the origin is 2 which is

f ( z o) = 2i ( z o)

1
2

Taylor series is

18. (C) The point (1 i) lies within circle z = 2 ( . .. the

f (1) =

Hence by Cauchys theorem

1
( z + 1) 2

analytic everywhere within c.

1
z +1

f ( z) =

circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 i.e., z = 2, therefore

20. (B) f ( z) =

3z 2 + 7 z + 1
c z 3 dz , since zo = 3 is the only

singular point of

f ( 3) =

z2
z3
(4) +
(12) + ....
2!
3!

f ( z) = 1 + z(2) +

about z =

( z z0 ) 3
f ( z 0 ) + ....
3!

534

Complex variables

1
1
4

f ( z) =
+ z
+
2
4
!
2
2

z
4

+
3!

2 +K

2
3

1
1
1

1 + z z z ...
4 2!
4
3!
4
2

f ( z) =

1
1
=
z 2 [1 (1 + z)]2

22. (D) Let f ( z) = z 2 =

1 1 3 7
+ 2 + 3 + K
z z z
z

Chap 9.5

f ( z) =

1
3 7
+
+
+K
z2 z3 z4

25. (B) z < 1,

=

z
1
1
1

= 1
z 2 z 1
2
2

+ (1 z) 1

1
z z2 z3
+
+ K + (1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + ...)
1 + +
2
2 4
8

f ( z) =

1 3
7
15 3
+ z + z2 +
z +K
2 4
8
16

f ( z) = [1 (1 + z)]2
Since, 1 + z < 1, so by expanding R.H.S. by binomial
theorem, we get
f ( z) = 1 + 2(1 + z) + 3(1 + z) 2 + 4(1 + z) 3 + K
+ ( n + 1)(1 + z) n + K

or f ( z) = z 2 = 1 + ( n + 1)( z + 1) n
n =1

23. (B) Here f ( z) =

Since, z > 1

1
1
1
....(1)
=

( z 1)( z 2) z 2 z 1

1
< 1 and z < 2
z

z
<1
2

1
z z
z
1 1
1
1 + +
+
+ .. 1 + + 2 + 3 + K

2
2 4 9
z z
z

z
2

1
1
1
= 1
z 1 z
z
and

1 1
1
1 3
z z2
z K
2 4
8
18

1 1
< <1
z 2

1
<1
z

1
1 1
1
1 + + 2 + 3 + K
2
z z
z

1
1
2
= 1
z 2 z
z

1
2 4
8
1 + + 2 + 3 + ....
z
z z
z

Laurents series is given by

f ( z) =

1
1
1
1
1
+
= (1 + u) 1 u1 (1 u) 1
2( u + 1) u 2( u 1) 2
2

1
1
[1 u + u2 u3 + ... ] u1 (1 + u + u2 + u3 + ...)
2
2
1
= (2 u 2 u3 ...) u1 = u u3 u5 K u1
2
=

or f ( z) = Kz 4 z 2 z 1
2
<1
z

equation (1) gives

24. (C)

z = u + 1 and u < 1
1
1
1
1
=

+
z( z 1)( z 2) 2 z z 1 2( z 2)

27. (B) Let f ( z) =

1
z z2 z3
1
1
z
1 = 1 + +
+
+ K
=
2
2 4 9
2
z 2 2

f ( z) =

For z 1 < 1 Let z 1 = u

f ( z) = ( z 1) 1 ( z 1) ( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 5 K

1
1 1
1
1 + + 2 + 3 + K
z
z z
z

and

1
1
1
1
=

+
z( z 1)( z 2) 2 z z 1 2( z 2)

Required Laurents series is

1
1
1
1
=
= 1

1 z
z 1
z
z 1
z

26. (D) Since,

1
2 4 98
1 1
1
1 + + 2 + 3 + .. 1 + + 2 + 3 + ..
z
z z
z
z
z
z
z

1
z( e z 1)

z2 z3 z4
+
+
+ K 1
z1 + z +
2 ! 3! 4 !

z z2 z3
+
+ K
z 2 1 + +
2
3
4
!
!
!

1
z2

2
3
4

1 + z + z + z + z + K

2 6 24 120

1
z2

z z2 z3

z4
1 +
+
+
+ K

2 6 24 120

z z2 z3
+ +
+
+ K
2
6
24

z z2 z3
+
+
+ K
2
6
24

1 z z
z!
z"
z
z" z! z" z! z" z"

+
+
+ +

...
1
2 6 24 120 4 36 6 24 8 8 16
z

or f ( z) =

1
z2

1
1 1
2
1 z + z + ...
2
6 4

Chap 9.5

Complex variables

1 1 1
+ z 3
+ ....
24 6 8

f ( z) dz = 2i[sum of residues at z = 0 and at z = 1]....(1)

c

Now, Residue at z = 0 is
1 2z
1
= lim zf ( z) = lim
=
z 0
z 0 (1 z)( z 2)
2

1
1
1 1 1
+ K
+ z 4
+
+
+
120 36 24 8 16

1
1
1
1 2
+ K
z+
z + 0 z 3 + z 4
2 1
2
12
z
720

and Residue at z = 1 is
2z 1
= lim ( z 1) f ( z) = lim
= 1
z 1
z 1 z( z 2)

Required Laurents series is

f ( z) =

1
1
1
1 2

+
+ 0. z
z +K
z 2 2 z 12
720

28. (A) Since, f ( z) =

equation (1) gives

1

c f ( z) = 2i 2 1 = 3i

z
( z 2 + 1)( z 2 + 4)

