Macedonian phalanx armed with sarissa

ALEXANDERS ARMY
Philip II renewal of the army: exhorting them with eloquent speeches to be men, he built up
their morale, and, having improved the organization of his forces and equipped the men
suitably with weapons of war, he held constant manoeuvres of the men under arms and
competitive drills. Diodorus 16.3.1
Cavalry- Companions, Thessalian, Prodromoi, Paeonian and Thracian cavalry
Infantry - Foot Companions, Hypaspists, Greek Hoplites and Peltasts
Alexanders military success was due to his skill as a general, the morale he raised in his
troops and his fathers reorganization of the Macedonian army.

People in Conquered Provinces

Greece

Ruler of Thessaly and thus hereditary ruler of Greek Allies

Theban and Athenian rebellions
Breaks up larger empires
Harsh treatment after Theban rebellion

Asia MInor
Welcomed as liberator
Installs supporting democracies
Keeps the already established system of satraps
Tribute replace by contribution
Restores several temples
Egypt
Rigid Egyptian culture
Continued as before and Alexander was seen as the new Pharaoh
Asia

Stops replacing Persia satraps

Begins to wear Persian dress
Marriages between diadochi and Persian Women

Policy Strategies vs Military Actions

Policy strategies;
Panhellenism Alexander attempted to evoke Panhellenism in order to maintain
support for invasion of Persia and to keep peace when he was away. Rebuilt Plataea,
reference to Salamis and Trojan War.
Destruction of resistant Greeks destroyed Thebes after attempted revolt, executed
almost all Greek mercenaries captured fighting with the Persians.
Rewarding allies honoured Crotons, held a banquet for Persians who accepted his
rule, rebuilt Plataea.

Pursuit of glory Indian campaign in awful conditions purely to gain personal glory,
resulted in mutiny of troops.

Military Actions;
Victories at Guagamela, Issus and Granicus against numerical superior enemy his
tactics allowed for victory.
Versatile - utilise strength of cavalry against weak Persian cavalry, hammer and anvil
style tactics. Fought in different conditions and circumstances.
Willingness to take gambles advised not to fight but did so and gained victory.
Pursuit of glory fought battles that did not need to be fought just so he could
prove he was better than predecessors who had failed before him.

The Boundaries of Alexander the Greats Empire

Within two years Alexander was able to secure both the Greek and Thracian
borders, whilst gathering an army of up to 50,000 men to begin the assault on Asia.
In 334 Alexander and his army crossed the Dardanelles into Asia.
In May 334 Alexander defeated a Persian army in one of three major battles fought
against the Persian Empire at the Battle of Granicus.
The Persian army had left the city of Ephesus before Alexander had arrived, to which
he found the city having a democratic revolution on his arrival.
Other cities such as Tralles and Magnesia on the Maeander decided to join
Alexander due to his kind attitude displayed towards Ephesus.
Alexander marched towards Miletus, where they were met with conflict.
Alexander then went on to Halicarnassus, which was being defended by Memnon of
Rhodes.
Alexander left his general Ptolemy and a small force to support the Hecatomnid
Princess Ada in order to rule over the Caria region of Asia Minor.
In six months, most of the cities within the West Coast of Asia Minor were under the
control of Alexander.
By winter, Alexander had reached the Southern Asia Minor city of Lycia. On his route
he managed to extend his Empire with little resistance from the Persians.
After a successful siege at Aspendos, located in the south of Asia Minor, Alexander
then moved north to take control of Phrygia.
After achieving success in both Paphlagonia and Cappadocia regions, and by going
over the Taurus Mountains, Alexander was then able to set up camp in Tarsus in
order to recover from illness, located in south-central Asia Minor
After the success at the Battle of Issus, Alexander then continued his conquest by
securing the Syrian coast, with little difficulty from the city of Tyre.
Due to the resistance from the city of Tyre, Alexander has a large amount of its
inhabitants crucified.
Alexander then marched in to Egypt where he was greeted as a new Pharaoh, after
which he established the city of Alexandria.
After Egypt, Alexander brought the Persian Empire to an end by defeating them at
the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC.
He then continued in to the centre of Persia and took control of the Persian Capitals
of Persepolis and Susa, along with all of their fortune.
After the fall of the Persian cities, Alexander replaced Darius III as the King of Persia.
Before Alexanders death in 323 BC, he was planning further conquests towards the
East, in particular, Pakistan.