32. (D) f ( z) =

z
=

2
2
3( z + 1) 3( z + 4)
| z| < 1

|z 2 | < 1

z
z
f ( z) = (1 + z 2 ) 1
3
12
=

by Cauchys residue theorem

c f ( z) dz = 2i Residue at z = 2

2
4

1 z + z K

4 16

is
2
2

d
z f ( z) = lim
= lim
( z cos z)
dz

dz
2

z
2
2
Now, Residue at z =

1
5 3 21 5
z
z +
z K
4
16
64
1 e2 z
then f ( z) has a pole at z = 0 of
z4

29. (B) Let f ( z) =

= lim [cos z z sin z ] =

z

order 4.

z4

1
d
lim
( 4 1) ! z 0 dz 3

1
1
d3
lim
(1 e 2 z ) =
lim 8 e cz
3 ! z 0 dz 3
3 ! z 0

1
1
1

33. (C) f ( z) = z 2 e1 z = z 2 1 + +
2 +
3 +K
z 2 !z
3! z

1
1
= z2 + z2 + +
+K
2 6z

1 e2 z

1
d m 1
lim,
( z z o ) m f ( z)
( m 1) ! z z dz m 1
3

f ( z) dz = 2i 2 = 2 i

Residue of f ( z) at z = 0
=

z cos z

of
2 then f ( z) has a pole at z =
2

z
2

order 2.
2

1 + z

z
z
(1 z 2 + z 4 ...)
3
12

or f ( z) =

535

The only pole of f ( z) is at z = 0, which lies within the

circle z = 1

8 o 8 4
(e ) =
=
6
6
3

f ( z) dz = 2i(residue at z = 0)
c

1
30. (B) Put z = 0 + t , f ( z) = z cos
z
= t cos
=t

Now, residue of f ( z) at z = 0 is the coefficient of

1

1
1 1 1 1

= t 1
2 +
4 K
t
2! t
4! t

1
1
+
K
2 t 24 t 3

Residue of f ( z) at z = 0 is the coefficient of

34. (B) Let z = e i

1
1
i.e.
2
t

31. Poles of f ( z) are at z = 0, 1, 2 since 0 and 1 lie

within c and c = 2 does not inside c.

f ( z) dz = 2i 6 = 3 i

and cos =

1
2

1
z +
z

d =

idz
; z 2
z

1
1
i.e.
z
6

536

Complex variables

d
0 2 + cos = c

idz
z
;
1
1
2 + z +
z
2

Now when R ,
c: z =1

b( z) dz = 0
r

( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b2 ) dz = a + b

dz
= 2i 2
c z + 4z + 1
Let f ( z) =

Chap 9.5

dz
6 = f ( z) dz
c 1+ z
c

36. (C) Let I =

1
z2 + 4z + 1

c is the contour containing semi circle r of radius R

f ( z) has poles at z = 2 + 3, 2 3 out of these only

and segment from R to R.

z = 2 + 3 lies inside the circle c : z = 1

For poles of f ( z), 1 + z6 = 0

f ( z) dz = 2i(Residue at z = 2 +

3)

z = (1) 6 = e i ( 2 n + 1 ) 6

where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Now, residue at z = 2 + 3

Only poles

lim

z 2 + 3

= lim

z 2 + 3

( z + 2 3) f ( z)
1
( z + 2 + 3)

f ( z) dz = 2i 2

0 2 + cos = 2 i

1
2 3
i

3
i

3
2

z =

z2
2
2 dz = f ( z) dz
c ( z + a )( z + b )
c

35. (C) I =

where c is be semi circle r with segment on real axis

3+i
, i,
2

+ 3+i
2
1
=
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 3)( z1 z 4 )( z1 z 5)( z1 z6 )
Residue at z =

3i(1 + 3 i)

1 3i
12 i

Residue at z = i is
Residue at z =

from R to R.
The poles are z = ia, z = ib. Here only z = ia and

3+i
lie in the contour
2

z = ib lie within the contour c

1
3i(1 3i)

1 + 3i
is
12 i

1 + 3i
12 i

f ( z) dz = 2i

f ( z) dz = f ( z) dz +

(sum of residues at z = ia and z = ib)

Residue at z = ia,

Residue at z = ib

Now

f ( z) dz = 0 ( R 2 e2
r

ie 2 iiRe id
+ a 2 )( R 2 e 2 i + b2 )

e 3i
d
R
=

a 2 2 i b2
0 2 i
e + R2 e + R2

2
....(1)
3

f ( z) dz
c

iRe d
=
1
+ R6 e6 i
0

2i

=
2
2 ( a b) =
2i (a b )
a+b
Now

f ( z) dz + f ( z) dz =
r

f ( z) dz = f ( z) dz + f ( z) dz

f ( z) dz

or

2i
2
(1 3i + 1 + 3i + 2 i) =
12 i
3

z2
a
= lim ( z ia)
=
z ia
( z ia)( z ia)( z 2 + b2 ) 2 i( a 2 b2 )
z
b
= lim ( z ib)
=
z ib
( z ia)( z + ia)( z + ib)( z ib) 2 i( a 2 b2 )

1
6i

where R ,

ie id
R5
1
+ e6 i
R6

f ( z) dz 0
r

(1)

ax
2
=
1 + x6
3

********

Chap 9.5

Complex variables

537